In the present essay review we discuss to what extent heritage does not play an ideological
function invisivilising the real causes of events. In sorne respects, anthropology as well as other
social sciences instilled the needs "of being there" which was conducive to the Iogic of exploitation
introduced by colonialism. Today this submission is successfully achieved by means of heritage.
What is the position of Latin America in this stage?. From the sense of exploration of 19s century
towards financial indebtness, West has created an allegory of Otherness in order for its conquest
to be ideologically legitirnated.
Presentation managing in a rural context 2004Peter Franks
These notes from the frontier challenge management approaches at all levels, from the management of international relations to the management of an enterprise. Building on a growing literature which questions the so-called Eurocentric approach, this essay challenges the adequacy of political correctness in this furious debate, which has come to so dominate the globalisation thrust of the developed world. These notes from the frontier are presented from the particular frontier in which the author lives and works. To some extent it is a personal observation, but one grounded in research, scholarship and participant observation. The notes bring together a number of observations both of the particular frontier of the author as well as those in the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia, Mexico and elsewhere in Africa. It is a work in progress that attempts to reflect upon the dynamics that underlie the emerging crisis of cultural understanding and misunderstanding in order to find ways to ameliorate the inevitable conflicts if something does not change.
Post modernity and post-truth as threats to humanity's progressFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to address the postmodernity that emerged after the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) and the crisis of ideologies in western societies in the late twentieth century in order to deconstruct Modernity and the Enlightenment that arose in the eighteenth century, as well as the post-truth that arose in the contemporary era for the purpose of reversing the meaning of things and making the lie true. Today's world is characterized by the threat to the critical rationality advocated by the Enlightenment and Modernity with the advent of postmodernity and post-truth that represent a setback for the progress of humanity. It is a huge challenge for humanity to defeat the ominous political and ideological influence of postmodernity and post-truth.
Presentation managing in a rural context 2004Peter Franks
These notes from the frontier challenge management approaches at all levels, from the management of international relations to the management of an enterprise. Building on a growing literature which questions the so-called Eurocentric approach, this essay challenges the adequacy of political correctness in this furious debate, which has come to so dominate the globalisation thrust of the developed world. These notes from the frontier are presented from the particular frontier in which the author lives and works. To some extent it is a personal observation, but one grounded in research, scholarship and participant observation. The notes bring together a number of observations both of the particular frontier of the author as well as those in the USA, Canada, Europe, Asia, Mexico and elsewhere in Africa. It is a work in progress that attempts to reflect upon the dynamics that underlie the emerging crisis of cultural understanding and misunderstanding in order to find ways to ameliorate the inevitable conflicts if something does not change.
Post modernity and post-truth as threats to humanity's progressFernando Alcoforado
This article aims to address the postmodernity that emerged after the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989), the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991) and the crisis of ideologies in western societies in the late twentieth century in order to deconstruct Modernity and the Enlightenment that arose in the eighteenth century, as well as the post-truth that arose in the contemporary era for the purpose of reversing the meaning of things and making the lie true. Today's world is characterized by the threat to the critical rationality advocated by the Enlightenment and Modernity with the advent of postmodernity and post-truth that represent a setback for the progress of humanity. It is a huge challenge for humanity to defeat the ominous political and ideological influence of postmodernity and post-truth.
The moment I saw him over the history of that humanity, it is well-known it problem that live the man, her victim femenine by part of the man and that of feminine same, away who unchain an serried of conduct antisocialism. The difficulty of the study of this phenomenon, it is debit principal mind at the changes and mutations of the man personality, at the constant evolution of his environment and of herself. The preoccupy before is who today in day, so much of the delinquency, the todehumanization and victimation them continue mostly grow, and that not those exist truthful mechanism of prevention and solution.
ENSAYO DE EPISTEMOLOGÍA TURÍSTICA: del positivismo a la fenomenología. SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Los estudios turísticos apelan a la voz del turista como un único factor de investigación. La mayoría de los trabajos publicados, tesis doctorales o proyectos incluyen lo que piensa el turista en tal o cual tema. La posición del turista como único actor del sistema ha sido una constante en la Turismologia. ¿Que pasaría si pudiéramos demostrar desde la meditación metafísica que entrevistar a un turista es en sí un sinsentido epistemológico?. Centrados en los aportes de I. Kant y G. Leibniz sostenemos que no existe conocimiento genuino que pueda producirse desde las formas metodológicas actuales del turismólogo.
Esta investigación compendia información sobre la extensión de los países
del mundo y su relación con la superficie de Ecuador para establecer el puesto
que ocupa el país entre los 193 estados.
Se examinaron diferentes fuentes secundarias tanto bibliográficas como
de páginas de internet que permitieron identificar variada información en
publicaciones de entidades públicas y privadas nacionales e internacionales
evidenciando, en la mayoría de los casos, datos incorrectos sobre la extensión
del país.
Posteriormente, se presenta el análisis comparativo del tamaño de nuestro
país con los 50 estados con mayor número de visitantes, según el Barómetro
Turístico de la Organización Mundial de Turismo OMT, a noviembre de 2012 en el
que se incluye datos por continente.
Además, se contrasta la superficie de Ecuador con los otros 14 países que
conforman la lista de los 15 destinos más visitados de América Latina al 2011.
CELEBRACIÓN DÍA DE LOS DIFUNTOS EN LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS SALASACA Y OTAVALOSYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Información relacionada con la tradicional celebración del día de difuntos en las comunidades indígenas de Otavalo y Salasaca, lugares en los cuales todavía se mantiene la tradición ancestral.
The moment I saw him over the history of that humanity, it is well-known it problem that live the man, her victim femenine by part of the man and that of feminine same, away who unchain an serried of conduct antisocialism. The difficulty of the study of this phenomenon, it is debit principal mind at the changes and mutations of the man personality, at the constant evolution of his environment and of herself. The preoccupy before is who today in day, so much of the delinquency, the todehumanization and victimation them continue mostly grow, and that not those exist truthful mechanism of prevention and solution.
