This document summarizes a study that evaluates the efficiency of Serbia's packaging waste management system, which is based on an Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) scheme. The analysis finds that Serbia has made progress in developing administrative and institutional approaches for packaging waste management that have helped it reach national recovery targets through its EPR system. However, there are still main challenges that must be addressed, including increasing the low supply of recyclables recovered from municipal waste, closing loopholes affecting the recycling industry and PROs, and formalizing the role of the informal recycling sector within the formal framework. The document provides context on EPR systems and packaging waste policies in the EU to frame the analysis of Serbia's system.
EaP GREEN: Design of EPR for priority product groups in MoldovaOECD Environment
The presentation focuses on waste management policies and on extended producer responsibility (EPR) in Moldova. It was delivered at the meeting on "Economic instruments for greener products in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia" (EaP GREEN).
ECOGESTUS Lda Consultor joão vaz ECOVALOR o caso alemão _enJoao Vaz
Germany has a large recycling industry that employs many people and contributes significantly to reducing CO2 emissions. However, since ending DSD's monopoly on packaging waste management in 2005, there have been issues with transparency, incentives for reusable packaging, and the rise of unlicensed operators not paying fees. While Germany recycles and recovers a high percentage of its municipal and commercial waste, it has failed to meet reusable packaging targets. The system is now trying to improve with a new single-bin approach and better sorting facilities, but critics argue it needs more transparency and policies to encourage truly sustainable packaging.
PANEL 4: Plastics − role of chemicals management to solve the problem with micro plastics in the environment
Presentation: Valentina Bertato, Policy Officer Sustainable Chemicals, REACH Sustainable Chemicals unit, EU-Commission
FACCE JPI agenda on big data and digitization of agriculturee-ROSA
Paul Wiley's presentation at the eROSA Workshop “Towards Open Science in Agriculture & Food”, a side event to High Level conference on FOOD 2030, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (13/6/2018)
The document discusses the problem of microplastics in the environment and proposes solutions involving chemicals management and regulation. It notes that plastic production has surged in recent decades and is projected to double again in the next 20 years. Microplastics enter the environment through various pathways and sources and act as a vector for other contaminants. A multi-sectoral, global approach is needed that reduces plastic production, redesigns products for toxics elimination and circularity, implements zero waste systems, upholds the precautionary principle, and engages global instruments and conventions. Specifically, chemical regulation needs to curb virgin plastic production, eliminate microplastics in production, capture microplastics at their sources, and promote toxics elimination and product
EaP GREEN: Design of EPR for priority product groups in MoldovaOECD Environment
The presentation focuses on waste management policies and on extended producer responsibility (EPR) in Moldova. It was delivered at the meeting on "Economic instruments for greener products in Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia" (EaP GREEN).
ECOGESTUS Lda Consultor joão vaz ECOVALOR o caso alemão _enJoao Vaz
Germany has a large recycling industry that employs many people and contributes significantly to reducing CO2 emissions. However, since ending DSD's monopoly on packaging waste management in 2005, there have been issues with transparency, incentives for reusable packaging, and the rise of unlicensed operators not paying fees. While Germany recycles and recovers a high percentage of its municipal and commercial waste, it has failed to meet reusable packaging targets. The system is now trying to improve with a new single-bin approach and better sorting facilities, but critics argue it needs more transparency and policies to encourage truly sustainable packaging.
PANEL 4: Plastics − role of chemicals management to solve the problem with micro plastics in the environment
Presentation: Valentina Bertato, Policy Officer Sustainable Chemicals, REACH Sustainable Chemicals unit, EU-Commission
FACCE JPI agenda on big data and digitization of agriculturee-ROSA
Paul Wiley's presentation at the eROSA Workshop “Towards Open Science in Agriculture & Food”, a side event to High Level conference on FOOD 2030, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (13/6/2018)
The document discusses the problem of microplastics in the environment and proposes solutions involving chemicals management and regulation. It notes that plastic production has surged in recent decades and is projected to double again in the next 20 years. Microplastics enter the environment through various pathways and sources and act as a vector for other contaminants. A multi-sectoral, global approach is needed that reduces plastic production, redesigns products for toxics elimination and circularity, implements zero waste systems, upholds the precautionary principle, and engages global instruments and conventions. Specifically, chemical regulation needs to curb virgin plastic production, eliminate microplastics in production, capture microplastics at their sources, and promote toxics elimination and product
Session 4 - Overview of work on Sustainable Public Procurement by Farid Yaker...OECD Environment
This document summarizes UN Environment's work promoting sustainable public procurement (SPP) in 16 countries from 2013-2017. It provides an overview of UN Environment's SPP approach, which includes launching projects, conducting assessments, prioritizing sustainable product groups, developing SPP policies and action plans, and implementing pilot tenders. The document highlights results from SPP projects in Moldova, Ukraine, and Belarus, including the development of SPP tools and guidelines, capacity building activities, and the launch and awarding of pilot tenders for priority products like organic produce, efficient windows, paints, and cleaning products.
"Extended Producer Responsibility: International Experiences" (Responsabilité élargie du producteur: Expériences internationales) Intervention présentée par "Cyclos GmbH/ Envero GmbH " à l'occasion du "Jeudi des Déchets" le 22 février 2018
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for achieving a circular economy related to chemicals. It notes that many restricted chemicals are present in products and new restrictions will continue to emerge. This poses risks of disruption and loss of public confidence if not properly addressed. Specific issues highlighted include BPA in recycled paper, lack of food contact material regulation, contaminants in sewage sludge used on crops, furniture as a reservoir for banned chemicals, and slow chemical assessment processes. Recommendations include moving to non-toxic products, faster chemical assessment, closing regulatory loopholes, better tracking of hazardous materials, and considering some materials non-recyclable if hazards cannot be removed.
PANEL 4: Plastics − role of chemicals management to solve the problem with micro plastics in the environment
Presentation: Steven Russell, Vice President, Plastics Division, American Chemistry Council, US
Waste Exchange is where the waste product for the one process become the raw material for the second process.
This is the similar to using pre-consumer recycling material in the product.
Example : Use of ash, generated from boiler operation in thermal power plant as waste material , in bricks manufacturing unit.
The document summarizes the mission and goals of the End Plastic Waste organization, which aims to minimize plastic waste ending up in the environment through developing and scaling solutions for reuse, recovery, and recycling of plastic. It outlines the challenges of increasing plastic waste production and leakage into oceans. The organization takes a collaborative approach across the plastic value chain and promotes complementary solutions like increasing recycling infrastructure/rates, engaging stakeholders, advancing technologies, and cleaning up concentrated plastic waste areas. Its strategy involves innovation, education, infrastructure development, and funding of $1.5 billion over 5 years from member companies for waste management programs and investments.
The document summarizes a national summit on preventing pharmaceutical waste held on October 19, 2010. The summit, organized by the Product Stewardship Institute, brought together stakeholders to develop policy recommendations for reducing unused and unwanted pharmaceuticals in homes and healthcare facilities. Participants discussed approaches like short-cycle dispensing of initial prescriptions and use of vouchers instead of samples to minimize waste, and debated the pros and cons of different voluntary or mandated policies across various contexts. The goal was to identify next steps and strategies for widespread adoption of approaches to prevent pharmaceutical waste.
This presentation is part of the Wageningen University & Research food loss and waste project, the presentation Experiences from Public-Private partnerships across Europe was presented by Toine Timmermans in June of 2017.
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Jenna JambeckJack McNeill
This document discusses modelling approaches for projecting plastic use and the effectiveness of policies to address plastic pollution. It outlines sources of marine plastic and a strategic intervention framework with six approaches: 1) reduce plastic production, 2) innovative materials and product design, 3) reduce waste generation, 4) improve global waste management, 5) last chance capture, and 6) reduce input to achieve a zero goal. It also mentions using quantitative and qualitative mixed methods for modelling and the importance of data from tools like the Marine Debris Tracker app to inform models.
Regional Environmental Center for CEE countriesCSCP
The document summarizes information from a conference on collective actions towards sustainable consumption and production. It discusses the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), which works on environmental projects in Europe and beyond. Some key points made in the document include:
- The REC works on over 300 projects annually with a focus on sustainable consumption and production.
- Europeans overwhelmingly consider the environmental impact of products they purchase and support eco-labels and carbon footprint labeling.
- Common actions that have the greatest impact on environmental problems include buying energy efficient products and improving energy efficiency in general.
- The REC promotes SCP in the region through projects and working with organizations like the European Environment Agency on reporting and analyses.
This document summarizes a report from the UN Environment Programme's International Resource Panel on global material flows and resource productivity. Key findings include:
- Global material use has tripled over the past 40 years, with annual extraction growing from 22 billion tonnes in 1970 to 70 billion tonnes in 2010.
- Trade in materials has grown dramatically and mobilizes greater amounts of materials than direct trade flows show, driven mainly by consumption.
- Consumption, not population growth, has been the main driver of increased global material use in recent decades.
- The report provides a new, comprehensive database on the extraction, trade, and consumption of biomass, fossil fuels, metals, and minerals globally over 40 years
Jornada Técnica sobre Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor - Steve Claus -...ConexiónReciclado
The document discusses extended producer responsibility (EPR) for e-waste management in Argentina, drawing lessons from the Belgian case. It provides an overview of Belgium's EPR system operated by Recupel, which designates roles for producers, authorities, retailers and citizens. Recupel finances e-waste collection and treatment through fees. The document also identifies challenges for Argentina, such as a lack of e-waste data and ensuring waste pickers are protected. It argues that any EPR system in Argentina must consider existing circumstances and stakeholders to be successful.
The document discusses the FLEG (Forest Law Enforcement and Governance) component of the FLERMONECA project, which aims to promote sustainable forest management in Central Asia. The activities proposed under the FLEG component will derive from guidelines, declarations, and principles related to forest law enforcement and governance. The main activities will focus on capacity development of national forest authorities, improving forestry governance, designing improved forestry laws and regulations, and implementing national forestry action plans. Challenges and potential areas of focus are also outlined for the forest sectors of several Central Asian countries.
