This presentation discusses factors that control growth and development. It identifies genetic factors like phenotype, parental characteristics, race, sex and genetic disorders as influencing growth. Environmental factors like prenatal environment, nutrition, stress, illness, placenta, multiple pregnancies and hormones are also discussed. Postnatal factors including nutrition, chemical agents, trauma, socioeconomic status, family relationships, climate, mother's work, birth order and education are identified as influencing postnatal growth and development. The presentation provides examples for each factor and concludes with references.

2. Presenter: M. Hasnat Arshad
Presented to: Mam Fatima Yasin
Topic : Factors Controlling Growth
UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION LHR,

3. Growth Development
• Growth refers to the increase in
mass and size of a body or
organs. It typically occurs
through the multiplication of
cells and an increase in
intracellular substance.
• Development refers to the
physiological and functional
maturation of the organism. It
also refers to the increase in
capacity and skill to effectively
function.

4. Growth & Development

5. Factors Affecting the Growth &
Development
Genetic
factors
Environmental
factors
Other Factors

6. Genetic Factors
• Phenotype
• Characteristics of parents
• Race
• Sex
• Genetic disorder

7. Phenotype
• Phenotype refer to an
individual’s observable traits,
such as height, eye colour and
blood type.
• Parental traits are transferred to
offspring.

8. Characteristics of Parents
• Parents of high IQ having
children of same & vice
versa
• Further enhanced by
environmental factors

9. Race
• Growth potential of
children of different
racial groups is different
• Example:- African,
American, Asian

10. Sex
• Boys are heavier and taller than girls at
birth, this is maintained till 11yrs of
age.
• Pre-pubertal growth spurt occurs
earlier in girls.
• Once again the boys grow taller than
girls once they reach the Pre-pubertal
growth spurt.

12.  Chromosomal Genetic Disorder
 Complex (Multifactorial Genetic Disorder)
 Single-gene(monogenic Genetic Disorder)

13. • DOWN SYNDROME
Down Syndrome Is A Genetic Disorder. Most
Babies Are Born With 23 Pairs Of
Chromosomes Within Each Cell For A Total Of
46.
• KLINEFELTER SYNDROME
(KS) is a genetic condition where there’s an
extra X chromosome present in a male’s
genetic code. Instead of having a total of 46
chromosomes,

14. Single gene disorders are caused by one abnormal gene
and are inherited in the traditional mend Elian patterns.
• AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDERS
Autosomal dominant disorders are the most prevalent
Mend Elian cardiovascular genetic disorders
• AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER
To have an autosomal recessive disorder, you inherit two
changed genes (mutations), one from each parent.
• X-LINKED RECESSIVE DISEASES
Examples of X-linked recessive disorders include red-
green color blindness, hemophilia and the Duchene and
Becker forms of muscular dystrophy.

15. • X-LINKED DOMINANT DISORDERS
X-linked Dominant Disorders Are Very
Uncommon. Examples Include Ret
Syndrome (A Condition Found Almost
Exclusively In Girls That Seriously Affects
Brain Development, Causing Severe
Disabilities).

16.  Multifactorial Diseases Are Not
Confined To Any Specific Pattern
Of Single Gene Inheritance And
Are Likely To Be Associated With
Multiple Genes Effects Together
With The Effects Of Environmental
Factors
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.
Arthritis.

17. • These Consisted Of Conditions
That Arose During Pregnancy,
• Such As Gestational Diabetes,
Which Usually Develops In The
Second Half Of Pregnant
• High And Low Blood Pressure;
Gestational Infections; And Fetal
Distress Inducing Threatened
Abortion Conditions
• All Conditions Occurring In The
First Six Weeks After Birth, Such
As Respiratory And Urinary
Infections
• Auditory Deficit (A Loss Of 30db);
And Blood Disorders Such As
Anemia And Thrombopenia.

19. Prenatal Environment

20. Maternal Nutrition
• Maternal Nutrition is define as the nutritional needs of mother before
pregnancy, after pregnancy and while nursing infant.
Nutrient-rich maternal diet
• containg whole grains, fruits,
vegetable, fish
• Supplement containing follic acid,
iron, calcium
Poor diet
• Lacking essential nutrients
• High in sugar and Fat

21. Emotional Stress
• An Emotional Feeling, come from any frustrated/stressful condition,
it’s actually reaction of body to the pressure of eveyday life.
Causes
• changes in physiological, emotional, and family life
Impacts on Mother
Impact on offspring
• Developing fetus
• Long-term influence on children(later life)
Ways to reduce stress

23. Maternal Illness
• Maternal illness increase the chances that baby will be born with a
birth defects or having chronic health problems.
• Maternal anemia, asthma, diabetes,
cardiac disease
• Vertical Transmition of maternal
Infection