ENSAYO DE EPISTEMOLOGÍA TURÍSTICA: del positivismo a la fenomenología. SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Los estudios turísticos apelan a la voz del turista como un único factor de investigación. La mayoría de los trabajos publicados, tesis doctorales o proyectos incluyen lo que piensa el turista en tal o cual tema. La posición del turista como único actor del sistema ha sido una constante en la Turismologia. ¿Que pasaría si pudiéramos demostrar desde la meditación metafísica que entrevistar a un turista es en sí un sinsentido epistemológico?. Centrados en los aportes de I. Kant y G. Leibniz sostenemos que no existe conocimiento genuino que pueda producirse desde las formas metodológicas actuales del turismólogo.
Esta investigación compendia información sobre la extensión de los países
del mundo y su relación con la superficie de Ecuador para establecer el puesto
que ocupa el país entre los 193 estados.
Se examinaron diferentes fuentes secundarias tanto bibliográficas como
de páginas de internet que permitieron identificar variada información en
publicaciones de entidades públicas y privadas nacionales e internacionales
evidenciando, en la mayoría de los casos, datos incorrectos sobre la extensión
del país.
Posteriormente, se presenta el análisis comparativo del tamaño de nuestro
país con los 50 estados con mayor número de visitantes, según el Barómetro
Turístico de la Organización Mundial de Turismo OMT, a noviembre de 2012 en el
que se incluye datos por continente.
Además, se contrasta la superficie de Ecuador con los otros 14 países que
conforman la lista de los 15 destinos más visitados de América Latina al 2011.
CELEBRACIÓN DÍA DE LOS DIFUNTOS EN LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS SALASACA Y OTAVALOSYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Información relacionada con la tradicional celebración del día de difuntos en las comunidades indígenas de Otavalo y Salasaca, lugares en los cuales todavía se mantiene la tradición ancestral.
LA CELEBRACIÓN DE LA SEMANA SANTA EN LA CIUDAD DE QUITO Y EN LA PARROQUIA DE ...SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Artículo que compila información producto de una amplia investigación bibliográfica y de campo enfocada al rescate de manifestaciones culturales importantes, como son las celebraciones religiosas católicas, muy aferradas a la
idiosincrasia ecuatoriana.
Se ha incluido en un solo artículo, datos
relevantes que tienen que ver con aspectos y
actividades que se desarrollan antes, durante
y luego de la celebración de la Semana Santa
Estudio de la Incidencia de la temporada de observación de ballenas jorobadas...SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
El objetivo primordial de esta investigación fue realizar un análisis de la incidencia de la
temporada de observación de ballenas jorobadas en el aspecto socio-cultural, económico
y ambiental en el cantón Puerto López de la provincia de Manabí.
Para alcanzar el propósito propuesto fue indispensable la revisión e investigación de la información
generada hasta el momento y, fundamentalmente, la identificación de los principales
involucrados en la gestión y operación turística, quienes aportaron con sus opiniones
al desarrollo de esta investigación al ser los actores involucrados directa e indirectamente
en esta actividad, que se ha originado desde hace aproximadamente dos décadas.
Con la información recopilada se presenta los resultados de los ámbitos planteados en
este presente trabajo.
W8L2Themes and Trends in World History to 1700 CEIn this b.docxmelbruce90096
W8L2
Themes and Trends in World History to 1700 CE
In this book, we have covered almost 12,000 years of history. Over the course of this time, humans banded together to form civilizations, usually along the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas. They developed the technology to plant seeds and domesticate animals. As collecting food required less labor, societies began to allow for the specialization of labor, through the formation of government, religion, trade, law, and other elements of a civilization. Bands of people living in settlements began to form towns and cities; cities became city-states and exerted their influence over the areas around the urban center. Very quickly after the formation of city-states came the arrival of great empires, which used a mixture of financial and military forces to control their vast lands.
From the very beginning, from the study of Catal Huyuk, Ban Po, and Jericho, we have seen humans banding together to create a community with systems to care for each other while holding each other accountable. From early stages of law and government to systems of bartering and trade, there is a sense from the very beginning of humanity that social institutions must both care for those within the civilization while considering those outside of it. Defensive walls, trading partnerships, exploration and global networks economic and diplomatic connections are all features of the very early world.
Because of these connections between those within a city or civilization and those outside of it, we can cast history in light of a world connected rather than one divided. Globalization seems to be a new invention, yet the connectivity of the internet seems to be merely a brand new iteration of the connections humans have created since the beginning of civilizations. In some ways, the study of history is the study of the rise and fall of Empires, but this only underscores the global connection of humanity.
In some ways, world history can be viewed as the history of empires. Imperial authority enhances the everyday occurrences of Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome. We covered the religions of the world as they influenced each other, particularly in Asia, and we considered the long-lasting impact of the cultural legacies of Greece and Rome. The position of Empires in the Middle East, from Mesopotamia to Ottoman, is highly important. The region of Mesopotamia founded the one of the earliest city-states through Sumer and some of the most significant scientific knowledge through the scholars of Babylon. The Dynasties of China and India loom large in the formation and perfection of government administration. Their ideas would take hold in stable empires across Asia for thousands of years. They were interrupted only by conquering forces like Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan’s Mongols. Ultimately, the presence of Islam spanning multiple cultures as a conquering empire would preserve and collect these innovations.
The movements of mobile peo.
The present essay review, though shorter than the piece I am accustomed to write, focuses on the commonalities between tourism and archaeology. At acloser look, we aretaught tourism is a commercial activity, sometimes hedonist or naïve that entertains lay people. Rather, archaeology signals to a serious academic discipline, enrooted in the quest for truth. Nonetheless, archaeology and tourism shares the similarly-minded cultural values, the reconstruction of
past. Our thesis rests on the idea that the tourist gaze searches for the ideological message to remind its superiority over other cultures or peripheral voices. In addition, it is important to note that tourists and archaeologists need from the same degree of exceptionality and novelty to validate their status to others.