2. ENPI East FLEG Contributions to the ENA FLEG St. Petersburg Ministerial De...ENPI FLEG
This document summarizes the contributions of the ENPI East FLEG program to the ENA FLEG St. Petersburg Ministerial Declaration. It provides details on the program's implementation from 2008-2012, including 7 result areas and activities in various countries to strengthen forest governance, enhance forest policy and legislation, and develop sustainable forest management models. It then outlines plans for phase II of the program to further support the commitments made in the Ministerial Declaration, including legal reform, policy reform, private sector engagement, and more. Country and regional work plans were developed to address the full range of commitments over multiple years.
THE WASTE MANAGMENT PRACTICES OF AID ORGANISATIONS IN HAITIStanleylucas
Addressing the environmental impact, and more specifically the issue of waste generated by humanitarian action is a recurrent issue which aid actors are confronted with. In a report released in August 2014, UNEP and OCHA highlighted the need for international organizations to mainstream environmental issues into the programming and implementation of humanitarian operations in order to enhance the quality and efficiency of aid1. Aid actors generate waste in their operations as well in their programs, and this can be harmful to the environment if it is not managed appropriately.
At the instigation of the Humanitarian Environmental Network (Réseau Environnement Humanitaire 2 ), Groupe URD 3 and CEFREPADE 4 , developed a project proposal aimed at supporting aid organizations and carried out pilot research into the solid waste management practices of international organizations in Haiti, where a large number of aid actors are still present. In the transition context between emergency relief and development, URD’s Observatory in Haiti identified solid waste as a topic of research for 2014.
Haiti’s waste management system is characterized by a lack of treatment, poor collection methods and a weak legal framework. Haiti’s largest landfill site (Truitier) is a serious environmental concern: located less than 100 meters from the sea, the facility is not lined to prevent leachate infiltration5. In terms of the environmental and health risks associated with this waste management system (risk of flooding, water borne diseases, air water and soil pollution, contribution to climate change etc.), aid actors need to be accountable for minimizing the quantity of waste that they generate and for managing their waste in an environmentally- conscious way.
This study shows that the issue of waste management is not sufficiently taken into account in aid actors’ operations and programs. Aid actors are generally not aware of the types and the quantity of waste that they generate, nor the way that it is being managed beyond having a contract with a collection company. In addition to this, they are generally poorly equipped to
1 «Environment and Humanitarian Action: Increasing Effectiveness, Sustainability and Accountability » Joint Environment Unit (OCHA/PNUE) Pro Act Network &URD, August 2014 http://www.urd.org/IMG/pdf/EHA_Study_web_version1-1.pdf
2 Network created in 2012 by Groupe URD that promotes the integration of the environment into humanitarian work and organizations. (Solidarités International, ACF, La Croix Rouge française, MDM, and Triangle are some of the members).
3 Groupe Urgence, Réhabilitation et Développement : www.urd.org
4 Centre Francophone de Recherche Partenariale sur l’Assainissement, les Déchets et l’Environnement –. http://www.cefrepade.org/-
5 Le lixiviat is a liquid material that drains from waste materials and contains significantly elevated concentrations of contaminants.
6. Successful strategies for supporting regional FLEG declarationsENPI FLEG
The document discusses strategies for supporting regional Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) declarations. It notes that the EU FLEGT Action Plan aims to reduce illegal logging by strengthening sustainable forest management and governance. Key elements of FLEGT include ensuring timber comes from legal sources and that monitoring and enforcement systems are in place. The document outlines progress in Southeast Asia, where 5 countries have FLEGT voluntary partnership agreements. It identifies lessons learned, including developing regional communication, integrating with other sectors, utilizing demand-side measures, investing in stakeholder participation, and addressing law enforcement through comprehensive governance.
1) The document summarizes key results from Georgia's FLEG II Program from 2013-2016, including drafting a new Forest Code, developing supporting legislation, and building capacity of government institutions and forest users.
2) The program supported sustainable forest management practices through developing sustainable forest management plans, facilitating natural regeneration, and establishing a protected area. It also increased public awareness through educational activities.
3) A success story highlighted a video contest winner that depicted program objectives simply. Another success was reaching an agreement to manage the forests of Tusheti Protected Landscape locally, though it presented challenges of an unprecedented institutional setup and capacity building needs.
4. A Structured Approach for Measuring Progress towards the ENA FLEG Minister...ENPI FLEG
This document outlines a structured approach for measuring progress towards goals established by the ENA FLEG Ministerial Declaration. It proposes a two-part assessment methodology: 1) Evaluate inputs based on actions listed in the Declaration, and 2) Evaluate outcomes using perception surveys. Examples are provided of how inputs and outcomes could be evaluated in Georgia. Preliminary impressions note strengths in high-level commitment and information dissemination, while opportunities exist to increase private sector engagement, reporting, cross-regional cooperation, and anti-corruption tools.
1.6 LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action (A.Burrill)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Anne Burrill (EU Commission - DG ENV) on 'LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Europen position paper on revised circular economy package april 2015Christophe JAGUELIN
1. The document outlines key policy recommendations for the EU packaging supply chain to support a circular economy. It recommends fully implementing existing waste laws, setting clear recycling rate methodologies and targets, clarifying extended producer responsibility for packaging, and diverting packaging from landfills.
2. It argues for a holistic, life-cycle approach to packaging design that considers the packaged product. Strengthening EU policy is needed to optimize secondary raw material availability and viability.
3. The recommendations aim to inform upcoming legislation and safeguard the internal market while preventing disproportionate burden. A balanced approach considers national differences and waste infrastructure capacities.
This document discusses recycling and environmental protection efforts. It includes:
- An overview of a Comenius project from 2012-2014 focused on recycling and making the world cleaner.
- Background information on recycling, including what items can be recycled and how recycling benefits the environment.
- Details about Latvijas Zaļais punkts, the largest organization in Latvia responsible for recycling packaging, electronics, and other materials on behalf of companies.
- Examples of recycling activities that could be done by children and teachers, such as decorating tin cans, making paper from recycled materials, and using online resources to find information about recycling.
Session 4 - Overview of work on Sustainable Public Procurement by Farid Yaker...OECD Environment
This document summarizes UN Environment's work promoting sustainable public procurement (SPP) in 16 countries from 2013-2017. It provides an overview of UN Environment's SPP approach, which includes launching projects, conducting assessments, prioritizing sustainable product groups, developing SPP policies and action plans, and implementing pilot tenders. The document highlights results from SPP projects in Moldova, Ukraine, and Belarus, including the development of SPP tools and guidelines, capacity building activities, and the launch and awarding of pilot tenders for priority products like organic produce, efficient windows, paints, and cleaning products.
"Extended Producer Responsibility: International Experiences" (Responsabilité élargie du producteur: Expériences internationales) Intervention présentée par "Cyclos GmbH/ Envero GmbH " à l'occasion du "Jeudi des Déchets" le 22 février 2018
This document discusses opportunities and challenges for achieving a circular economy related to chemicals. It notes that many restricted chemicals are present in products and new restrictions will continue to emerge. This poses risks of disruption and loss of public confidence if not properly addressed. Specific issues highlighted include BPA in recycled paper, lack of food contact material regulation, contaminants in sewage sludge used on crops, furniture as a reservoir for banned chemicals, and slow chemical assessment processes. Recommendations include moving to non-toxic products, faster chemical assessment, closing regulatory loopholes, better tracking of hazardous materials, and considering some materials non-recyclable if hazards cannot be removed.
PANEL 4: Plastics − role of chemicals management to solve the problem with micro plastics in the environment
Presentation: Steven Russell, Vice President, Plastics Division, American Chemistry Council, US
Waste Exchange is where the waste product for the one process become the raw material for the second process.
This is the similar to using pre-consumer recycling material in the product.
Example : Use of ash, generated from boiler operation in thermal power plant as waste material , in bricks manufacturing unit.
The document summarizes the mission and goals of the End Plastic Waste organization, which aims to minimize plastic waste ending up in the environment through developing and scaling solutions for reuse, recovery, and recycling of plastic. It outlines the challenges of increasing plastic waste production and leakage into oceans. The organization takes a collaborative approach across the plastic value chain and promotes complementary solutions like increasing recycling infrastructure/rates, engaging stakeholders, advancing technologies, and cleaning up concentrated plastic waste areas. Its strategy involves innovation, education, infrastructure development, and funding of $1.5 billion over 5 years from member companies for waste management programs and investments.
The document summarizes a national summit on preventing pharmaceutical waste held on October 19, 2010. The summit, organized by the Product Stewardship Institute, brought together stakeholders to develop policy recommendations for reducing unused and unwanted pharmaceuticals in homes and healthcare facilities. Participants discussed approaches like short-cycle dispensing of initial prescriptions and use of vouchers instead of samples to minimize waste, and debated the pros and cons of different voluntary or mandated policies across various contexts. The goal was to identify next steps and strategies for widespread adoption of approaches to prevent pharmaceutical waste.
This presentation is part of the Wageningen University & Research food loss and waste project, the presentation Experiences from Public-Private partnerships across Europe was presented by Toine Timmermans in June of 2017.
OECD Modelling Plastics Use Projections Workshop - Jenna JambeckJack McNeill
This document discusses modelling approaches for projecting plastic use and the effectiveness of policies to address plastic pollution. It outlines sources of marine plastic and a strategic intervention framework with six approaches: 1) reduce plastic production, 2) innovative materials and product design, 3) reduce waste generation, 4) improve global waste management, 5) last chance capture, and 6) reduce input to achieve a zero goal. It also mentions using quantitative and qualitative mixed methods for modelling and the importance of data from tools like the Marine Debris Tracker app to inform models.
Regional Environmental Center for CEE countriesCSCP
The document summarizes information from a conference on collective actions towards sustainable consumption and production. It discusses the Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC), which works on environmental projects in Europe and beyond. Some key points made in the document include:
- The REC works on over 300 projects annually with a focus on sustainable consumption and production.
- Europeans overwhelmingly consider the environmental impact of products they purchase and support eco-labels and carbon footprint labeling.
- Common actions that have the greatest impact on environmental problems include buying energy efficient products and improving energy efficiency in general.
- The REC promotes SCP in the region through projects and working with organizations like the European Environment Agency on reporting and analyses.
This document summarizes a report from the UN Environment Programme's International Resource Panel on global material flows and resource productivity. Key findings include:
- Global material use has tripled over the past 40 years, with annual extraction growing from 22 billion tonnes in 1970 to 70 billion tonnes in 2010.