24. Placenta
Placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during
pregnancy, it provides many hormones, nutrients and
oxygen to a growing fetus.
• Any damage in this organ can cause many
pregnancy complication.These damages are
uncommon yet serious.
• Placental abruption
• Placental previa
• Placental accreta

25. Multiple Pregnancy
• A Pregnancy with more than one fetus is a
Multiple Pregnancy.
• When more than one egg is fertilized, and
more than one embryo may implant and grow
in uterus.
Complications of Multiple Pregnancy
• Preterm Birth
• Twin Growth Discordance

26. Maternal Hormones
• Homrmones play a central role in regulating fetus growth and development
• Normal Growth of the fetus is regulated by a balance of hormones.
1. Progesteron
2. Insulin
3. Insulin-like Growth factor
IGF-1(nutrient sensor)
IGF-2(help fetus grow by affecting
placental growth)
4.Glucocorticoids
Progesteron
Glucocorticoids

27. Fetal factor
• There are several important environment factors that affect the way
that the fetes develops inside the womb the mother. These factors
include:
• Smoking
• Medicinal drugs
• Recreational drugs
• Alcohol
• Pathogens
• Radiation
• Malnutrition
• excess vitamins.

28. Postnatal environment:
• The postnatal environment is also known as the external environment or
social environment. It refers to the various factors in the external world that
affect a person’s growth and development.
• The different environmental factors that affect personality are:
• Nutrition
• Chemical agents
• Trauma
• Socio economic
• Culture factor
• Educational level
• Working Mother
• Ordinal Position in the family
• Birth space
• Chronic diseases
• Availability of health services
• Climate and season

29. Nutrition:
• Nursing women need about 500 extra calories each day, as well as
plenty of protein, calcium and fluids to stay healthy and produce
nutritious breast milk.
• postnatal is vital to both mother and baby

30. Critical Nutrients for Postnatal Mothers
• Vitamin B12: B12 is required for proper red blood cell development,
energy production, and helping to form our DNA
• DHA: an omega-3 fatty acid
• Iron: It's important to replenish the iron you lose during childbirth
• Choline
• Vitamin D

31. Chemical Agents:
• Nerve agents
• Blister agents
• Choking agents
• Blood agents
• Riot control agents

32. Trauma
Trauma is an emotional response to a terrible event like an accident, rape,
or natural disaster.
Types of Trauma
• Acute
• Chronic
• Complex
Example
• Losing hope for the future.
• Having dreams and memories that upset you.

33. Emotional factors:
• Emotional disturbance in security,
siblings, jealousy, laws of parent and
educate schooling .
• Have a negative effect on growth and
development.
• Some of these factors coming under
environmental factors are heredity with
the nature of both heredity and
environment.

34. Socio- economic level:
• High economic level is
equal to period of
nutrition status ,fewer
infections.
• Poverty is equal to
diminished growth.

35. Family relationship:
• If the parents shout in anger the
violent behavior ,the baby also
adopted the same behavior and
show temper tantrum.
• Relationship of family members
influence the growth of child.
• If parents are not able to give
the time of your child ,the child
become submissive or introvert.

36. Climate:
• Velocity of growth may
alter in different
seasons (usually higher
in summer and low in
summer month).
• Infection and
infestations or
common in hot and
humid climates.

37. Working mothers:
• A mother plays multiple role in a
child’s development, as she is a
teacher in every aspect of each
child’s developmental growth, social,
emotional physical and
independence.
• Working moms may also have less
time for their child.
• Working moms are more tired and
stressed.

38. Positioning of
child:
• 1st born child- gets more attention.
• The middle child- gets less
attention and is less achievements
oriented than the first born.
• Youngest child – less intellectually
inclined ………but gets great deal off
love and attention therefore
develop good nature friendly warm
personality.

39. Educational factor:
• Easier for countries to
develop a more
educated workforce
and make poverty a
eradication and
economic growth
easier to achieve.
• Without the education
of a people a society
cannot flourish or
grow.

40. References:
1. Animal AS,Abro A,Mugheri RA.Study of the Effects of Working
Mother on Development of Children in Pakistan in international
Journal of Humanities and Social Science,2012,77-84.
2. McGrath JJ, Keeping D,Saha S,Chant DC, Lieberman DE, O’Callaghan
MJ.Seasonal fluctuations in birth weight.
3. https://reliefweb.int/report/pakistan/pakistan-maternal-nutrition-
strategy-2022-27
4. https://www.unicef.org/nutrition/maternal
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4949006/

41. 6.https://www.marchofdimes.org/find-
support/topics/pregnancy/stress-and-pregnancy
7.https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/multiple-pregnancy
8.https://www.yourhormones.info/topical-issues/hormones-and-fetal-
growth/