Representing the Local: The Locus of the Indigenous in Globalizationinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Globalization as Americanization? Beyond the Conspiracy TheoryIOSR Journals
Globalization and its major engines (growing human capital, free markets, increasing cross-border interaction) have created a new world order that has incited passionate debate, pro and con. In recent culture studies, one of the foremost explorations concerns the influence globalization has upon culture. In fact, one of the most common criticisms we hear about the globalization of today‟s world is that it is producing mainly one culture, it is destroying diversity, and it is bringing everyone into the same global culture. Actually, much of the sociological hype about cultural globalization, defined as the diffusion of cultural values and ideas across national borders, sees it as synonymous with homogenization. Cultural globalization is, thus, one of the major concerns of academics, journalists, political activists and leaders of “cultural preservation” movements who despise what they see as the trend toward cultural uniformity. They usually regard global culture and American culture as synonymous and, thus, express serious concerns about their cultural distinctiveness.
Colonial Legacies: Indigeneity in a Multicultural WorldTony Ward
This critique of multicultural democracy views it as a form of neocolonialism that subverts the rights of indigenous peoples.
This slide show and others of a similar nature can be viewed and downloaded from my website at www.tonywardedu.com
Migrations and the Net: new virtual spaces to build a cultural identityeLearning Papers
Author: Linda J. Castañeda, Paz Prendes, Francisco Martínez-Sánchez.
This paper presents some of the reflections, projects and results around the topics of multiculturalism and migration attained by the Educational Technology Research Group at the University of Murcia, some of them integrated in the Interuniversity Cooperation programmes promoted by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation (AECI).
LIST OF THEMESTHEMES IN HISTORY1. Geographic Determinism on th.docxsmile790243
LIST OF THEMES
THEMES IN HISTORY
1. Geographic Determinism on the course of historical events
There are many instances in history when the course of human events is determined by the geography and not merely by human will or action. One good example of this is the Nile River. The manner in which the Nile River flows and slowly floods its banks provided a natural irrigation with rich deposits of nutritious soils that created a well fed culture known as the Egyptians. Without the Nile, there would have been NO Egypt.
2. The Big “C”s ~ Conquest, Commerce, Colonization, & Conversion on the Course of History
This theme resonates throughout history and is the manner in which peoples, their cultures and their ideas, spread across the landscape. An obvious perfect example is the discovery of the New World and the subsequent conquest of the western hemispheric peoples, their often-times forced conversion to Christianity, and the purposeful colonization of the New World in order to advance commercial trade and build wealth for the Spanish Empire.
3. Causes and Effects in History ~ “what came first, the chicken or the egg?”
This historical theme is the very core of understanding the course of human events. Historical events do not occur in a vacuum ~ one event leads to another, which leads to another and in this manner we see how humans act, and mostly, react, to stimului of their times. Did the invention of the moveable type printing press in 15th century Europe cause a great surge in literacy OR did a desire to become more literate have the effect of finding faster ways to spread the written word? The argument is yours to make.
4. “Shoulda, Woulda, Couldas” ~ alternate histories with alternate endings
This is probably one of my favorite themes in history. What would have happened differently in the future course of history IF one important change were made to its past? IF ONLY HITLER HAD BEEN FATALLY WOUNDED IN WWI instead of recovering, OR if he had died from the gassings of the trenches in WWI. Would there have even been a WWII? Would there have been 60+ million lives lost in WWII? Would there have been a Holocaust? When you use this theme, you need to first discuss the actual history and then propose a viable alternate history based on a possible course change in the events. It has to be a plausible alternative.
5. Role of Economics in History ~ “money makes the world go around” or does it?
If I have said it once, I have said it a MILLION times = money DRIVES politics ~ it is NOT the other way around. Most actions of human beings, if not all, have an economic desire behind them, whether for food, land, power, security, etc., humans labor and toil to accomplish a goal that is always rooted in a desired end = using scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to achieve profitable results. When the early Islamic Empires conquered the known world, it was more desirable NOT to force Christians and Jews to convert, bec ...
Similar to THE COSMOLOGY OF HERITAGE IN LATIN AMERICA: FROM EXPLORATION TOWARDS INDEBTNESS (13)
Manifestaciones tradicionales simbolicas del Niño Dios Chacarero y de la fies...SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Los primeros misioneros franciscanos que llegaron a Quito, en el ámbito de la cristianización americana, introdujeron la devoción a
la imagen del Niño Dios y prácticas como la de los denominados “Pases”. En los primeros años de la Colonia su difusión, en gran parte de la Real Audiencia, fue posible gracias a que la afamada escuela quiteña de escultores lo representó en una amplia gama de
moldes estilísticos: parado, sentado, yaciente, dormido, despierto, etc. Todos bajo la misma representatividad que ha despertado el fervor del pueblo creyente y que, según sus devotos, responde a la multiplicidad de milagros concedidos, pues en el Niño Dios, sus seguidores encuentran las mejores virtudes de inocencia e inmortalidad. Sin embargo, ¿por qué en Píntag ha nacido un Niño Dios chacarero?
Desde hace pocos años atrás, en respuesta a la enorme carga tradicional que representa el chagra en la parroquia, su cura párroco lo ha transliterado. En tal virtud, tanto el Niño Dios chacarero como el Pase del Niño de Píntag se han ido posicionando año tras año como un evento de gran significado simbólico puesto que ofrece una variedad de connotaciones que, prontamente, ha visto crecer el número de fieles y visitantes. Esta investigación revela las manifestaciones tradicionales y sus ritualidades.
El turista de naturaleza. Estudio sobre el perfil del turista y su comportami...SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Este proyecto comprende el estudio de los visitantes nacionales y extranjeros de la zona alta
del Parque Nacional Cotacachi Cayapas (PNCC) correspondiente a la Provincia de Imbabura,
en Ecuador, y tiene como principal objetivo caracterizar su perfil. En esta investigación se
utilizó el método descriptivo y exploratorio. Se revisó en fuentes secundarias la literatura
científica existente sobre motivaciones de viaje. La investigación de campo, a través de la
observación directa, permitió una mejor apreciación visual del lugar y constatar determinados
hechos (afluencia de turistas, género, conservación de la laguna, entre otros). Se aplicó una
encuesta (2015), con preguntas de tipo general y relacionadas con el perfil demográfico,
socio-económico, psicográfico y otros aspectos, a 383 turistas nacionales y extranjeros que
visitaron el parque, especialmente la Laguna de Cuicocha.
