This document discusses the development of doped sodium vanadium fluoro-phosphate cathode materials for sodium ion batteries. Sodium vanadium fluorophosphate (NVPF) is introduced as a promising cathode material due to its high thermal stability, low cost, high operating voltage, and environmental friendliness. The document compares the sol-gel and hydrothermal synthesis methods for producing NVPF, noting that sol-gel allows for good control over particle size and porosity while hydrothermal results in high crystallinity and homogeneity.

1. 19th Aug, 2023
DEVELOPMENT OF DOPED SODIUM VANADIUM FLURO-PHOSPHATE CATHODE
MATERIALS FOR SODIUM ION BATTERIES
Presented by:
Sameer Tirkey
Roll No.: 22CH60R14
IIT Kharagpur
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2. Table of contents
Introduction
Batteries
Why Commercialize NIBs.?
Components of Battery
Different cathode materials
Sodium Vanadium Fluorophosphates (NVPF)
Why NVPF
NVPF by Sol-gel method
NVPF by Hydrothermal method
Comparison of Synthesis Methods
References
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3. Introduction
Batteries
 Electrochemical devices that convert chemical
energy into electrical energy.
 Consist of two electrodes (anode and cathode)
separated by an electrolyte
 Chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of
electrons from one electrode to another
Fig1: Electrochemical Cell 3

4. Why Commercialize NIB’s.?
1. An effective, drop-in replacement technology for LIBs in many applications
2. Cost-Effectiveness: Sodium-ion batteries can potentially use cheaper materials compared to lithium-ion batteries.
3. Resource Availability: Lithium-ion batteries rely on limited lithium resources, Sodium is more abundant and widely
available than lithium.
4. Research: Commercializing sodium-ion batteries stimulates research and development in battery technology.
5. Environmental Benefits: Sodium-ion batteries might have a smaller environmental footprint compared to lithium-ion
batteries.
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5. Components of Battery
1. Electrodes
2. Electrolyte
3. Separators
4. Terminal
5. Current collectors
Fig 3: Components of battery
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6. Different Cathode Materials
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7. Sodium Vanadium Fluorophosphates
• Class of cathode materials known as sodium
vanadium fluorophosphate (Na3V2(PO4)2F or NVPF)
• Three-dimensional vanadium-oxygen polyhedral
linked by phosphate and fluoride groups
• Result in a higher energy density
• Abundance of the elements in NVPF materials
• Strong thermal stability and are inexpensive
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8. Why NVPF
MERITS DEMERTIS
High thermal stability Limited research
Low cost Low conductivity
High operating voltage Safety concerns
Environmentally friendly Limited temperature range
Good electrochemical performance
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9. NVPF by Sol-Gel Method
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10. NVPF by Hydrothermal Method
• NH4VO3, NH4H2PO4, and NaF aqueous solutions were mixed in a mole ratio of 2 : 2 : 3 with
citric acid under magnetic stirring for 1 h
• The mixture solution was transferred to a Teflon vessel and heated at 180 °C for 12 h.
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11. Comparison of Synthesis Methods
Sol-gel Method Hydrothermal Method
• High Purity • High crystallinity and purity
• Good control over particle
size
• Good control over particle
size
• Large Porosity • Homogeneity
• High Scalability Synthesis of inorganic materials
• Fabrication of ceramics or
glasses
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12. References
• [1] J. Xu, D. H. Lee and Y. S. Meng, Funct. Mater. Lett., 2013, 6(01), 1330001.
• [2] V. Palomares, P. Serras, L. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso and T. Rojo, Energy and Environ. Sci., 2012, 5(3), 5884-
5901.
• [3] N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi and S. Komaba, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114(23), 11636-11682.
• [4] W. Song, X. Cao, Z. Wu, J. Chen, Y. Zhu, H. Hou, Q. Lan and X. Ji, Langmuir, 2014, 30(41), 12438-12446.
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13. THANK YOU
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