Genetics, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, culture, environment, and growth and development influence pediatric health. Chromosomal abnormalities, single-gene mutations, and other factors can cause congenital defects. Family reactions to illness vary and may impair coping. Low socioeconomic status adversely impacts health through limited access to healthcare and nutrition. Culture influences health beliefs and practices. Environmental hazards like pollution and media influences also impact pediatric health. Growth involves increasing size while development refers to functional and physiological maturation. Temperament describes a child's behavioral style. Pediatric nurses promote health, teach, counsel, advocate, and collaborate to care for children and families. A thorough pediatric health assessment considers the child's needs and involves the family.
Types of families |NUCLEAR FAMILY|JOINT FAMILY|THREE GENERATION FAMILY |Functions of the family |FAMILY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE |SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS| COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Growth and development of children: INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION, FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PERIOD, PRINCIPALS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, INDICATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, DOMAINS AND AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT, MILESTONES: GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, SCREEING TOOLS.
Types of families |NUCLEAR FAMILY|JOINT FAMILY|THREE GENERATION FAMILY |Functions of the family |FAMILY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE |SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS| COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Growth and development of children: INTRODUCTION, DEFINITION, FACTOR AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PERIOD, PRINCIPALS OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, INDICATION OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL SCREENING, DOMAINS AND AREAS OF DEVELOPMENT, MILESTONES: GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT, LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, SCREEING TOOLS.
Child maltreatment is a huge global problem with a serious impact on the victims’ physical and mental health, well-being and development throughout their lives and by extension, on society in general.
(WHO & INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND Neglect)
At the end of unit 2, the students will be able to:
Appreciate the differences between children and adult
Describe the hospital environment for a sick child
Explain the impact of hospitalization on child
Discuss the grief and bereavement
Outline the role of a child health nurse
Explain the principles of pre- and post-operative care for children
Perform pain assessment in children
A Manual of Essential Pediatrics, Second Edition, the revised and updated edition provides essential state-of-the-art information on childcare right from birth to adolescence. The book serves as a practical guide to pediatricians for the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders and diseases of neonates, children, and adolescents. The author has used his experience of over 50 years to cover core pediatric topics such as growth and development, behavior and developmental disorders, common day-to-day illnesses, immunizations, and nutrition in a simple and succinct manner.
it is uploaded to nurse educator to teach students about unit -2 healthy child in pediatric nursing. it also help the para medics & general public about normal growth & development of child. it also help to identify deviation from normal growth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Child maltreatment is a huge global problem with a serious impact on the victims’ physical and mental health, well-being and development throughout their lives and by extension, on society in general.
(WHO & INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION OF CHILD ABUSE AND Neglect)
At the end of unit 2, the students will be able to:
Appreciate the differences between children and adult
Describe the hospital environment for a sick child
Explain the impact of hospitalization on child
Discuss the grief and bereavement
Outline the role of a child health nurse
Explain the principles of pre- and post-operative care for children
Perform pain assessment in children
A Manual of Essential Pediatrics, Second Edition, the revised and updated edition provides essential state-of-the-art information on childcare right from birth to adolescence. The book serves as a practical guide to pediatricians for the diagnosis and treatment of common disorders and diseases of neonates, children, and adolescents. The author has used his experience of over 50 years to cover core pediatric topics such as growth and development, behavior and developmental disorders, common day-to-day illnesses, immunizations, and nutrition in a simple and succinct manner.
it is uploaded to nurse educator to teach students about unit -2 healthy child in pediatric nursing. it also help the para medics & general public about normal growth & development of child. it also help to identify deviation from normal growth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. INFLUENCESON
PEDIATRICHEALTH
• Genetics – study of heredity
• Congenital (present at birth) defects result from chromosomal abnormalities,
monogenic (single-gene) mutations, or other intrauterine factors.
• Alterations in a chromosome, part of a chromosome, or gene can cause a
genetic disorder.
A. HEREDITY AND GENETICS
3. INFLUENCESON
PEDIATRICHEALTH
• Chromosome disorders - Deviations in numbers
of chromosomes (ie, gain or loss of a
chromosome) are designated with the suffix -
somy.
• Monosomy - loss of one chromosome from a
pair., rare, and the fetus is usually nonviable.
• Turner syndrome (45, XO) is basically the
only viable monosomy; however, 99% of these
fetuses are spontaneously aborted.
A. HEREDITY AND GENETICS
5. INFLUENCESON
PEDIATRICHEALTH
• Trisomy refers to an addition to a pair of
chromosomes.
• most common include trisomy 13 (Patau
syndrome), trisomy 18 (Edwards
syndrome), and trisomy 21 Down
syndrome).