En este trabajo se podrá encontrar conceptualizaciones sobre lo que es el patrimonio, patrimonio cultural y natural, patrimonio turístico, clasificación del patrimonio, principales patrimonios intangibles del país, los patromonios culturales y naturales que han sido reconocidos como de la humanidad, etc.
Over last years, the current growth of tourism flourished in a wealth of courses, Ph.Ds., Masters and academic offerings that positioned tourism as a good perspective for students. Jafar Jafari signaled to the term “scientifization of tourism” to explain the ever-increasing attention given to this new field (Jafari & Aeser, 1988; Jafari, 1990, 2005). At a first stage, the great volume of bibliographic production offered an encouraging prospect in the pathways towards the maturation of this discipline. However, some epistemologists have recently alerted that not only tourism-research failed to develop a unified consensus of what tourism is, but also lack of a coherent epistemology that helps organizing the produced material. In this respect, tourism is subject now to an atmosphere of “indiscipline” where the produced knowledge leads to scattered (limited) conclusions.
Belleza y colorido de las aves, una experiencia incomparable en MindoSYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Esta investigación presenta un análisis
de la importancia e implementación
del aviturismo, que desde hace algunas
décadas, está siendo considerada
como una de las principales actividades
turísticas que ha generado mayor
cantidad de seguidores que van en
busca del disfrute de áreas naturales
con gran concentración de aves en estado
natural.
Se describe también la información
referente a la observación de aves en
Ecuador, las principales ecorutas que
han se han implementado en el cantón
San Miguel de los Bancos, noroccidente
de la provincia de Pichincha
y lo relacionado específicamente con
las características de esta actividad y
las especies más representativas de de
aves en el sector de Mindo.
Vocación artesanal trasciende en la Administración Zonal La DeliciaSYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
La presente investigación aportará significativamente a la comunidad universitaria UCT y al público en general, ya que presenta información relevante sobre el tema, proporcionando un diagnóstico confiable y actualizado de la situación del trabajo artesanal en las 5 parroquias urbanas
de la Administración Zonal La Delicia o Equinoccial: Carcelén, Comité del Pueblo, El Condado, Cotocollao y Ponceano.
Se validará la artesanía como componente importante de las expresiones culturales y productivas que se mantienen en el sector norte del Distrito Metropolitano de Quito. Además, contribuirá para reflexionar sobre las principales definiciones relacionadas con este tema, los antecedentes históricos, marco legal y su relación con el turismo, logrando redescubrir y valorar los centros de producción ubicados en una de las zonas que por tradición tienen vocación artesanal.
El presente artículo es el resultado de una investigación que tuvo la finalidad de compilar información amplia y relevante de uno de los géneros musicales, el pasillo ecuatoriano que constituye el mejor referente de la música de nuestro país. Este trabajo incluye una breve síntesis de sus orígenes, características, evolución y de sus más representativos compositores e intérpretes a lo largo del tiempo.
El Amaranto: prodigioso alimento para la longevidad y la vidaSYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
Este artículo presenta una síntesis desde el punto de vista bromatológico y nutricional del amaranto con el fin de brindar información relevante acerca de sus propiedades y usos ancestrales que han prevalecido en el tiempo. Los datos revisados en fuentes primarias y secundarias han tomado en consideración no sólo los conocimientos que sobre este alimento existe en América sino a nivel mundial donde goza de gran prestigio y consumo Sus propiedades permiten reconocerlo como la mejor alternativa que posee la humanidad para solucionar el hambre mundial.
Ecuador un país territorialmente pequeño.....mito o realidad?SYLVIA HERRERA DÍAZ
En este trabajo se realizó un analísis territorial y turístico para desmentir de que Ecuador es un país territorialmente pequeño comparado con el resto del mundo
En esta presetnación se localiza la información relacionada con el trabajo de investigación realizado para la selección y aplicación de herramientas multimedia para la asignatura de Antropología Cultural.
INFORMACIÓN RELACIONADA CON LOS GRUPOS ÉTNICOS Y LAS COMUNIDADES INDÍGENAS QUE SE LOCALIZAN EN LAS PROVINCIAS DE CARCHI, IMBABURA, PICHINCHA Y COTOPAXI
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Published by:
Activities for the Development of Tourism ard Tourism Education
Tourism Research Institute
13 Gr. Kydonion, 11144 Athens, Greece
Te¡: + 30 210 3806877
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URL: www.dratte.gr
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3. Table of Contents
The Role of Dark Tourism in Developing the Demand for the Egyptian Tourist Product 3
Abeer Attia, Dala¡ Abd El-Hady & Salma El-Manhaly
An Evaivation of Caribbean Destinations Websites 15
David Mc.A Baker
The Cosmoiogy of Heritage in Latin America: from expioration towards indebtness. 31
Korstanje Maximiliano E., Lourdes Cisneros Mustelíer & Sylvia Herrera
Medical Tourism and Nigeria-India Relations 44
Wapmuk, Sharkdam, Wapmuk, Agatha Eileen &Gbajabiamila, Titiiola Abike
The Estimation of Physical and Real Carrying Capacity with Appiication Qn Egypt's Tourist Sites_65
Nashwa F. Attallah
Expioring the views of the Stakeholders of the Prefecture of Messinia on the impact of current
crisis on Local and Regional Tourism And the acts needed to overcome it 83
Papageorgiou Athina
The Basic Employee Motivation Theories and the Theory Of interest 93
Laloumis Dimitrios & Laloumis Athanasios
Hotel Design: A Path for O.ualitative Tourism 105
Dionissia Frangou, Dr. Zoe Georgiadou' & Dimítris Marneilos
2
4. flÍE COSMOLOY OF HEITAGE I1) LA7I1)
AMERICA: F1W14 EXPLORAYIOtsJ 70WA1WS
IÑDE13 Tt'JESS.
Korstanje Maximiliano E.