- Trade in materials has grown dramatically and mobilizes greater amounts of materials than direct trade flows show, driven mainly by consumption.
- Consumption, not population growth, has been the main driver of increased global material use in recent decades.
- The report provides a new, comprehensive database on the extraction, trade, and consumption of biomass, fossil fuels, metals, and minerals globally over 40 years
Jornada Técnica sobre Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor - Steve Claus -...ConexiónReciclado
The document discusses extended producer responsibility (EPR) for e-waste management in Argentina, drawing lessons from the Belgian case. It provides an overview of Belgium's EPR system operated by Recupel, which designates roles for producers, authorities, retailers and citizens. Recupel finances e-waste collection and treatment through fees. The document also identifies challenges for Argentina, such as a lack of e-waste data and ensuring waste pickers are protected. It argues that any EPR system in Argentina must consider existing circumstances and stakeholders to be successful.
The document discusses the FLEG (Forest Law Enforcement and Governance) component of the FLERMONECA project, which aims to promote sustainable forest management in Central Asia. The activities proposed under the FLEG component will derive from guidelines, declarations, and principles related to forest law enforcement and governance. The main activities will focus on capacity development of national forest authorities, improving forestry governance, designing improved forestry laws and regulations, and implementing national forestry action plans. Challenges and potential areas of focus are also outlined for the forest sectors of several Central Asian countries.
2. ENPI East FLEG Contributions to the ENA FLEG St. Petersburg Ministerial De...ENPI FLEG
This document summarizes the contributions of the ENPI East FLEG program to the ENA FLEG St. Petersburg Ministerial Declaration. It provides details on the program's implementation from 2008-2012, including 7 result areas and activities in various countries to strengthen forest governance, enhance forest policy and legislation, and develop sustainable forest management models. It then outlines plans for phase II of the program to further support the commitments made in the Ministerial Declaration, including legal reform, policy reform, private sector engagement, and more. Country and regional work plans were developed to address the full range of commitments over multiple years.
THE WASTE MANAGMENT PRACTICES OF AID ORGANISATIONS IN HAITIStanleylucas
Addressing the environmental impact, and more specifically the issue of waste generated by humanitarian action is a recurrent issue which aid actors are confronted with. In a report released in August 2014, UNEP and OCHA highlighted the need for international organizations to mainstream environmental issues into the programming and implementation of humanitarian operations in order to enhance the quality and efficiency of aid1. Aid actors generate waste in their operations as well in their programs, and this can be harmful to the environment if it is not managed appropriately.
At the instigation of the Humanitarian Environmental Network (Réseau Environnement Humanitaire 2 ), Groupe URD 3 and CEFREPADE 4 , developed a project proposal aimed at supporting aid organizations and carried out pilot research into the solid waste management practices of international organizations in Haiti, where a large number of aid actors are still present. In the transition context between emergency relief and development, URD’s Observatory in Haiti identified solid waste as a topic of research for 2014.
Haiti’s waste management system is characterized by a lack of treatment, poor collection methods and a weak legal framework. Haiti’s largest landfill site (Truitier) is a serious environmental concern: located less than 100 meters from the sea, the facility is not lined to prevent leachate infiltration5. In terms of the environmental and health risks associated with this waste management system (risk of flooding, water borne diseases, air water and soil pollution, contribution to climate change etc.), aid actors need to be accountable for minimizing the quantity of waste that they generate and for managing their waste in an environmentally- conscious way.
This study shows that the issue of waste management is not sufficiently taken into account in aid actors’ operations and programs. Aid actors are generally not aware of the types and the quantity of waste that they generate, nor the way that it is being managed beyond having a contract with a collection company. In addition to this, they are generally poorly equipped to
1 «Environment and Humanitarian Action: Increasing Effectiveness, Sustainability and Accountability » Joint Environment Unit (OCHA/PNUE) Pro Act Network &URD, August 2014 http://www.urd.org/IMG/pdf/EHA_Study_web_version1-1.pdf
2 Network created in 2012 by Groupe URD that promotes the integration of the environment into humanitarian work and organizations. (Solidarités International, ACF, La Croix Rouge française, MDM, and Triangle are some of the members).
3 Groupe Urgence, Réhabilitation et Développement : www.urd.org
4 Centre Francophone de Recherche Partenariale sur l’Assainissement, les Déchets et l’Environnement –. http://www.cefrepade.org/-
5 Le lixiviat is a liquid material that drains from waste materials and contains significantly elevated concentrations of contaminants.
6. Successful strategies for supporting regional FLEG declarationsENPI FLEG
The document discusses strategies for supporting regional Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) declarations. It notes that the EU FLEGT Action Plan aims to reduce illegal logging by strengthening sustainable forest management and governance. Key elements of FLEGT include ensuring timber comes from legal sources and that monitoring and enforcement systems are in place. The document outlines progress in Southeast Asia, where 5 countries have FLEGT voluntary partnership agreements. It identifies lessons learned, including developing regional communication, integrating with other sectors, utilizing demand-side measures, investing in stakeholder participation, and addressing law enforcement through comprehensive governance.
1) The document summarizes key results from Georgia's FLEG II Program from 2013-2016, including drafting a new Forest Code, developing supporting legislation, and building capacity of government institutions and forest users.
2) The program supported sustainable forest management practices through developing sustainable forest management plans, facilitating natural regeneration, and establishing a protected area. It also increased public awareness through educational activities.
3) A success story highlighted a video contest winner that depicted program objectives simply. Another success was reaching an agreement to manage the forests of Tusheti Protected Landscape locally, though it presented challenges of an unprecedented institutional setup and capacity building needs.
4. A Structured Approach for Measuring Progress towards the ENA FLEG Minister...ENPI FLEG
This document outlines a structured approach for measuring progress towards goals established by the ENA FLEG Ministerial Declaration. It proposes a two-part assessment methodology: 1) Evaluate inputs based on actions listed in the Declaration, and 2) Evaluate outcomes using perception surveys. Examples are provided of how inputs and outcomes could be evaluated in Georgia. Preliminary impressions note strengths in high-level commitment and information dissemination, while opportunities exist to increase private sector engagement, reporting, cross-regional cooperation, and anti-corruption tools.
1.6 LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action (A.Burrill)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Anne Burrill (EU Commission - DG ENV) on 'LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Europen position paper on revised circular economy package april 2015Christophe JAGUELIN
1. The document outlines key policy recommendations for the EU packaging supply chain to support a circular economy. It recommends fully implementing existing waste laws, setting clear recycling rate methodologies and targets, clarifying extended producer responsibility for packaging, and diverting packaging from landfills.
2. It argues for a holistic, life-cycle approach to packaging design that considers the packaged product. Strengthening EU policy is needed to optimize secondary raw material availability and viability.
3. The recommendations aim to inform upcoming legislation and safeguard the internal market while preventing disproportionate burden. A balanced approach considers national differences and waste infrastructure capacities.
This document discusses recycling and environmental protection efforts. It includes:
- An overview of a Comenius project from 2012-2014 focused on recycling and making the world cleaner.
- Background information on recycling, including what items can be recycled and how recycling benefits the environment.
- Details about Latvijas Zaļais punkts, the largest organization in Latvia responsible for recycling packaging, electronics, and other materials on behalf of companies.
- Examples of recycling activities that could be done by children and teachers, such as decorating tin cans, making paper from recycled materials, and using online resources to find information about recycling.
The document discusses recycling and environmental protection. It provides information about a Comenius project from 2012-2014 focused on recycling and reusing items. It discusses what recycling is, items that can be recycled, and examples of crafts made from recycled materials. It also includes information about Latvijas Zaļais punkts, the largest producer responsibility organization in Latvia, which works to ensure effective waste collection and recycling systems across the country.
This document contains a literature review and practical study of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management approaches in the EU and China. The literature review identifies differences and commonalities between the EU and China in their WEEE policies and treatment processes. The practical study involves disassembling five mobile phones to identify barriers to component recovery and potential improvements to WEEE management. The document concludes by suggesting the implementation of an open-access component database to improve component identification and recovery.
Presently most electrical/electronic equipment (EEE) is not designed for recycling, let alone for circulation. Plastics in these products account for 20% of material use, and through better design, significant environmental and financial savings could be gained.
Technological solutions and circular design opportunities already exist, but they haven’t been implemented yet.
Some challenges, such as ease of disassembly, could be resolved through better communication and by sharing learnings across the value chain.
Instead of WEEE, we should focus on developing CEEE: Circular Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
The case examples of this report show how different stages of the lifecycle can be designed so that plastics circulation becomes possible and makes business sense.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) can be a strong law principle in the waste organization. Over the years it
has been introducing worldwide for the unlike waste stream.
Sequential Methodology for the Selection of Municipal Waste Treatment Alterna...AproximacionAlFuturo
Most municipalities in developing countries lack technical and economic resources to improve their municipal solid waste management (MSWM) system. Therefore, tools are needed that enable the most appropriate solutions to be identified to put waste to better use.
EaP GREEN: Experience of the implementation of EU Directives based on EPR pri...OECD Environment
The document discusses the implementation of EU directives based on extended producer responsibility (EPR) principles. It provides an overview of EU waste legislation and targets for various waste streams. It also describes a study on EPR systems in Europe that analyzed different EPR models, identified best practices, and proposed options to promote optimal use of EPR. The study examined EPR systems for various waste streams in multiple EU countries through in-depth case studies.
Creating market incentives for greener products: Roadmap for policy actionOECD Environment
This document discusses creating market incentives for greener products through economic policy instruments. It provides guidance to Eastern Partnership countries on designing or reforming taxes and other economic instruments related to environmentally harmful products. These countries face challenges like increasing vehicle use and emissions as well as lack of proper waste management. Economic instruments can help address these issues by incentivizing changes in consumption and production and stimulating jobs in cleaner technologies. The document outlines different types of product-related economic instruments and considerations for governments in developing such policies, including setting clear objectives, carefully selecting instruments, targeting a small number of product categories, and engaging stakeholders.
Stiglitz Christian. Packaging waste management following the extended produce...ECO-invest
This document provides an overview of packaging waste management in Europe following the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) principle between 1995 and 2012. It discusses key EU waste stream regulations based on EPR, including for packaging and packaging waste. It then details the Austrian experience with the EPR system for packaging waste management operated by ARA, covering topics like collection and recovery rates, involved partners, and services provided.