A. HEREDITY AND GENETICS
9. INFLUENCESON
PEDIATRICHEALTH
• Alterations in the number of sex
chromosomes typically do not cause
serious effects. Klinefelter syndrome
(47, XXY) is the most common sex
chromosome abnormality syndrome).
A. HEREDITY AND GENETICS
16. Types of inheritance patterns
• Autosomal dominant inheritance.
Children of a heterozygous parent have
a 50% chance of possessing the
defective gene. Children who do not
inherit the defective gene will
themselves have unaffected offspring.
• E.g. osteogenesis imperfecta
Monogenic (single-gene) disorder
17. Types of inheritance patterns
• Autosomal recessive inheritance.
Children of two heterozygous parents
have a 25% chance of being affected.
Unaffected children have a 66% chance
of carrying the gene and possibly
passing it to their offspring.
• E.g. Cystic fibrosis,
Monogenic (single-gene) disorder
18. Types of inheritance patterns
• X-linked dominant
inheritance. Daughters of
an affected father will
probably be affected; sons
will not. Half the daughters
and half the sons of
affected mothers will be
affected. There are no
carriers, and normal
children will themselves
have normal offspring.
• E.g. Rett Syndrome
Monogenic (single-gene) disorder
19. Types of inheritance patterns
• X-linked recessive
inheritance. Males are usually
affected; half the female
children of affected fathers will
be carriers and may pass the
gene to their offspring.
• E.g. hemophilia, red-green color
blindness
Monogenic (single-gene) disorder
21. INFLUENCESON
PEDIATRICHEALTH
Family functions include the following:
• Childbearing and child-rearing
• Providing basic needs (ie, food, safety, clothing, shelter, and health care)
• Providing communication and emotional support
• Enabling enculturation and socialization
• Preparing children to become citizens
B. FAMILY
22. INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
Family reactions to a child's illness or hospitalization vary and may
include:
• Possible impaired coping. Fears and anxieties about a child's illness or
hospitalization may increase, compromising the family's ability to cope
and their ability to help the child cope.
• Loss of control. A sense of helplessness may result from stressors such
as seriousness of the illness, previous hospitalizations, medical
procedures, lack of information, support systems, ego strengths, other
family problems, cultural and religious beliefs, family communications,
and previous coping abilities.
• Possible parental displays of stress. Examples include anxiety, denial,
guilt, anger, fear, frustration, depression, and such defense
mechanisms as displacement and projection.
B. FAMILY
23. INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
Social class probably has the greatest influence due to differences in child-rearing
practices and attitudes toward health. Children are raised differently by parents who
vary in education, communication skills, occupation, and income.
a. Low socioeconomic status has the greatest adverse influence on health. This is
due to several factors:
1. Escalating health care costs and unaffordable health insurance premiums
2. Eating unbalanced meals and insufficient food
3. Forgoing health care related to lack of funds or lack of value in the importance
of health, especially health promotion and disease prevention measures
4. Inadequate housing that may result in overcrowding, poor sanitation, and thus
greater exposure to communicable diseases.
C. SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
24. INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
• Humans acquire culture early in life, and cultural understanding is usually
established by 5 years of age.
• Culture and religious beliefs influence choice of mate, post-marital residence,
family kinships, household rules, household structure, family obligations, family-
community interactions, dietary customs, communication patterns, interpersonal
relationships, and health beliefs and practices.
• Some groups consider folk healers as powerful.
• Many cultures use home remedies.
D. CULTURAL, & RELIGIOUS FACTORS
25. INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
• Safety hazards in the home and community contribute to falls, burns, drownings,
and motor vehicle and other accidents.
• Passive smoking is a recognized health hazard for children and adolescents. Other
pollution (eg, from radiation, chemicals, and water, air, or food contamination)
poses significant health hazards as well.
• Media influences include the following;
• Children may identify with and mimic characters or criminals portrayed in the
media (TV, videos, movies, magazines, newspapers), which may lead to violence and
harm to self and others.
• Excessive TV viewing has been linked to obesity and high blood cholesterol levels in
children.
E. ENVIRONMENT
26. It is the process of physical maturation
resulting an increase in size of the body
and various organs. It occurs by
multiplication of cells and an increase
in in intracellular substance. It is
quantitative changes of the body.
It is the process of functional and
physiological maturation of the individual. It
is progressive increase in skill and capacity
to function. It is related to maturation and
myelination of the nervous system. It
includes psychological, emotional and social
changes. It is qualitative aspects.
GROWTH DEVELOPMENT
INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
F. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
29. INFLUENCESONPEDIATRICHEALTH
Infancy
Neonate
• Birth to 28 days
Infancy
• 29 days to 1 year
Early Childhood
Toddler
• 1-3 years
Preschool
• 3-6 years
f. Growth and development
Middle Childhood
School age
• 6 to 12 years
Late Childhood
Adolescent
• – 13 years to approximately 18
years
31. CEPHALOCAUDAL
DIRECTION
The process of cephalocaudal direction from head
down to tail.