University of Palermo, Argentina
Visiting FeIIow at CERS, University of Leeds, UK
Lourdes Cisneros Mustelier
University of La Habana, Cuba
Sylvia Herrera
UDET, Quito Ecuador
Abstract
In the present essay review we discuss to what extent heritage does not play an ideological
function invisivilising the real causes of events. In sorne respects, anthropology as well as other
social sciences instilled the needs "of being there" which was conducive to the Iogic of exploitation
introduced by colonialism. Today this submission is successfully achieved by means of heritage.
What is the position of Latin America in this stage?. From the sense of exploration of 19s century
towards financia¡ indebtness, West has created an allegory of Otherness in order for its conquest
to be ideologically legitirnated.
Key Words: Heritage, Latin America, Tourism, Mobilities
lntroduction
The politics of heritage offer a commotized version of culture that covers real history. As long as
17s and 19s centuries, Europe developed a closed image of Otherness that ideologically engaged
31
5. the Oid Continent with new cultures and economies. In fact, colonialism was possible not only
because of the advance of science, even anthropology, but also because natives were dissuaded on
European supremacy. In this stage, the configuration of new states, their cities and borderlands
were underpinned under the discourse of rationality. Placed at the top of a social pyramid which is
based on the material leve¡ of production, Europe represented a superior ladder of civilized culture
that advanced in fields the rest of humankind failed. lf social Darwinism, even proclaimirig by the
superiority of Anglos over other ethnicities, illuminated the first steps of many disciplines as
psychology, sociology and anthropology, one might realize that social scierice resulted from
colonialism and its project of nation-state (Bauman, 2013). The discourse of rationality emphasized
not only in reason as the pillar of progress, but also presented a unilineal vision of history. That
way, it was associated to a much deeper logic of mean-and-ends. The degree of instrumentality,
applied on a diachronic view of pastime, envisaged that rational planning would leave natives
towards progress. Once the project of colonialism collapsed after 60s decade, its ideological
message persisted in the fields of heritage and heritage tourism. Supported by the theory of
development, many peripheral nations asked to IMF and World Bank for baos to improve their
situation. Stereotyped as "underdeveloped" economies, Western ideology instilled in them the
needs of overcoming towards a superior ladder of productive pyramid. Of course, needless to say,
not only these countries failed to adopt rational programs of devebopment but higher rates of
interests worsened their distribution of wealth. The theory of development as it was envisaged in
North-Hemisphere was widely criticized worldwide. lo response to these critics, they alluded that
the cultural asymmetries between First and Third world was the main reason behind failures in
adopting the proposed models. Once again, rationality now conjoined to tourism served as an
ideological mechanism of control for Latio America and other peripheral continents. This essay
review discusses the conceptual limitations as well as evolution of cobonialism which passed from
"the notion of being there", claimed by fieldworkers, to heritage tourism where cultures are
commoditized.
Initial Assessment
The onset of 19s century and effects of industrialism instilled in the first anthropobogists the belief
that the disappearance of primitive world would be irreversible. Not only their kinship, customs,
¡ore and traditional forms of organizations, but the social trust would be undermined by complex
new more secular forms of production (Durkheim, 1976; Mauss 1979). Once colonial powers
expanded their hegemony, the primitive sources of trusts plummeted. These newcomers
prohibited aborigines to make the war against their neighbors, in which case a romantized image
of the native emerged (Guidotti Hernandez 2011). The idea of "noble savage" as an outstanding
figure which maintained far from industrial corruption invaded the literature and social imagirlary
of West (Fryd 1995). The problem of heritage for academicians was enrooted in the needs of
32
6. discovery and protection that cemented the possibility to paternalize non-Western cultures
(Korstanje 2012). As Harris puts it, concerned in questions of heritage, gift-exchange, and
inheritance the first ethnologists were lawyers (1-larris, 2006). The presence of law as well as the
jargon enrooted ¡n legal jurisprudence was unquestionable in their incipient studies. One of the
aspects that defined the field-work of anthropology was the efficacy to collect the ¡ore, custorns
and object of primitive societies before their disappearance. Indeed, the "Other", far from being an
independent entity, was subordinated to European-gaze. The European paternalism envisaged the
world as an amalgam of different cultures, which evolved in different ladders depending on their
economies or ways of production. Europe was conceived as the most evolutionary and refined
form of civilization respecting to these "Others" who had not skills in arts and trade. This seerns to
be the context, where patrimony and heritage surface. From that mornent on, the relation of both
with developrnent took a material corinotation that suggested further trade and commercialization
would be beneficia¡ for natives. From this viewpoint, native's backwardness was explained by their
disinterest for economic progress, as it was irnagined by Europeans' travellers. If the colonial arder
connected the center with its periphery, traveis paved the ways for the acceleration of colonization
(Korstanje, 2012).
The rise and consolidation of nation-states was centered on a much deeper fiscal efficacy of
administration to encompass mobilities within the soil (Hannam, Sheller & Urry 2006; Urry, 2012).
However, a closer look validates the thesis that we live in an irnmobile world, which was cernented
by disciplinary mechanisms of control. Originally aimed at disciplining "the Other" in Americas,
nation-states centered their hegemony posing fabricated boundaries into nornads and other
ethnicities into a pervasive identity. As Guidotti-Hernandez (2011) observed, to the violence
suffered by natives we need to add another unspeakable violence which posed a fabricated
riarrative to be consumed by international visitors. The problem of heritage relates to the fact
sorne events are blotted out as they really occurred. Nation states fabricated heritage to produce
an ideological message to their new rnernbers in arder to dissuade the process of homogenization
they suffered were the best of possible worlds. That way, sorne ethnicities were forced to ¡¡ve
together under the umbrella of same government. Meanwhile, these new leviathans appealed to
construct a shared identity in arder for conflict to be undermined.