Chemical recycling processes have potential to enhance plastic recycling rates beyond traditional mechanical recycling. This review analyzes various chemical recycling routes for plastic waste and assesses them through life-cycle analysis. It identifies 150+ companies developing chemical recycling technologies and discusses their role in a circular plastic economy. The review finds each existing process is suitable for specific waste streams, so a combination is needed to fully address the plastic waste problem. It recommends research focus on more realistic, contaminated mixed waste streams, while improving collection and sorting infrastructure through regulation. The review aims to inspire further science and innovation to produce higher value recycled plastic products suitable for reuse in a circular economy model.
This document introduces the concepts of waste prevention. It discusses how waste prevention aims to reduce waste generation by focusing on not producing waste in the first place. It outlines EU initiatives on waste prevention and management. Key concepts covered include the waste hierarchy of prevention, reuse, recycling and disposal, and the challenges of measuring success of prevention since waste not produced is difficult to quantify.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Recycle E-Waste in Kisumu City Central Bus...paperpublications3
Abstract: The ever increasing levels of electronic waste (e-waste) and limited capacities for disposal and recycling have worsened e-waste management in Kenya. An understanding of end-user of electronic devices (consumer) participation is fundamental in planning for e-waste management as Kenya has a pending bill on e-waste management since 2013 that stipulates the role of consumers in e-waste management. There is need to understand factors influencing willingness to recycle to inform policy. Various studies suggest socio-economic, demographic and individual preferences influence participation by consumers. Our study relied on Kisumu municipality registry (N = 1,193) to get a sample of businesses and offices to be surveyed in the Central Business District. Using multiple regression model, the authors found factors that influence participation in e-waste drop-off schemes are Income, Education, Gender and Recycling habit but not Age and Awareness levels. Our results suggest that Economic instruments such as deposit and refund programs for e-waste drop-off should be embraced by waste planners to encourage low income earners to participate, there is need for civil education on the benefits.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1 Course Le.docxaryan532920
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Assess the fundamental science and engineering principles of solid waste management.
7. Examine the impact of solid waste on human populations.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
Integrated Solid Waste Management
Chapter 2:
Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Quantities
Unit Lesson
During the last 10 years, the European Union (EU) has seen a 25% increase in the per capita generation of
municipal solid waste (MSW) and a 30% increase in the generation of hazardous waste (European
Environment Agency, 2013; Eurostat, 2016). In Asia, MSW is expected to increase by 150% in the next 20
years (Hoornweg & Bhada-Tata, 2012). Government regulators and corporations are looking for ways to
reduce and better manage these wastes. One option is to use the principles of the Integrated Solid Waste
Management (ISWM) program. The ISWM program is structured with the highest priority being the prevention
of waste from being generated. The lowest-ranked priority involves the final disposal of the waste in a landfill
facility. When waste is generated in a manufacturing facility, every attempt is made to reduce its quantity by
using sustainable consumption processes that utilize fewer toxic and hazardous materials in the
manufacturing processes. The next highest priority in the hierarchy is recycling or reusing waste in
commercially viable products. To properly protect human health and the environment, waste that has no
commercial value must be disposed of. Before going straight to a landfill, opportunities need to be explored
that are related to the recovery of heat and energy by incineration or other thermal oxidation processes.
Incineration also has the added advantage of converting the large quantity of organic materials down to a
reduced quantity of ash residue that is disposed of in the landfill.
As cities grow in population and commerce leading to the generation of increased quantities of waste,
communities need to adopt and implement an ISWM program to manage these wastes. The composition of
municipal wastes is also shifting as lifestyles and consumption patterns change between the generations.
Industrial facilities are becoming more complex, and they are using more complex hazardous and toxic
materials to maximize profits in global markets. In many older communities, there are legacy sites where
waste has been improperly disposed of, and these sites are now exerting adverse impacts to groundwater
and drinking water aquifers. During the last few years, residents have been taking control of their
environments, and they are now requiring companies to be more responsible in how they manage their
wastes. Companies are being held accountable to fulfill their promise to be good corporate citizens in the
local communities where they operate. With the implementation ...
The document provides information on EU waste management policies and legislation. It discusses that waste represents an enormous loss of resources and environmental and health impacts. EU policies aim to reduce waste generation and promote recycling and reuse. It provides statistics on municipal solid waste generation and treatment methods across EU member states. It also outlines various EU directives governing waste streams like packaging, electronics, batteries, and more to increase recycling and recovery of materials.
The document provides information about EU waste management policies and statistics. It discusses that (1) waste generation in the EU has increased to 2,503 million tonnes in 2014, the highest amount on record, and (2) EU policies aim to reduce waste and promote recycling and recovery in order to improve resource efficiency and reduce environmental impacts. Municipal waste, which represents around 10% of total EU waste, declined slightly between 2004-2014 in both total amounts and waste generated per person on average.
Green supply chain management aims to reduce environmental impact across a company's entire supply chain. It requires companies to consider environmental impacts of both upstream suppliers and downstream distribution and product recovery. Key issues include optimizing transportation to reduce carbon emissions, and closing material loops through effective post-sale product collection and recycling. The European Union is working to establish more sustainable transportation systems and circular economies through policies like the 2011 White Paper on Transport, which targets a 60% reduction in transportation greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 compared to 1990 levels. Companies are also developing their own green supply chain initiatives, like product recovery networks for electronics waste and reuse/remanufacturing programs.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
2. medium term is to bridge the gap between the two groups of EU
member states in relation to waste management performance, but also,
considering a long-term perspective, to spur a rise in recovery and re-
cycling levels among the EU candidate countries. In order to address the
latter problem, one of the initial steps is to understand the specific local
context of the European candidate countries and the challenges for
implementation of the European Union packaging waste standards in
general, and the EPR mechanism in particular. So far, in contrast to the
EU member states, where a significant amount of research and policy
attention has been directed towards the topics of packaging waste
management and the EPR mechanism, to date there has been com-
paratively little attention focused on the same topics in the context of
European candidate countries. In order to address this gap, by using
Serbia as a case study country, this paper examined the evaluation and
performance of a packaging waste management system based on the
EPR mechanism in the context of an EU candidate country.
2. Theoretical framework: extended producer responsibility (EPR)
system
2.1. What is it and how does the EPR system work?
The EPR framework is a national level and market oriented policy
(OECD, 2001). It represents an environmental policy that encompasses
the “polluter pays” principle where the producer bears the financial
responsibility of (packaging) waste management. The EPR aims to in-
ternalize the cost of environmental burdens related to the product’s
whole life-cycle by assigning responsibilities to producers who are ob-
ligated to take care of their products after consumers’ use (Lifset et al.,
2013; Sachs, 2006). It is enforced for different types of materials –
packaging waste, electronic waste, waste tyres, waste batteries, etc. –
and is adopted worldwide, but gained the most prominence in the EU
countries (e.g. Aarnio and Hämäläinen, 2008; Mayers, 2007; Nnorom
and Osibanjo, 2008). Today, there are about 400 EPR systems im-
plemented worldwide, generating significant resources from producers
by contributing to a global market worth about € 300 billion (OECD,
2016).
The EPR system allows the producers to exercise their responsibility
either individually or collectively, i.e. through individual or collective
compliance schemes. In individual compliance schemes, a producer is
responsible for organizing its own system for taking back used products
– which is usually the case when a producer sells its product(s) to a
limited number of users. On the other hand, when producers sell their
products to a vast number of users, collective compliance schemes are
much more common. Here, the producers transfer their responsibility
for management of packaging waste onto a specific so-called Producer
Responsibility Organization (PRO), which is set up to apply the EPR
mechanism on behalf of all adhering producers. There could be a cen-
tralized or competing PRO system within a country, i.e. with one domi-
nant PRO organization that covers the majority of materials placed on
the market, or several competing PROs, respectively. In return for its
service, a PRO receives financial contributions from producers, the level
of which usually depends on the quantity of packaging products placed
on the market. These contributions are used for investment in the de-
velopment of the infrastructure for source separation and collection of
recyclables, management of corresponding data, supervision of pre-
viously mentioned activities as well as to cover the operational costs of
a PRO. Investments in source separation and collection of recyclables
are usually made through contracts between PROs and local authorities
and/or private waste management operators (collectors). The level of
financial support that local authorities and/or private operators receive
differs across the countries and depends on who owns and sells the
collected recyclables.
The overall success of an EPR scheme is strongly related to its links
to a range of other supplementary policies (e.g. waste taxes, subsidies –
see also Alwaeli, 2010; Calcott and Walls, 2005) and regulations that
complement recycling initiatives by closing various loopholes (e.g.
landfill bans) (Loughlin and Barlaz, 2006; Tchobanoglous and Kreith,
2002). Finally, the EPR related activities require an adequate mon-
itoring and reporting system on the quantities of collected and recycled
packaging waste – which is usually done by a state authority.
2.2. Recent literature on EPR within the European context
The recent scientific literature shows different perspectives on
European EPR schemes according to the topics covered. First, a group of
contributions have analysed, evaluated and/or compared national EPR
schemes by focusing particularly on drivers and market conditions that
influenced the development of EPR schemes and their effectiveness, the
role of local authorities within EPR schemes, etc. (Cahill et al., 2011;
Hage, 2007; Loughlin and Barlaz, 2006; Niza et al., 2014). The second
stream of literature includes articles that investigated different aspects
of economic issues related to the functioning of EPR schemes, such as
who is bearing the net financial cost of packaging waste management –
industry or local government (da Cruz et al., 2012; 2014), cost and
benefits of waste management operators within different EPR systems
(Marques et al., 2014), appropriate producer fee models (Pires et al.,
2015), etc. The third stream of literature addresses the issues related to
the role and potential of EPR schemes in the prevention of packaging
waste generation (e.g. Tencati et al., 2016; Walls 2006). Finally, the last
group represents effort focused on examining various theoretical per-
spectives related to EPR schemes. For example, Massarutto (2014) and
Fleckinger and Glachant (2010) studied alternative models of the EPR
programme, Simões and Marques (2012) overviewed the use of dif-
ferent methods for assessing waste cost and (in)efficiency in the overall
waste sector, Baum and Schuch (2017) analysed the necessity of ad-
justment for distorting factors in benchmarking analysis related to cost
comparison of the different forms of the EPR implementation, while
Dubois (2012) highlighted a specific gap that might be created between
economic theory and implementation after introduction of specific
measures. In addition to these streams of scientific literature, there are
several recent and significant international organization reports. For
example, a recent report of the European Commission (European
Commission, 2014) aimed to identify guiding principles for the func-
tioning of European EPR systems by analysing and comparing different
types of EPR presented in European member countries. An OECD1
(2016) report provided a broad overview of key issues as well as gen-
eral considerations related to the EPR mechanism (e.g. potential ben-
efits and cost associated with EPR, the inclusivity of the EPR system in
regard to the informal recycling sector, etc.).
