Profiles in MPEG-2 limit the compression tools or algorithms that can be used, while levels limit encoding parameters like sample rates and frame sizes. The main profile and main level support standard definition video. Higher profiles add more tools while higher levels support higher resolutions up to high definition. MPEG-2 provides options to suit a wide range of applications from low bit rate streaming to high quality storage and broadcast.
Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard - Circuits ...Videoguy
The document provides an overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. Some key points:
- H.264/AVC aims to double the coding efficiency of prior standards like MPEG-2 and H.263 to allow higher quality video at lower bit rates.
- It achieves this through new coding tools like fractional pixel motion compensation, variable block-size motion compensation, intra prediction, and entropy coding.
- The standard defines the decoding process but provides flexibility in encoding implementations. It is intended for both conversational and non-conversational applications like video telephony, streaming, and storage.
The document summarizes key video coding standards including H.261, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4, and H.264. It describes their applications, coding tools, profiles, and roles in important technologies. H.261 was the earliest standard for videoconferencing over ISDN. MPEG-1 enabled video on CDs. MPEG-2 allowed digital TV and DVD. Later standards added features for improved compression and functionality at lower bitrates.
The document summarizes key benefits of JPEG2000 compression standard for broadcast picture quality, including its open and license-free nature, lossless and lossy compression capabilities, scalability, low latency, ability to maintain constant quality through multiple generations, and support for 4K resolution. It discusses ongoing industry efforts through the JPEG2000 Alliance and standards bodies to promote adoption and interoperability of JPEG2000 for applications such as digital cinema, broadcast, surveillance, medical imaging, and more.
Inlet Technologies offers a live video streaming solution called Spinnaker that uses Intel Xeon processors with quad-core technology. Spinnaker can encode live video streams into multiple formats and resolutions simultaneously. This allows content to be delivered optimally to various devices. Spinnaker is a flexible, scalable solution that can increase broadcast capacity cost-effectively while maintaining high video quality.
The VC-50HD is a portable video field converter that provides bi-directional conversion between HD/SD-SDI and HDV, DV, and MPEG-2 TS formats. It supports conversion between HD and SD formats up to 50Mbps. The unit has HDMI output for monitoring and can be powered by AA batteries, an AC adapter, or external batteries. It can be controlled via PC software or dipswitches and allows flexible video capture and editing workflows when used with compatible devices like video cameras, recorders, and editing systems.
The document discusses the H.264 video compression standard and its applications in video surveillance. H.264 provides much more efficient video compression than previous standards like MPEG-4 and Motion JPEG, reducing file sizes by over 80% without compromising quality. This allows for higher resolution, frame rate, and quality video streams using the same or lower bandwidth and storage compared to earlier standards. H.264 compression will enable uses like high frame rate surveillance at airports and casinos where bandwidth savings are most significant.
intoPIX - All you wanted to know about Jpeg 2000intoPIX
The document provides an overview of JPEG 2000, including:
- JPEG 2000 uses wavelet-based compression techniques that provide improved compression efficiency over JPEG as well as features like scalability, error resilience, and graceful image degradation.
- It summarizes several key benefits of JPEG 2000 such as mathematically lossless compression, region of interest coding, and low latency suitable for applications like digital cinema, medical imaging, and broadcasting.
- The document then describes how JPEG 2000 works through steps like pre-processing, discrete wavelet transforms, compression of wavelet coefficients, entropy coding, and codestream syntax.
Unsure of the aspect ratio for your iPhone? Can’t tell a bit rate from a frame rate? At a loss when it comes to lossy and lossless codecs? Don’t worry, we’re here to help.
Overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard - Circuits ...Videoguy
The document provides an overview of the H.264/AVC video coding standard. Some key points:
- H.264/AVC aims to double the coding efficiency of prior standards like MPEG-2 and H.263 to allow higher quality video at lower bit rates.
- It achieves this through new coding tools like fractional pixel motion compensation, variable block-size motion compensation, intra prediction, and entropy coding.
- The standard defines the decoding process but provides flexibility in encoding implementations. It is intended for both conversational and non-conversational applications like video telephony, streaming, and storage.
The document summarizes key video coding standards including H.261, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, H.263, MPEG-4, and H.264. It describes their applications, coding tools, profiles, and roles in important technologies. H.261 was the earliest standard for videoconferencing over ISDN. MPEG-1 enabled video on CDs. MPEG-2 allowed digital TV and DVD. Later standards added features for improved compression and functionality at lower bitrates.