In Latin America, the project of State was cloned from United States. Former president of
Argentina Domingo Faustino Sarmiento experienced the myth of desert while touring US. This
metaphor will shed light on the needs to connect pathways in order to stimulate the local
production in Argentina. Enthralled as the cradle of civilization, Sarmiento adheres to America as a
superior forrn of government which it is necessary to emulate. Trade, the respect for law,
technological breakthroughs are sorne of the innovation that captivates Sarmiento's attention
(Zusman, 2010). This means that the concept of mobility as it has been studied by Sheller or Urry is
enrooted in the configuration of nationhood. However, here is where the paradox lies. At the time,
33
7. state exerted considerable violence to discipline aborigines to change oid customs of hunters and
gatherers to be subject to a new territory, mobility of goods allowed the construction of necessary
infrastructure to consoiidate the project of nationhood. Whiie mobility was encouraged in one
direction, immobility of aborigines was used as a mechanism of control. Nowadays, the quest of
"otherness" is engaged to travels and the ideologicai core of Nation-state promoted by the
expansion of tourism industry (Korstanje & Muñoz de Escalona, 2013).
In eariier approaches Korstanje noted that the conquest of Arnericas was fraught of chaos, violence
and mass-death, which was uitimately subiimated not only in museums and other tourist
attractions, but also in the name of streets. This happens because heritage is war by other rneans.
Miguel Angel Centeno argues convincingiy that the success of nation-states to deveiop efficient
mechanisms to yield wealth in USA arid Europe was reiated to their capacities to control their fiscal
deficit. The supremacy of Europe over the world can be explained not only by the technological
breakthroughs developed in the interwar period but in the fact they have participated actively in
two "total wars". The influence of total wars in the social institutions can be abridged as follows,
a) The capacity to extract financia¡ and human resources moving them to achieve a collective goal
b) The centralization of financial capital to enhance the loyalties of diverse sectors of society
c) A common identity
Total wars produce more richer and powerful states. The fiscal capacity of nations is strengthened
by the total wars (Centeno, 2002). Centeno goes on to say,
"The destructive copocity of war is self-evident. Less 50 is the manner in which war, or more
accurotely, the process of go/ng to war, can be constructive. War is rejuvenating. The demands of
war create opportunities for innovation and adaptation. Wars help build the institutional basis of
modem states by requiring o degree of orgonizotion and efficiency that only new political
structures could provide." (Centeno, 2002: 101)
The process of ethno-genesis that facilitated the configuration of nation-hood organized behaviors
into specific contours which were drawn by means of warfare, violence and expropriation. At the
time Foucault situates under the lens of scrutiny the concept of "economy of truth" it suggests
some beliefs, ideas, and feelings were orchestrated into an al¡-encompassing discourse that
produced the sense of reality. Far from what historians guess, the legitimacy of state is based on
the abilities of elite to forge a shared notion of truth, history. Whether we affirm sorne theories
gain recognition over others, or sorne events are part of history, we are reaching only a partial side
of reality (Foucault, 1977; 2003). One might speculate that the idea of heritage, at least, should be
revisited. Whatever the case may be, in a seminal recent book, R. Tzanelli (2014) describes the
complexity of capitaiism to produce hypostatized landscapes of consurnption, where the "other"
34
8. who does not look like me is being exploited according to imagines, allegories and discourses
externally delineated by West. Similarly to Colonial Iegacy, "The otherness" is constructed in order
to be subordinated to Europeanness. It is impossible to imagine the legitimacy of nation-state
should be divorced from mobilities. While accommodated classes may enjoy a World, which is
based on tourism and hedonism, the Work-Force is pressed to ¡¡ve in the periphery. Whenever
international events, that draw the attention of the World are held in countries of Third World,
thousand of claimers launch to Street to protest against local governments. Tzanelli adheres to the
thesis that advance of capitalism not only has not improved the living conditions of locals, but it
triggers oid discrepancies between colonial legacy and modernity. There is a co-dependency
between centre and its periphery that can be continued by an alternation of what Tzanelli dubbed,
"cosmographies of riches" and "cosmologies of desire". The discourse of centrality is formed by a
hierarchical system of symbols, thoughts and beliefs consolidated by social networks. This remains
even after the independence evoked not only by the needs of peripheral zones to be part of sacred
centre, but in a profound desire to get the foreign cosmographies of riches. Not surprisingly, this
explains why peripheral fascination for tourists coming from developed-nations. The original gift is
exchanged between civilized and uncivilized worlds (Tzanelli 2014).
Last but not least, Miguel Angel Centeno gaye hints on the problems of aristocracies in Latin
America to control "their interna¡ rich ethnical kaleidoscope". As semi-leviathans, where the main
threat is not the neighboring states, but the interna¡ enemy which is depicted by the aborigine,
Latin Americans failed to regulate an efficient fiscal balance. Therefore, they were historically
pressed to ask for international loans and financia¡ assistance abroad. While European states
celebrated two Total Wars that improved notably their fiscal discipline, Latin Americans have
developed "extractive institutions" aimed at exploiting natives instead of consolidating a shared
sentiment of nation. As a result of this, the different Creole elites were accustomed not to direct
the violence against other states simply because there were not serious ethnic incompatibilities.
Unlike Europeans, not only they shared the same idiosyncrasy but a common language, customs
and heritage (Centeno 2002). What is the role of heritage in this process?.
Tourism and Heritage
As already discussed, tourism and heritage now seems to be inextricably intertwined. Tourism
scholars echo the assumptions that fresh incomes generated by this industry alleviate the poverty
of natives or their living conditions. A fairer distribution of wealth, experts and public account
balance give to community a substantial economic improvement. Tourism, of course, can help in
such a stage. One of the benefits, these experts adhere, of tourism consists in its ability to exploit
intangible assets (as heritage and patrimony) which have limited costs for investors. In parallel,
abandoned cities or communities or in bias of destruction can be revitalized by the ¡ntroduction of
35
9. heritage. The dáscourse of patrimorty should be understood as an effective instrument to boost
economies, communities, or even cultures. What are the commonalities of first ethnologists and
modern tourism policy makers?.
At time of entering in the field, ethnographers defied the classic conception of science which
experimented at desks or in controlled conditions. B. Malinowski, the founder of modern
ethnography, acknowledged a clear gap between what people overtly say and finally do.
Therefore, for social scientists, the needs of moving beyond where the native laid, were associated
to the idea of "being there" to validate empirically what senses often captivate.