Our review reveals that the majority of the recent literature and
reports covers predominantly the context of European member coun-
tries. So far, little is known of EPR schemes’ performance and chal-
lenges in the context of European non-member countries. Furthermore,
only a few scientific studies provide in-depth quantitative and quali-
tative evaluation of the overall national EPR system related to packa-
ging waste (including all material specific recyclables: glass, plastic,
metal, paper/cardboard and wood). In order to address these gaps, by
examining the Serbian packaging waste management system, we
wanted to address questions such as (a) how the EPR mechanism per-
forms in the context of an EU candidate country and (b) what are the
main challenges in achieving EU recovery and recycling rates.
3. Materials and methods
3.1. Description of Serbian packaging waste management system (SPWMS)
3.1.1. Institutional framework
Serbia has a relatively young packaging waste management system
1
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
131
3. that has been implemented in response to the EU waste management
directives. The EU Packaging Directive (1994)2
was translated into
Serbian legislation in 2009, when the Law on Packaging and Packaging
Waste3
entered into force (Official Gazette of RS, no. 36/09)4
. The law
corresponds to the concept of “polluter pays” and it sets overall national
recovery and recycling targets that have to be met by packaging waste
generators. Also, it allows the introduction of the EPR mechanism and
sets the foundation for a collective compliance scheme. Namely, ac-
cording to the packaging legislation, economic entities (packaging
producers) that place over 1 t of packaging on the market annually are
responsible for taking care of their packaging waste. They can achieve
the prescribed recovery and recycling targets through: (a) extending
their responsibilities to a collective PRO; (b) organizing an individual
compliance system for packaging waste management; (c) paying a
“polluter fee” prescribed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection
(MEP) in relation to their annual report on packaging quantities placed
on the market.
3.1.2. Organization of Serbian packaging compliance Scheme5
The administrative organization scheme of the SPWMS is presented
in Fig. 1. The actors involved in the Serbian packaging waste man-
agement system occupy seven different roles. As for administrative
duties – the MEP is responsible for overall monitoring of the actor’s law
obedience, while the Serbian Environmental Protection Agency is re-
sponsible for collecting official statistics on packaging and packaging
waste. The main responsibility for relocation of the financial con-
tributions from the producers to the actors in charge of the operational
management of packaging waste lies with the six licensed and com-
peting PROs – the backbone of the EPR scheme. The Serbian EPR
system initially started with three PROs, established in 2010 (SE-
KOPAK, EKOSTAR PAK and DELTA-PAK). In 2012, two more PROs
were licensed (CENEKS and TEHNO EKO PAK), while in 2013 the last
PRO (EKOPAK SISTEM) was registered. Each of the PROs has to achieve
overall national recovery and material specific recycling objectives
(Table 1) for all of five types of recyclables. To achieve that, the PROs
are allowed to manage and administrate the process of recovering re-
cyclables from each waste stream – municipal, commercial and in-
dustrial. Out of the six PROs, SEKOPAK, EKOSTAR PAK, DELTA-PAK
and CENEKS6
manage recyclables recovery from all waste streams,
while the other two PROs recover recyclables only within commercial
and industrial waste streams. For recovery of packaging waste from the
municipal waste stream, the PROs mainly contract and reimburse
Public Utility Companies (PUCs). As for the recovery of recyclables
from the commercial and industrial streams, the PROs usually contract
and reimburse private waste operators, but they can contract PUCs as
well (as in some municipalities PUCs are in charge of commercial and
industrial waste management). The reimbursement rates for the col-
lection and sorting of packaging waste paid by the PRO to the PUCs and
private operators are usually determined on an annual basis. However,
the financial supports received from the PROs represent the only sub-
sidies for public and private waste operators. A dominant part of the
expenses related to the waste operators’ service is covered by profit
obtained by selling recyclables to processing industries as well as from
local waste management taxes.
The Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) was an independent state
actor initially involved in the financial support of the packaging man-
agement system. However, with the change in government in 2012, a
political decision was taken to abolish the fund due to a formal claim of
financial abuse, i.e. non-transparent distribution of the fund’s invest-
ments (BGEN, 2016). Afterwards, the Department of Economic Instru-
ments for Environmental Protection within the MEP partly undertook
the fund’s roles and its activities – but with no clearly defined rules on
how financial resources should be allocated. In March 2016, the EPF
Fig. 1. The administrative organization scheme of the Serbian Packaging Compliance Scheme (adapted from SEPA, 2016).
2
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:01994L0062-
20150526.
3
The law was supplemented by nine rule books, for example: Regulation on the criteria
for the calculation of the allowance for packaging (Official Gazette of RS, no. 8/2010),
Rule book on the report forms for packaging and packaging waste management (Official
Gazette of RS, no. 21/2010, 10/2013), Rule book on the report forms for waste streams
(Official Gazette of RS, no. 114/2013), etc.
4
https://www.paragraf.rs/propisi/zakon_o_ambalazi_i_ambalaznom_otpadu.html.
5
Kosovo is not included in this analysis.
6
Since 2016, CENEKS has started to recover only paper and cardboard from the mu-
nicipal waste stream.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
132
4. has been re-established as a new fund called the “Green Fund”, which
should pave the way to the establishment of an independent revolving
fund in the near future. The new fund was officially launched in Jan-
uary 2017 and according to the first government announcement, no
more than 30% of the collected eco taxes will be directed to environ-
mental projects, where recovery of recyclables is just one among many
financed activities (BGEN, 2016).
3.1.3. Informal Recycling Sector (IRS)
Despite the institutionalization of the Serbian packaging waste
management system by introducing the EPR scheme, the IRS plays a
very important role and it is dynamically linked to the formal system. It
is mainly due to the fact that a large quantity of recyclable materials
within the municipal solid waste (MSW) streams remains “unused” and
usually disposed to landfills. In addition, low wages and a high un-
employment rate in combination with refugee movement from the
province of Kosovo during the war-conflict in 1999 as well as constant
people returns of economically marginalized groups of Serbian citizens
from the EU countries (mainly individuals from the Roma community)
have also influenced the creation of a large waste picker (WP) group
(Scheinberg et al., 2016). As a result, the market failures related to a
low supply of recyclables from the MSW stream in combination with a
set of socio-economic factors open a space for the actors outside the
formal recycling market to occupy the main role related to the supply of
recyclables from the MSW stream. The great majority of the WPs come
from socially and economically marginalized groups of society. Ac-
cording to some estimations, there are approximately 30,000 informal
WPs in Serbia making their living by collecting and selling packaging
waste – mostly PET, paper and cardboard recyclables (Čurćić et al.,
2015; SAPWR, 2015). The WPs sell collected materials to the private
licensed waste collectors, directly to the recycling industry (especially
PET) or to PUCs in charge of MSW management (see Fig. 1). However,
the quantities of recyclables collected by WPs are not included in the
official statistics, but rather they are assigned to official actors.
3.1.4. Collection and recovery of packaging waste
As for the particular way of collection and recovery of packaging
waste from the municipal waste stream – the waste collectors use sev-
eral methods. First, in those municipalities where the recycling pro-
grammes exist, the most common collection method for packaging
waste is curb-side collection, where mixed household waste is collected
from residential areas and sorted in Material Recovery Facilities
(MRFs). There are currently ten municipalities in Serbia which have
MRFs. Second, several cities have partly implemented systems for pri-
mary separation of MSW by introducing the infrastructure for sepa-
rately collecting wet (the organic waste fraction and non-recyclables)
and dry (recyclables) fractions of MSW. To facilitate these systems, in
some cities within the collective residential areas, there are two on-
street or two underground containers per location. Also, in some areas
dominated by family houses – a set of two plastic boxes or bags are
used. Recyclables collected in this way are also sorted in MRFs and
usually are of better quality than those recovered from mixed MSW.
Third, several PUCs are organizing the extraction of recyclables from
landfills by employing human labour (usually the most socially and
economically marginalized groups of society). For example, in the
Serbian capital – Belgrade, and the second largest city – Novi Sad, there
are currently up to 60 and 30 people, respectively, engaged as waste
pickers (WPs) for recovering recyclables from landfills7
. The WPs are
obligated to sell all collected recyclables to the PUCs, for a price sig-
nificantly lower than the market price. Here, the PUCs employ the WPs
through a contract with a third party – a company that organizes the
work of the WPs, and which is responsible for their work safety. In this
way the PUCs try to formalize the work of WPs who had already been
present on many landfills (but in much larger numbers).
3.1.5. Recycling industry
Serbia has a recycling (processing) industry for all kinds of packa-
ging waste categories, which is mainly located within the private sector.
To a great extent, some branches of the recycling industry (in particular
paper, metal and glass) are the legacy of the former state of Yugoslavia,
dating back to the last century. For example, paper industry was es-
tablished in 1921, while glass industry was established in 1986. On the
other hand, the recycling of plastics is a relatively new industry, where
plastic recyclables are usually processed at a lower level of technolo-
gical treatment and then mainly exported abroad for further processing.
There are two national associations of recyclers in Serbia: the Serbian
Association of Packaging Waste Recyclers and Association of Serbian
Recyclers (members of this organization are not only associated with
packaging waste, but also with other kinds of waste).