The document summarizes key benefits of JPEG2000 compression standard for broadcast picture quality, including its open and license-free nature, lossless and lossy compression capabilities, scalability, low latency, ability to maintain constant quality through multiple generations, and support for 4K resolution. It discusses ongoing industry efforts through the JPEG2000 Alliance and standards bodies to promote adoption and interoperability of JPEG2000 for applications such as digital cinema, broadcast, surveillance, medical imaging, and more.
Inlet Technologies offers a live video streaming solution called Spinnaker that uses Intel Xeon processors with quad-core technology. Spinnaker can encode live video streams into multiple formats and resolutions simultaneously. This allows content to be delivered optimally to various devices. Spinnaker is a flexible, scalable solution that can increase broadcast capacity cost-effectively while maintaining high video quality.
The VC-50HD is a portable video field converter that provides bi-directional conversion between HD/SD-SDI and HDV, DV, and MPEG-2 TS formats. It supports conversion between HD and SD formats up to 50Mbps. The unit has HDMI output for monitoring and can be powered by AA batteries, an AC adapter, or external batteries. It can be controlled via PC software or dipswitches and allows flexible video capture and editing workflows when used with compatible devices like video cameras, recorders, and editing systems.
The document discusses the H.264 video compression standard and its applications in video surveillance. H.264 provides much more efficient video compression than previous standards like MPEG-4 and Motion JPEG, reducing file sizes by over 80% without compromising quality. This allows for higher resolution, frame rate, and quality video streams using the same or lower bandwidth and storage compared to earlier standards. H.264 compression will enable uses like high frame rate surveillance at airports and casinos where bandwidth savings are most significant.
intoPIX - All you wanted to know about Jpeg 2000intoPIX
The document provides an overview of JPEG 2000, including:
- JPEG 2000 uses wavelet-based compression techniques that provide improved compression efficiency over JPEG as well as features like scalability, error resilience, and graceful image degradation.
- It summarizes several key benefits of JPEG 2000 such as mathematically lossless compression, region of interest coding, and low latency suitable for applications like digital cinema, medical imaging, and broadcasting.
- The document then describes how JPEG 2000 works through steps like pre-processing, discrete wavelet transforms, compression of wavelet coefficients, entropy coding, and codestream syntax.
Unsure of the aspect ratio for your iPhone? Can’t tell a bit rate from a frame rate? At a loss when it comes to lossy and lossless codecs? Don’t worry, we’re here to help.
This document provides information on streaming video into Second Life, including:
- The basic prerequisites for streaming video include being the landowner, using QuickTime format videos, and having the video hosted on a web server.
- There are three main ways to stream video: establishing movie playback, streaming live video, and broadcasting from Second Life.
- Streaming live video or broadcasting involves using software like QuickTime Broadcaster or Windows Media Encoder to capture the video stream and send it to a hosting server, then entering that URL in Second Life.
ChromotionHD 2.0 is an updated video engine integrated into S3 Graphics' Chrome 400/500 series GPUs. It provides hardware-accelerated decoding of H.264, VC-1, and MPEG-2 video formats. New features include H.264 support for HD video playback on PCs and consumer electronics. The video engine offloads processing from the CPU to improve efficiency and reduce power consumption during HD video playback. It also supports HDMI/DVI output, digital TV formats, and enhanced video processing capabilities.
The document discusses the Zoran Corporation's Activa 200 and Activa 250 chips. The Activa 200 is a system-on-a-chip solution for DVD recorders that integrates DVD recording, playback, encoding, and decoding functionality. It supports recording to various DVD formats and includes features like MPEG encoding, DivX decoding, audio processing, and graphics processing. The Activa 250 is an RF amplifier chip that works alongside the Activa 200 to support DVD reading and writing. Together the Activa 200+250 chipset provides a turnkey solution for developing DVD recorder and digital media devices.
This document summarizes a test report of the Technotrend Premium S2300 (Rev 2.3) modified DVB-S PCI satellite card distributed by DVB-Shop. The card was modified from the Hauppauge Nexus-S card to include a Crystal Audio DAC and RGB/S-Video outputs via Scart connector. Installation of the card and drivers was easy. Picture quality on a 42" plasma TV was improved over the composite signal of the Hauppauge Nexus-S card. The card supports DiSEqC 1.0 for satellite selection and ProgDVB software allows DiSEqC 1.2 support.
This document is the ExtremeWare 7.2.0 Software User Guide. It provides information about using the ExtremeWare software, including features like VLANs, spanning tree protocol, quality of service, routing, and security. It describes how to access the switch through the console, Ethernet management port, Telnet, SSH, and web interface. It also covers basic management tasks like configuring management access, DNS, ping, traceroute, and authentication methods.