Changing the episternological basis of discipline, Malinowski and his seminal studies showed the
importance of fieldwork to expand understanding of cultures. In this vein, two mairi assumptions
cemented the western-gaze, the concern for sorne cultures disappearance was conjoined to
situate the suprernacy of Europe as an unquestionable truth. It can be found in texts authored by
many founding parents of the discipline as Tylor, Boas, Durkheirn, Mauss, Racdliffe-Browri,
Malinowski Evans-Pritchard and other founding parents (Racdliffe-Brown, 1975) (Pritchard, 1977)
(Mauss, 1979) (Boas, 1982) (Malinowski, 1986) (Tylor, 1995) (Durkheim, 2003). However, this
sentirnent of protection resulted in an uncanny obsession to understand (not to correct) the ¡¡ves
of these nonwhite others. lnstead of correcting the factors that lead Imperiol powers to exploit the
periphery, heritage becarne in a social institution that mediate between the disciplinary violence of
Europe and natives' suffering. This does not mean that anthropology was conducive to imperial
order, but many of the produced knowledge served for colonial adrninistrators to discipline
"indigenous customs". This romantic view of the world, not only facilitated the expansion of
colonialism worldwide, but facilitated the conditions for the rise of anthropology as ari acadernic
discipline. Doubtless, in this process, the concept of backwardness and wealth played a crucial role.
As the previous argument given, between 1975 and 1985 two senior scholars, J Heytens (1978) and
Gray (1982) used the term patrimony to denote deve!opment. In this respect, tourism enables
social capital to optimize wealth and resources to the extent to attract more capital investment
which produces a virtuous circle. Underpinned by the proposition that further tourism equals to
further development, scholarship in tourism and hospitality adopted a material conception of
patrimony, as a new valuable resource to exploit that may very well help societies or human
groups historically oppressed by nation-states (Comaroff & Comaroff, 2009).
The interest for the Other corresponds with the expansion and consolidation of Empires that
transformed not only the condition of production and consumption (trade), but the passage from
inner-centered view to the Other-oriented view. The cosmology of Protestantism that focused on
inner-life set the pace to the concept of Other whenever the needs of new markets arise. At a first
glimpse, civilizations have cyclically alternated three types of cultural archetypes which are,
tradition-directed, inner-directed and Other-directed. Riesman acknowledges that tradition
36
10. oriented subtype was ancient and rule-abiding organizations where social change rarely evolves.
Rather, inner-directed societies are characterized by an interna¡ potential to behave according to
the rules of religion. At the same time, the affordable goods to consume requested for new
demand, the inner-directed type passed to Other-oriented type. lndustrialism revolutionized not
only the ways of conceiving economy, but also introduced the "Other's view" to validate the self
(Riesman, 2001). Following Riesman, it is not far-fetched to confirm that the obsession of heritage
as the quest for Other's culture surfaces in context of global market expansion.
Latin America and the problem of identity
In Latin America, scholars ushered the idea of patrimony in order to preserve landscapes,
environmertts or with others sustainable purposes. Local resources, unless otherwise resolved,
should be protected from the exploitation or the interests of market. That way, the theory of
patrimony suggests, natives receive the good (eluding the negative) effects of tourism. At a second
viewpoint, heritage plays a crucial role by cementing the local identity. Locals not only acquire a
self-consciousness that will facilitate potential negotiations respecting to the proposed programs,
but they administer their own resources (Vitry, 2003) (Aguirre, 2004) (Dos-Santos and Antonini,
2004) (Mondino, 2004) (Espeitx, 2004) (Tose¡¡¡, 2006). As Korstanje pointed out, though in different
contexts of production and times, the spirit of colonial order respecting how the "other" is
constructed, lingers (Korstanje 2012). It seems worthy noting that the channels for scientific
discovery and "the concept of the Other", are inextricably linked. The empirical-research findings
in tourism fields, far from questioning this connection, validate earlier assumptions in regards to
heritage. While tourists seek autbenticity as a new form of escapement from the alienatory
atmosphere of greater cities, natives offer their culture as a product to be gazed. In this vein, Dean
MacCannell and other followers offered a good description of the role of tourism in a society of
mass-consumption. Maccannell conceives that tourism consolidated just after the mid of XXth
century, or the end of WWII. Not only the expansion of industrialism, which means a set of
benefits for workers as less working hours and salaries increase but the technological
breakthrough that triggered mobilities were responsible from the inception of tourism. There was
nothing like an ancient form of tourism, Maccannell notes. Taking his cue from the sociology of
Marx, Durkheim, and Goffman, Maccannell argues that tourism and staged-authenticity work in
conjoint in order for the society not to collapse. If totem is a sacred-object that confers a political
authority to chiefdom in aboriginal cultures, tourism fulfills the gap between citizens and their
institutions which was enlarged by the alienation ¡ay people face. The current industrial system of
production is finely-ingrained to expropriate workers from part of their wages. A whole portion of
earned salaries is spent to leisure activities, even in consuming tourism. MacCannell believes,
industrialism forged a "tourist consciousness" that revitalizes the glitches and deprivations
produced by economy. Tourism would be a type of totem for industrial societies that mediates
37
11. among citizens, officials and their institutions. In this context, tourism, like a chamanized totem in
primitive communities, revitalizes psychological frustrations and alienation proper of urban
societies. Not surprisingly, Maccanneli adds, Marx was in the correct side at denouncing the
oppression suffered by the work-force. Nonetheless, leisure, far from being an ideological
mechanism of control (as in whole Marxism), prevents the social disintegration (Maccannell, 1976;
1984). Over recent years, he was concerned by the lack of ethics in tourism consumption.
Coalescing contributions of Giddens with Derrida, he points out that globalization entails to type of
mobilities. Nomads who are defined as forged-migrants are pitted against tourists who are
encouraged to consume landscapes and exotic cultures. Sirice tourists are conferred by a certain
degree of freedom, this leads them to think they are part of a privilege class, sentiment that is
reinforced by the quest of "the local other". Reluctant to contact others, tourists affirm their own
seif-esteem enjoying the precarious conditions where natives ¡¡ve. If this is not controlled tourism
may produce a progressive process of dehumanization (Maccannell, 1973; 1976, 1984; 1988; 1992;
2001; 2009; 2011; 2012).