3.2. Secondary and primary data collection and analysis
Our secondary data collection consisted of three main data sets: (i)
reports on the annual performance of the Serbian packaging waste
management system (SPWMS) issued by Serbian Environmental
Protection Agency; (ii) national census data issued by the Statistical
Office of the Republic of Serbia and (iii) official data on packaging
waste in EU countries issued by the statistical office of the European
Union (EUROSTAT8
). To supplement these secondary data sets, we also
conducted desk research of the academic literature and specialized re-
ports on the packaging and packaging waste and EPR schemes perfor-
mance in Europe. In addition, in order to get a more nuanced picture
about the SPWMS’s functioning and performance, we collected avail-
able data related to packaging waste from various local and national
media archives as well as professional websites and social network
Table 1
Overall and material-specific national targets for recovery and recycling of packaging waste in Serbia 2010–2019 (SEPA, 2016).
I period II period
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
OVERALL TARGETS
Recovery % 5 10 16 23 30 38 44 50 55 60
Recycle % 4 8 13 19 25 31 36 42 48 55
MATERIAL SPECIFIC RECYCLING TARGETS
Paper and cardboard % 0 0 14 23 28 38 42 47 53 60
Plastic % 0 0 7.5 9 10.5 14 17 19 21 22.5
Glass % 0 0 7 10 15 19 25 31 37 43
Metal % 0 0 9.5 13.5 18.5 23 29 34 39 44
Wood % 0 0 2 4.5 7 11 12 13 14 15
7
Information obtained at the Conference “Reciklaža i uključivanje neformalnih
sakupljača u sistem upravljanja otpadom [Recycling and inclusion of informal waste
pickers into the waste management system]” organized by the Serbian Chamber of
Commerce and Industry in Belgrade, Dec 16, 2016.
8
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_
statistics.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
133
5. groups.
The primary data are collected via 15 semi-structured interviews in
order to map the main challenges currently faced by the system.
Namely, we interviewed representatives of 9 different stakeholders that
are directly involved in various activities within SPWMS (see Table 2).
The interviews were carried out between March 2016 and April 2017,
and they lasted between 40 min and 2 h. The interview questions cov-
ered the following issues: (i) detailed description of the actor role
within SPWMS; (ii) relationship and cooperation with other actors
formally and informally involved in SPWMS; (iii) main challenges faced
by an interviewed actor within the current system of packaging waste
management; (iv) pros and cons of current system for packaging waste
management (e.g. institutional, organizational and financial perspec-
tives); (v) opinion about the IRS role within the formal packaging waste
management system; (vi) perceived barriers and opportunities, both
within an interviewee’s organization and external to it, for improving
SPWMS performance in relation to recyclable recovery and recycling
levels.
In addition to these interviews, as a method for primary data col-
lection we used participant observation of formal and informal actors as
some of the authors attended over 10 local and regional meetings, de-
bates and conferences devoted to packaging waste and the informal
recycling sector (IRS). The data and information collected through
participant observation were particularly helpful to better situate the
role, performance and various challenges faced by the IRS (as these data
are usually absent in official reports and available literature).
Data analysis was divided into two parts. Firstly, the selected sec-
ondary datasets were interrogated in order to examine more nuanced
relationships than those presented in the original data sources. Then,
summary and descriptive statistics were performed. Secondly, the pri-
mary data collected via interviews and participant observations were
coded into various nodes and sub-nodes related to the research objec-
tives as well as to the main interview topics. Using this method we were
able to organize, classify, and analyse a large amount of unsorted data
and get more refined categories.
4. Results and discussion
The annual placements of packaging9
on the Serbian market are
presented in Table 3. The amount of packaging placed on the market
has increased by 1.5% in the period between 2011 and 2016. In this six-
year period, considering the material specific weight, market placement
of all kinds of packaging increased except glass packaging, the annual
placement of which decreased by almost 30% for the same period (see
Table 4). This reduction in the amount of glass packaging could be
largely related to the trend for the replacement of glass with plastic
packaging in the beverage industry.10
On the other hand, the highest
increase of packaging material placement over the six-year period was
recorded for wood and paper/cardboard: 39% and 8%, respectively (see
Table 4). In 2016, the materials specific weight share of packaging
waste was: paper/cardboard (32%) and plastic (26%), followed by
wood (21%), glass (17%) and metal (4%) (see Table 4).
The total amount of packaging waste recovery through the EPR
system has been progressively increasing in line with the national
binding targets (see Table 4). In 2016, over 98% of the amount of
packaging placed on the market was covered by the EPR system, while
the rest was placed by 244 companies11
outside the EPR system. Cur-
rently, there is no company in Serbia with its own packaging waste
management system. On average, 95% of recovered waste is recycled.
As for the number of “free riders”, currently, there is no available in-
formation. However, the existence of the problem was acknowledged
by the MEP (SEPA, 2017), who is planning to address this problem by
developing the integrated informative system for storing and managing
information on all waste streams.
Statistical analysis indicates linear increasing ratio between packa-
ging placed on the market and collected packaging waste for every
waste fraction in period 2011–2016 (see Table 4). Paper and cardboard
packaging waste shows highest increasing trend (58%), followed by
metal (34%), plastic (17%), glass and wood packaging (∼17%). Total
linear increase of the system efficiency is 31% (see Fig. 2).
The commercial and industrial waste streams represent the main
Table 2
Interviewed actors.
Actor Position Number of interviewed persons
Ministry of environmental protection Head and the head assistant of Waste and Wastewater Management Division 2
Serbian Environmental Protection Agency Independent Advisor at Department of National Registry of Pollution Sources 1
The Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) Sales Manager (PRO 1), Supply Manager (PRO 2) 2
Municipality representatives Member of Waste Management Group, City of Novi Sad 1
Public Utility Company Assistant Landfill Manager (PUC, Novi Sad), Head of Recycling (PUC Belgrade) 2
Private waste operators (recyclable collection and trade) Environmental Engineer (from the City of Bačka Palanka), Owner (from Novi
Sad)
2
Packaging waste recyclers President of Serbian Association of Packaging Waste Recyclers 1
Civil Society Organisation (voluntary recyclables collection) President of UG Komšija (the city of Novi Sad) 1
Informal actors Street waste pickers 3
Table 3
Annual placement of the overall packaging on the Serbian market (in tonnes)
(SEPA, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016).
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Companies within
EPR system
Number of companies
1069 1306 1462 1616 1722 1771
[t]
334257 340409 317327 324408 339695 344662
Companies with its
own packaging
waste
management
system
Number of companies
1 – – – – –
[t]
3737 – – – – –
Companies outside
the EPR system
Number of companies
324 232 262 268 244 277
[t]
5663 3837 4258 8608 11332 4139
Totala
Number of companies
1394 1538 1724 1884 1966 2048
[t]
343657 344246 321585 333016 351028 348801
a
Besides paper/cardboard, plastic, glass, metal and wood, the “total” values
of packaging waste includes a small amount of “other recyclables” which do not
fit into the main groups of recyclable materials.
9
Placement of packaging and packaging waste generated in EU legislation are used as a
synonym
10
For more insights about glass-packaging issues see Meylan et al. (2013).
11
On average, the majority of these companies are placing much lower amounts of
packaging on the market than those companies under the EPR scheme.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
134
6. Table 4
The quantities of municipal waste produced (P) and collected (C), the type and weight of overall packaging materials placed (P) on the Serbian market and collected
(C) within the EPR system (adapted from SEPA, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016; 2017).
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
GDP per capita (€)b
4200 4100 4300 4200 4300 4400
Municipal waste [kg/person]
P Ca
P Ca
P Ca
P Ca
P Ca
P Ca
370 289 360 254 340 268 300 234 260 192 270 211
Packaging materials [kg/person]
P C P C P C P C P C P C
Plastic 11.8 1.6 12.3 1.9 11.9 1.9 12.3 2.3 13.0 2.9 12.8 3,8
Glass 11.9 0.9 10.8 1.1 8.6 1.3 7.8 1.3 8.5 1.7 8.4 2,2
Metal 1.6 0.1 1.7 0.6 1.8 0.5 1.8 0.7 1.9 0.7 2 0,8
Paper/Card. 14.4 3.9 14.6 5.3 14.5 7.7 15.0 9.1 17.5 11.5 15.6 13,2
Wood 7.5 0.2 8.0 0.6 7.9 0.9 9.0 1.0 10.0 2.2 10.4 2,1
Total [kg/person]
47.2 6.7 47.4 9.4 44.7 12.3 45.9 14.4 51.0 19.0 49.3 22,1
[%]
100 14.1 100 19.7 100 27.3 100 31.3 100 37.2 100 44.7
a
collected and disposed by public utility companies.
b
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&pcode=tsdec100&language=en.
Fig. 2. Ratio between packaging waste collected (C) and placed on the market (P) within EPR system from 2011–2016 (based on SEPA, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014;
2015; 2016).
Fig. 3. The sources of collected packaging waste within the EPR system (SEPA, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016).
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
135
7. sources from which the packaging waste has been recovered through
the EPR scheme. Considering the share in total quantity of packaging
waste collected, the recyclables collection from the MSW has decreasing
trends. Namely, 41% of recyclables have been collected from MSW in
2011, comparing to 30% in 2016 (see Fig. 3). This reduction in re-
cyclables recovery rate from MSW could be directly related to poor
performance of PUCs and linked to the abolishment of the EPF in 2012
– which represented the main source for financing the municipal pro-
grammes and infrastructure for source separation and collection infra-
structure12
.
The share of packaging waste collected through the EPR system by
each PRO is presented in Table 5. As presented in the table, SEKOPAK
and EKOSTAR PAK collected the greater share of packaging waste.
However, all of the six PROs have been successful in fulfilling the
specific national recycling goals (see Table 6).
As for the levels of packaging fees, according to available data from
SEKOPAK, which is a Serbian member of the European umbrella PRO
organization PRO EUROPE,13
they are among the lowest in Europe (see
Table 7). Initially, according to data obtained from the interviews, the
packaging fees should have progressively increased year on year.
However, this did not happen, which is mirrored in the decreasing
trends recorded in the last few years (PRO EUROPE, 2014).