This means that improvement in structure and
function come first in the head region, then in the
trunk, and last in the leg region.
e.g. gaining control of head and arms, torso, and
finally legs
Head larger relative to the rest of the body, lower
parts of body must do more growing to reach adult
size
33. PROXIMODISTAL
DIRECTION
The process in proximodistal from center
or midline to periphery direction.
development proceeds from near to far -
outward from central axis of the body
toward the extremities
e.g.
Brain/spinal cord (central nervous system)
and organ systems in trunk develop before
arms & legs, finger, toes
Motor control of trunk and head before
arms and legs
35. GENERAL TO
SPECIFIC
Children use their cognitive and language
skills to reason and solve problems.
• Children at first are able to hold the big
things by using both arms, In the next part
able to hold things in a single hand, then
only able to pick small objects like peas,
cereals etc.
• Children when able to hold pencil, first
starts draw circles then squares then only
letters after that the words.
37. TEMPERAMENT
involves the child's style of emotional and behavioral
responses across situations.
Types of temperament child.
1. Easy children are even tempered, regular, and
predictable; they approach new stimuli
positively.
2. Difficult children are irritable, highly active, and
intense; they react to new stimuli with negative
withdrawal.
3. Slow-to-warm-up children are moody, inactive,
and moderately irregular; they react with mild
but passive resistance to new stimuli.
38. A t t r i b u t e s o f
T e m p e r a m e n t
1. Activity refers to the level of motor movement and energy
expenditure, such as sleeping, eating, playing, dressing, and
bathing.
2. Rhythmicity is the regularity or predictability in the timing of
physiologic functions such as hunger, sleep, and bowel movements.
3. Approach-withdrawal is the nature of initial responses to new
stimuli, such as people, situations, places, foods, toys, and
procedures. Approach responses are positive, displayed by activity
or expression; withdrawal responses are negative expressions.
4. Adaptability is the ease or difficulty with which the child adapts or
adjusts to a new situation.
5. Threshold of responsiveness is the amount of stimulation, such as
sound or light, required to generate a response
39. A t t r i b u t e s o f
T e m p e r a m e n t
6. Intensity of reaction is the energy level of reactions, regardless of
quality or direction; degree to which the child expresses himself or
herself.
7. Mood is the amount of friendly, happy, pleasant behavior versus
unfriendly, unhappy, behavior in various situations.
8. Distractibility is the ease with which external stimuli can divert
attention or behavior.
9. Attention span and persistence is the length of time a child pursues
a given activity (attention) and continues the activity despite
obstacles (persistence).
40. ROLES OF PEDIATRIC
NURSES
• Family advocate. Nurses assist in identifying
the needs and goals of children and their
families and in developing appropriate nursing
interventions.
• Health promoter. Nurses assist in promoting
health and preventing disease by fostering
growth and development, proper nutrition,
immunizations, and early identification of
health problems.
• Health teacher. Nurses provide families with
information on topics such as anticipatory
guidance, parenting, and disease processes.
41. ROLES OF PEDIATRIC
NURSES
• Counselor. Nurses support families through
active listening. A therapeutic relationship
between a nurse and the child and family
includes caring as well as carefully defned
boundaries.
• Collaborator. As a key member of the
interdependent health care team, nurses collab.
rate and coordinate nursing services with other
health care professionals.
• Researcher. Nurses use and contribute to
research that enhances the nursing care of
children and adolescents and their families.
42. P E D I A T R I C H E A L T H
A S S E S S M E N T
Child considerations
• Maintain eye contact (if culturally appropriate), bending to the child's
level as needed.
• Use language appropriate for the child's cognitive level; involve the child
in the assessment interview by asking appropriate questions.
• Remember that a child is aware of the caregiver's nonverbal
communication and body language.
• Allow the child some "warm-up" time to become acquainted with the
caregivers and the environment; introduce yourself and explain your
purposes.
• Respect the child's responses and need for privacy as appropriate for age.
• Incorporate play into the assessment as appropriate.
43. P E D I A T R I C H E A L T H
A S S E S S M E N T
Family considerations
• Develop a family-oriented approach that encourages parents to
participate.
• Choose a quiet environment for the assessment and for any teaching
sessions.
• Ask open-ended questions to elicit responses other than "yes" or "no."
• Focus on the information needed or problem to be solved.
• Communicate the importance of parental roles with the health care team
in planning and providing care for the child.
• Listen attentively, respect responses, and provide appropriate feedback.
Use silence judiciously.
• Encourage parents to express concerns and ask questions.