It is interesting to discuss to what extent, the discourse of heritage adopted by Latin America,
never left behind the idea of rationality, as it was formulated by the founding parents of
anthropology (Korstanje 2012). The discourse arrived to "periphery" in the same way, connecting
to already-existent ethriicities to produce commodities which are offered to international demand
of tourists, rnost of them coming from the same Imperial Centre (Tzanelli 2014; Buzinde & Santos
2009; Korstanje, 2012). The social trauma engendered by colonialisni is invisibilized into an ethnic
product which is visually consumed by first-class tourists. The Other (noble savage) is conceived in
opposition to civilized European. While Europeans have reached their stage of civilization because
of trade, the legal jurisprudence which is based in the principie of right and property and an
organized ways for concentrating derived surplus, natives developed economies of subsistence
(Posner, 1983). This allegory suggests that problems of international commerce are fixed by further
investment. Therefore, aborigines who have been pressed to live in peripheral and desert areas
believe in the market as a piatform to launch towards prosperity. The needs of revitalizing tourists
destinations by the adoption of loans and international financia¡ aid not only validates this
assumption, but aggravates economic problems simply because solicitant are unable to accrue
their higher tax of interest imposed by central nations. This is exactly the resulted denounce issued
by sociologists of development as Escobar (1997) Viola (2000) and Esteva (2000). Historically, the
term development was comed after American President Henry Truman in 1949, when he claimed
on the needs of helping others towards the trace of development. From that moment onwards,
the world was divided in two, developed and underdeveloped nations. At a first glimpse, pundits
asserted that development wouId be helpful in contributing to enhance the living conditions of
underdeveloped groups. The financia¡ aid was the touchstone in order for West to expand their
cultural values to the rest of the world. Needless to say, things do not turned out as planned.
Financia¡ assistance was issued without any type of control to governments which failed to obtain
38
12. fairer levels of wealth distribution. Instead of acceptirig the Iiability, international business
organizations as World Bank, International Monetary Funds and Development Bank chose for using
a blaming the victim tactic. They, rather, replied that cultural incompatibilities between developed
and underdeveloped cultures were the main reason that explains why the original promise of
theory of development diluted (Esteva 2000; Escobar 1997). The project of developrnent was
accompanied by globalization in many senses.
As Mc Michael alerted, Europe colonized the world (even South America) by the tergiversation of
allegories, which continues up to date. The exploitation of the non-European "Others" had a
pervasive nature. The process of decolonization, centuries later, witnessed the rise of demands of
periphery in order for central powers to allow an autonomous government. The rights of
democracy becomes in a universal claim. Mc-Michael explains that imperial powers alluded to the
theory of "development" to maintain the oId colonial borders. Now violence sets the pace to
financia¡ dependency. The WWII end conjoined to Truman's administration led the United States to
implement a wide range credit system to save the world from Communisrn. This program
mushroomed to become in the development theory. However, this financia¡ aid brought
modification in the system of agriculture to more intensive methods. This ruined the condition of
farmers who were pressed to migrate to larger urban cities. Furthermore, the imposition of new
borders post WWII forced to many ethnicities to ¡¡ve with others under the hegemony of nation-
state. This resulted in a lot of ethnic cleansing, conflicts and warfare that obscured the original
ends of financial aid programs issued by IMF or World Bank. IJndoubtedly, the inconsistencies of
World Bank in administering the development-related programs not only were admitted but also it
woke up sorne nationalist reactions in the non-aligned countries. To restore the order, a new
supermarket revolution surfaced: globalization. This stage, characterized by a decentralized
production, undermined the barriers of nation-states globalizing investments in those countries
were working condition were more convenient for capital-owner. In this vein, two alarrning
situations were found. An increase in the unernployment and the decline of unionization in the
North was accompanied with the arrival of international business corporations seduced by the low-
cost of workers in South (Mc Michael, 2012). It reveals a clear contradiction, which remains
unchecked. While global tourists enjoy from alI legal conditions to travel in quest of exotic
Iandscapes and cultures, nation-states are subject to financia¡ dependency in regards to the
financia¡ centers. The strength-hold of this submission remains in the role played by rationality as
well as how Europeanness has been constructed.
Conclusion
Today, the industry of tourism monopolizes the meaning of heritage sites, as well as the channels
of consumption. Millions tourists travel year by year looking outstanding experiences, open to the
39
13. "Other" who does not look like me. Cultural tourism and heritage have played a crucial role in
integrating local economies otherwise would have plummeted. Though this seems to be the
positive aspect of heritage, a dark side remains unchecked. The concept of heritage as we know
now resulted from the bloody colonial past, which was accompanied and validated by Science. Not
surprisingly, fieldworkers felt the needs to travel abroad to validate their hypothesis, ethnography
and anthropology showed episternologically the importance of "being there" to observe natives.
Undoubtedly, the expansion of nation-state originally was superseded to the construction of ways,
infrastructure, and adoption of new technologies in transport and mobility fields. At this stage, the
concept of "otherness" served ideologically to engage main econornies to the periphery. This co-
dependency, far from what sorne scholars preclude, still is a key factor of submission in our days.
Sorne decades later, to be precise after the end of WWII, the theory of development cemented not
only this financia¡ asyrnmetry between have and have-nots, but convinced the World, financia¡
assistance would be a good resource towards development. Though things turned out differently
than planned, spin-doctors of capitalisrn proposed the cultural attachment of rationolity as the
rnain reasort of such a failure. We have debated hotly that how the concept of being there comed
by ethnologists and science in times of colonial order set the pace to heritage consurning in the
contemporary world. Al¡ these plans would never be materialized by the allegories of maps, and
travels enthralled during 17, 18 and lglh centuries. Albeit rnobility was the ideological heart of
nation-state, no less true is that new setting is questioning that tourism and the industry of
heritage are dying. Terrorism not only targeted tourist destinations and heritage sites to produce
political instability, serious financia¡ crisis in US has affected seriously the capacity of workers to
pay for holidays. If our parents saved ah year to spend in their holidays, we are now sohiciting to
banks for loans to pay for dream holiday.
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