4.1. Comparison with EU countries
In this part of the paper, we compared the main packaging waste
statistics between Serbia and EU countries. The EU countries are
grouped into 3 groups: (i) the EU15 countries14
, represented by the old
EU member states; (ii) the CEE11 countries15
(Central East European
Countries) represented by 11 newer EU member states that joined the
European Union during the 2000s and 2010s and which generally have
a lower economic standard; (iii) the EU2816
which comprises all the
member states. Figs. 4 represents a comparison between Serbia and the
EU28, EU15 and CEE11 countries in relation to quantities of packaging
waste generated, packaging waste recovered and recycled. In general,
the quantities of packaging waste produced across European Union
countries have growing trends. However, there is a significant varia-
bility in the total quantities of packaging waste generated within EU15
and CEE11 countries, where the countries in the latter group generate
on average 40% less packaging compared to the former group. On the
other hand, the CEE11 countries produce on average 51% more
packaging waste than Serbia. There is similar variability in the rates
among these groups and Serbia for quantities of recovered and recycled
waste.
5. The key challenges
Based on data on trends and progress of the SPWMS as well as on
the data obtained through the conducted interviews and participant
observations, in this part of the paper we present and discuss the key
challenges that have been shown to be critical for the further devel-
opment of the system.
5.1. Low supply of collected recyclables from MSW stream
The major challenge faced by the Serbian recycling sector is the low
and decreasing supply of collected recyclables from MSW (see Fig. 3). It
is becoming clear that if the amount of recovered and recycled packa-
ging waste in Serbia has to increase in order to achieve the constantly
rising EU levels (see Fig. 45), it will be necessary to increase the re-
cyclable supply from MSW. Namely, in April 2016, the European
Commission adopted the Circular Economy Package, which introduced
revised legislative proposals on waste that give even more priority to
diverting packaging waste from disposal by 2030 (European
Commission, 2016). Some of the common “2030 EU targets” are: re-
cycling 70% of municipal waste; recycling 80% of packaging waste,
reduction of landfilling to a maximum of 5% of municipal waste
(European Commission, 2017). However, in Serbia, a large amount of
recyclables from the MSW currently remains unrecovered. Several
closely interrelated issues are directly linked to this problem. First, the
majority of Serbian municipalities do not operate recycling pro-
grammes for household waste as they are not strictly enforced, nor do
they possess the infrastructure for primary selection, collection and
separation of packaging waste. Also, with the current level of monthly
waste management fees (2.6–3.5 c€/m2) and insufficient percentage of
chargeability (70% for households), the public operators do not possess
sufficient financial funds to invest in adequate infrastructure (e.g. bins
for different waste, waste transfer stations, etc.) (Vujic et al., 2017).
Also, the abolishment of the Environmental Protection Fund in 2012 cut
a significant financial resource that was used for investment in the in-
frastructure for recyclable collection from household waste. Further-
more, even though some of the public waste operators are supported by
international donor or aid development programmes, these incomes are
not sufficient to operate recycling programmes for the household.
Second, the payment of landfill tax – as a financial initiative for re-
cycling promotion only exists in a few Serbian municipalities where
sanitary landfills are operating. Thus, the majority of municipalities are
not “stimulated” to develop strategies that would recover recyclables
from MSW in order to reduce costs for landfill disposal. Third, specific
challenges related to IRS are faced in some urban areas. Namely, several
of the largest Serbian municipalities (e.g. Belgrade, Novi Sad, Pančevo),
supported by the PROs, have been investing in various infrastructure
projects for primary selection (e.g. waste bins for PET, paper and
cardboard). However, as the existing practise and interest of the rather
large WP community were completely ignored and excluded during the
planning process of the projects, these recycling initiatives proved to be
short-lived (Mrkajić and Stanisavljević, 2015). Namely, the WPs usually
damage new on-street facilities in order to pick up the recyclables,
while the municipalities have had no success in preventing them in
those activities. Finally, the lack of expertise during the recycling policy
development gave rise to some unintended and counterproductive
consequences. For example, the municipality of Novi Sad (the second
largest city) had supplied two large residential areas with bins for
primary separation of recyclables (blue bin) and organic and other
waste (green bin). In the beginning, the residents enthusiastically em-
braced the new service. But, very soon they found it pointless to
Table 5
The share of packaging waste collected by the licensed PROs (SEPA, 2011;
2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016).
NRO 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
[%]
SEKOPAK 46.3 38.8 34.8 37.3 39.4 41.7
EKOSTAR PAK 46 51.9 56.7 46.6 41.5 38.3
DELTA-PAK 7.7 7.7 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.5
TEHNO EKO PAK / 1.6 5.0 6.9 7.4 7.1
CENEKS / / 0.2 2.2 4.1 3.4
EKOPAK SISTEM / / / 3.4 4 6
12
According to the Serbian Chamber of Commerce and Industry data, there has been a
recorded decline in investments – both in industry and in local public infrastructure
projects since 2012 (BGEN, 2016).
13
PRO EUROPE is an umbrella organization for the majority of European PROs.
14
The EU15 consists of the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain,
Sweden and the United Kingdom.
15
The CEE11 consists of the following countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.
16
Besides EU15 and CEE 11 countries, the EU28 comprises as well: Cyprus and Malta.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
136
8. Table 6
Fulfilment of specific national goals by the PROs (in %) (SEPA, 2011; 2012; 2013; 2014; 2015; 2016).
National
targets
NROs
(average)
National
targets
NROs
(average)
National
targets
NROs
(average)
National
targets
NROs
(average)
National
targets
NROs
(average)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
[%]
Paper/
cardb.
14 36.7 23 54 28 60.4 38 77.3 42 85.6
Plastic 7.5 15.5 9 16.1 10.5 17.3 14 19.3 17 25.2
Glass 7 9.9 10 14.7 15 16.2 19 26 25 27.2
Metal 9.5 37.9 13.5 27.6 18.5 38.1 23 31.4 29 36.3
Wood 2 7.1 4.5 12 7 11.1 11 22.8 12 24.4
*
The “PROs (average)” values refer to the percentage of recyclable quantities collected by the PROs in relation to the total recyclable quantities placed on the market
by companies within the EPR system.
Table 7
The level of packaging fees in the region and in some of the EU member countries in 2014 (PRO EUROPE, 2014)c
and average selling prices in Serbia (from 2016
onwards).
Packaging fees Selling pricea
Serbia Macedonia Slovenia Estonia Spain Greece Serbia
[EUR/t] [EUR/t]
Paper/Cardboard 6 18.2 87 105 68 52.5 84-127
Plastics 11.2 22.10 68 409 377 66 186-338
Glass 6.9 19.80 36 102 19,5 10.9 17 – 34
Metal 7.5 20.80 77 255 85 21 Steel: 144-177
Wood 7.9 21.20 53 41 21 9.5 3 – 4.2b
a
paid by recycling industry.
b
price per piece for used/damaged EUR-pallet.
c
For information on the packaging fees for other European countries, please see PRO EUROPE (2014).
Fig. 4. Packaging waste generated (A), recovered (B) and recycled (C).
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
137
9. continue with waste separation, as the public operator used the same
vehicle for collecting the recyclables and other waste.
5.2. Loopholes affecting the recycling industry and PROs
As has been the case in other countries that introduced the EPR
scheme (Grodzińska-Jurczak et al., 2004; Loughlin and Barlaz, 2006), a
number of issues emerged in the Serbian recycling legislation that have
to be more precisely defined. In the first place are calls for corrections
to the Law on packaging and packaging waste. The strongest initiative
and the most articulated proposals for the law correction came from the
recycling industry. The main driver of their initiative is the insufficient
supply of recyclables on the Serbian recycling market.
The recycling industry highlights several legislative issues as the
main problems in relation to the low recyclables supply.17
First, the
abolishment of the EPF in 2012 has been seen as a very critical gov-
ernment move, as it has had an effect on the development of municipal
recycling programmes which are planned to be the major suppliers of
the national recycling market. Second, the association argues that the
national targets for recovery and recycling of packaging waste were set
too low, and thus they do not truly stimulate recyclables recovery from
MSW streams. Currently, the PROs are almost able to fulfil the national
recovery and recycling goals solely by targeting the collection of
packaging waste from commercial and industrial waste streams (which
is actually true for the three most recently licensed PROs). This situa-
tion is possible as there are no institutional constraints in relation to the
source from which recyclables should be collected – thus the PROs take
advantage of this state of affairs as it is less financially demanding to
organize recyclables collection from commercial and industrial
streams.18
Third, the recycling industry finds it very problematic that
there is no legal obligation which defines the level of funds that the
PROs have to invest in the development of primary infrastructure for
packaging waste selection and collection (especially for the MSW
stream). These and several other specific requests made by the recycling
industry, which particularly targets PROs, are presented in Table 8.
The two larger PROs support the majority of the recycling industry
requirements. Also, they call for additional regulation in order to close
the other loopholes in the EPR system. For example, SEKOPAK requires
that the legislation does not allow the recycling industry to establish a
PRO. SEKOPAK justifies this request by the fact that some PROs, which
have been partly funded by the recycling industry, practise mono-
polistic behaviour as they unevenly invest their funds in the recovery of
certain recyclables only (e.g. paper). Thus, some of the PROs are “ac-
cused” of not facilitating the equal development of the infrastructure
for the recovery of all recyclable materials. Also, the two larger PROs
are critical towards lately established PROs, accusing them of not in-
vesting funds in any development of the infrastructure as well as for
lowering the packaging fees, which are a further 40–50% less than their
already low packaging fees – which actually runs counter to the “pol-
luter pays” principle (SAPWR, 2016). Due to this phenomenon, some of
the PROs have started to face problems related to the loss of their
customers (i.e. contracted producers) who choose to cooperate with
those PROs that offer their services for a much lower price. Finally,
some PROs face problems related to chargeability of the packaging fees
from the producers. Here, they claim the existence of problems related
to the lack of legislative instruments and state inspection to enforce
some of the polluters to pay their packaging fees. Any enforcement by a
PRO directed towards the polluters with irregular payment of packa-
ging fees might result in the producer breaking its contract with that
PRO and signing a contract with some other PRO. As such, all these
phenomena, if not resolved, might undermine the existing EPR scheme
and create system distortions.
5.3. Informal recycling sector integration challenges
The rather large Serbian WP community of 30,000 individuals,
which is dynamically linked to the formal recycling system, represents a
fact that can hardly be ignored while discussing the performance and
further development of the Serbian packaging waste sector. Namely, in
order to increase the supply of recyclables from the MSW stream, the
Serbian waste policymakers seem to currently have two general possi-
bilities: a) to modernize its MSW collection system and exclude the
existing IRS from the system, or b) to modernize the MSW collection
system by integration of the IRS into the formal recycling strategies.
Both approaches are quite challenging.
The first option represents a strategy focused on technological mod-
ernization, which would require extraordinary national economic
growth to allow an increase in public investment in municipal waste
policies as well as an increase in the waste management fees paid by
citizens. According to an estimation of the Serbian Chamber of
Commerce and Industry, the current Serbian investments in all en-
vironment related policies, programmes and projects represent only
0.25% of its GDP, while to achieve the EU environmental standards –
Serbia should allocate a minimum of 1%–1.25% of GDP (BGEN, 2016).
On the other hand, if the investment costs were completely passed on to
industry – that would require a significant increase in packaging fees.
This would be a very hard and unpopular political decision taking into
account that the final consequences would be the higher price of pro-
ducts, i.e. a reduction of the already low purchasing powers of Serbian
citizens. Thus, with the current economic situation, this scenario seems
to be unrealistic, at least in a short to medium term (Vujić et al., 2011).
The second option would represent a strategy primarily focused on
socio-technological modernization (Rutkowski and Rutkowski, 2015;
Scheinberg and Anschtz, 2006). Namely, the current existence of large
IRS in combination with a high unemployment rate and low wages
opens the possibility for waste policy makers to create labour-intensive
recycling programmes, similar to those present in other world regions
(South America, Asia, etc.) (Ezeah et al., 2013; Rutkowski and
Rutkowski, 2015; Wilson et al., 2006). However, to utilize these po-
tentials, such a hybrid model has to fit its local context, interests, tech-
nologies, and available resources (Zapata Campos and Zapata, 2014). In
addition, it is necessary to achieve strong political will, regulatory
support as well as public acceptance. In respect to these requirements,
some steps have been undertaken in the last several years. As for po-
litical will and regulatory support of the WP community’s inclusion –
the strongest initiative came from international and local non-govern-
mental organizations,19
and the domestic recycling industry. For ex-
ample, the German Society for International Cooperation (GiZ) has
been implementing a six-year project “Municipal Waste and Waste-
water Management” (2011–2017). As one of the project’s four areas of
activity is listed “inclusion of minorities and informal stakeholders in
the regulated waste management system”20
. Through this activity,
some of the first quantitative and qualitative analyses and studies re-
lated to IRS have been financed21
. On the other hand, the Serbian
governmental authorities have focused on IRS issues mainly through
the national-level activities related to improvement of Roma status.
Namely, the Serbian government accepted several policies during the
2000s and 2010s in order to secure the involvement of the Roma po-
pulation in the formal labour market. For example, one of the issues
within the Action plan for implementation of Strategy for the Improvement
17
Based on information from an interview with the president of the Serbian
Association of Packaging Waste Recyclers, see also SAPWR (2015).
18
In contrast to households, the commercial and industrial entities are producing a
great amount of packaging waste in a certain place, and that waste is usually separated
before collection as a part of a company’s environmental management systems.
19
The most active are: the German Society for International Cooperation (GiZ), United
States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Dutch NGO WASTE, YuRom
Centar, Tree HOUSE.
20
More info at: https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/21215.html
21
The final report is expected by the end of 2017.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
138
10. of Roma Status in the Republic of Serbia (2010) was a plan to recognize
WP activities as a formal occupation. As a result, the “waste picker”
profession received national occupational recognition (Scheinberg
et al., 2016). However, even though this government step paved the
way for IRS inclusion in the formal recycling sector, the overall legal
framework still does not stimulate the full inclusion of WPs. For ex-
ample, one of the most problematic issues is linked to the fact that the
Serbian institutional framework does not recognize the organizational
structure of “social enterprise” which would allow a reduction in the
state social and retirement taxes for members of WP cooperatives. The
organization of the WP cooperatives through establishment of the social
enterprises is important as it helps to strengthen the organizational
structure of the informal sector into a formalized group while at the
same time it makes them competitive with formal waste operators
(Ezeah et al., 2013; Gutberlet, 2012; King and Gutberlet, 2013). Finally,
as for public acceptance – besides the NGOs’ support, many re-
presentatives of recycling industries have strongly advocated inclusion
of the informal sector in the formal system of packaging waste man-
agement, while they see the WPs as a major supplier for some recycl-
ables (especially PET and cardboard/paper). However, the main chal-
lenges are related to the fact that the majority of municipal authorities
(i.e. PUCs) still consider WPs’ activities as incompatible with the goals
of modernizing the MSW management systems (Mrkajić and
Stanisavljević, 2015) as well as with the European safety regulative
frameworks and standards. As the municipal authorities in charge of
waste management represent key actors to IRS inclusion, a significant
effort has to be made to make them acknowledge and recognize the
overall benefits of the work of WPs.
6. Concluding remarks
This study provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the
Serbian national-level framework for packaging and packaging waste
management in regard to its evaluation and performance over the
course of the last six years. Serbia could be generally regarded as a
country with an evolving administrative and institutional approach to
packaging waste management. However, it has been possible to capture
much of the progress of the packaging waste management system from
the data presented in this study. Serbia has successfully managed to
recover nationally required amounts of packaging waste through the
EPR system, by targeting primarily recyclables from commercial and
industrial waste streams. The Serbian recycling market is in expansion,
which is mirrored in the increasing supply of collected recyclables from
less than 50,000 t in 2011 to over 155,000 t in 2016. However, there is
still room for improvement of the system. The main challenges that
have to be addressed in order to continue the further progress and
development of the system are: (i) the low supply of recyclables from
MSW, (ii) loopholes affecting the recycling industry and work of PROs,
and (iii) formalization of the IRS role within the EPR system. In regard
to these challenges, a set of general recommendations can be proposed.
As for the first two listed challenges, possible measures should:
• Secure stable and sufficient public investment in infrastructure for
primary separation, collection and sorting activities through a newly
established “Green Fund”. It is also necessary to establish trans-
parent procedures for the fund investments and secure strict in-
spection and monitoring of the performance and efficiency of re-
cycling programmes.
• Set national minimum packaging fee levels and enforce an increase
of the current level of packaging fees. At the same time, in order to
ensure sufficient financial transfer between industry and munici-
palities (i.e. waste management operators), it is necessary to define
the minimum percentage of the fund that a PRO has to invest in the
recovery of recyclables from MSW streams.
• Introduce landfill taxes – in order to stimulate municipalities to
reduce the amount of packaging waste disposed in landfill.
However, caution should be taken that the tax should not be set too
high in order to avoid the risk of illegal dumping. Finally, this
measure could be additionally supported by activity of supervision
of the disposal by a governmental authority.
As in many other developing countries where IRS exists, the activ-
ities of this sector bring multiple benefits for Serbia as well. The most
important of them is mirrored in the fact that the collection of recycl-
ables provides a livelihood for many members of marginalized social
groups. The IRS also diverts significant amounts of recyclables from
landfill to the recycling industry at much lower cost than formal waste
operators. Therefore, the question of the IRS inclusion in the formal
recycling system in Serbia seems important, especially considering its
social, environmental and economic components. The proactive actions
towards the IRS formalization should be continued and directed to-
wards the development of national and local initiatives and action plans
for the structural and legal inclusion of WPs, which should target both
service and value chains. Here, as Scheinberg et al. (2016) argue,
documentation, valorization and quantification of WPs’ contributions to
recyclable recovery is one of the crucial tasks, while international waste
management ideas and solutions should be carefully adjusted to the
local context and peculiarities as well as existing WP practices. In-
clusive programmes should offer at least the same level of income that
the WPs can already earn, in addition to health and pensions insurance.
Finally, this study has not specified all the challenges that the
SPWMS are currently facing. If the whole system is to be critically
evaluated, the following issues should be considered as well: problems
related to packaging waste reporting methodology, issues related to
Table 8
The recycling industry’s proposals for the law corrections in relation to the work of the PROs.8
Proposed correction Justification
Mandating the minimum level of initial capital for establishing a PRO, as a guarantee
that a PRO will be able to fulfil the producer responsibility undertaken.
To discipline small PROs which have reduced the packaging fees, and therefore
generally decreased the amount of investment in the development of infrastructure for
primary selection and collection of recyclables – which in turn lowers the supply of
recyclables.
Mandating PROs to deliver an annual report on their fund expenditure. To regulate the work of PROs and their fund expenditure – i.e. to make sure that
packaging fees received from industry are mainly reallocated towards the development
of infrastructure for primary separation and collection of the recyclable waste.
Mandating the minimum level of packaging waste that has to be collected from MSW. To make the work of PROs transparent in order to boost MSW recycling programmes
and thus increase the supply of recyclables.
Prohibiting the recyclables trade by PROs. To prevent the PROs influencing the purchase price of packaging waste. Currently, the
recycling industry accuses a few PROs of being involved in the purchase of packaging
waste by using their funds to offer a better price to waste generators than the recycling
industry.
Mandating the minimum percentage of PRO funds that has to be invested in
development of the system for packaging waste collection as well as for
development of the Serbian recycling industry.
To increase recyclables supply. To modernize the recycling industry in order to improve
its regional competitiveness.
V. Mrkajić et al. Resources, Conservation & Recycling 136 (2018) 130–141
139
11. national recyclable export/import policies, the lack of experts em-
ployed in the state and municipal waste management departments as
well as citizens’ awareness raising activities.
Acknowledgements
In this paper, we presented the results of the research project
“Development and implementation of a ‘social technology solution’ for
the improvement of the recyclable collection from municipal waste in
Vojvodina” supported by the Province Secretary of Science and
Technological Development, Vojvodina Province, Republic of Serbia
[Razvoj i primena “društvene tehnologije” za unapređenje sakupljanja
ambalažnog otpada iz komunalnog sektora na teritoriji AP Vojvodine
Pokrajinski sekretarijat za nauku i tehnološki razvoj]. Xiaoming Wang
was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (Grant No. 51508049). Pedro Haro thanks the Universidad de
Sevilla for the post-doctoral Grant Contrato de Acceso al Sistema
Español de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (VPPI-US). The coopera-
tion between authors is related to the COST Action Mining the
European Anthroposphere (MINEA), supported by COST (European
Cooperation in Science and Technology).
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