This document discusses technologies for free video streaming. It covers the hardware and software requirements for compressing, storing, and distributing video content over a network. Specifically, it addresses the need for CPU power for compression, bandwidth for distribution, and hard disk space for storage. It also describes potential setups like using Dynebolic Linux to turn older PCs into streaming boxes, or Mini-ITX boards for encoding and playing high quality video streams. The goal is to highlight affordable options using recycled hardware and free software for video archiving and streaming applications.
This document provides an overview of MPEG-4, the open media standard for multimedia coding and delivery. MPEG-4 allows for interactive scenes composed of mixed media objects like video, audio, graphics and text. It provides efficient compression and representation of multimedia content across many delivery platforms. MPEG-4 aims to liberate multimedia delivery from proprietary technologies by offering an open standard supported by many industries and vendors.
The document summarizes solid state video recorders from Datavideo including the DN-60, DN-70, and DN-200. The DN-60 and DN-70 are portable recorders that use CF memory cards for hours of continuous recording in HD or DV formats. The DN-200 is a small HDD recorder that can record for 19+ hours in HD or DV formats. All three recorders offer file-based recording for faster workflow compared to tape-based systems.
The document summarizes solid state video recorders from Datavideo including the DN-60, DN-70, and DN-200. The DN-60 and DN-70 are portable recorders that use CF memory cards for hours of continuous recording in HD or DV formats. The DN-200 is a small hard drive-based recorder that can record for 19+ hours in HD or DV formats. All three recorders offer file-based recording for faster workflow compared to tape-based systems.
The document summarizes the MCU 4200 Series Multimedia Conferencing Unit, which allows for high-quality video conferencing over IP networks. It can support between 20 and 80 simultaneous video participants depending on the model, with additional audio-only participants. Key features include high-bandwidth video processing, an easy-to-use interface, streaming video capabilities, and support for standards like H.261, H.263, and H.264. It is designed for accessibility and flexibility in hosting video conferences.
Feature-rich Multimedia Video Conferencing MCUVideoguy
The DSTMEDIA MCS is an IP-based H.323 video conferencing MCU that supports up to 32 concurrent conferences. It provides high definition 1280x720p video and CD-quality audio. Additional key features include support for H.264, dual video streams, FECC, and compatibility with major videoconferencing standards and devices. Administrators can manage conferences and the system through a web interface or control software.
This document provides an overview of Semitech Innovations and its flagship SIMAC power line communication technology. SIMAC uses existing power lines to transmit data, eliminating the need for additional communications infrastructure. It is well-suited for applications like automatic meter reading, home automation, streetlight control, and traffic light control. Semitech sees significant market potential for SIMAC in these areas by reducing costs, improving efficiency, and giving consumers access to energy usage data in real-time. The document outlines the specifications and features of the SIMAC chip and provides examples of pilot projects demonstrating its capabilities.
Digital broadcasting makes more efficient use of limited radio spectrum bandwidth than analogue broadcasting. As society demands more choice and content, digital broadcasting allows more channels to be transmitted within the same bandwidth. All broadcasting is expected to transition to digital as analogue TV switch-off begins between 2007-2012, and digital distribution over the internet breaks down traditional broadcasting models.
- Early experiments with high definition television transmission began in the 1930s in Britain and France, using 240 lines of resolution.
- The USSR developed the first television capable of 1,125 lines of resolution in 1958 aimed at military teleconferencing.
- In the 1960s, development of what we now consider HDTV began in Japan and was marketed to consumers in 1979.
- Key moments in the 1980s included HDTV demonstrations in the US and the first HDTV broadcasts of the Olympic Games.
The document discusses the hardware, software, and bandwidth requirements for a streaming media server. It recommends a minimum of 2.5 Mbit/s bandwidth for streaming movies and 10 Mbit/s for HD movies. Common audio and video codecs used for streaming include H.264, VP8, MP3, AAC, and buffering helps deal with network congestion.
This document compares various audio file formats including RAW, MP3, AIFF, MPEG, WAV, ACT, and WMA. It discusses the characteristics of each format such as compression, file extensions, advantages like size and limitations like lack of compatibility. Key points covered include how MP3, MPEG, and WMA use lossy compression while WAV and AIFF are uncompressed, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in terms of quality, size, and features.
The document provides information about video compression from production format to distribution format. It discusses various compression techniques including intraframe compression (within a single frame) and interframe compression (between successive frames). It also covers topics like spatial and temporal resolution, color resolution, video and audio signals, video distribution challenges, movie formats, codecs, and tools for video production and compression.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that requirements on compression will reduce over time due to technological advances.
The document provides information about MPEG compression standards. It discusses the history of MPEG and how it was established in 1988 as a joint effort between ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression. It describes several MPEG standards including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and MPEG-21. MPEG-4 is discussed in more detail, explaining that it offers greater efficiency than MPEG-2, allows encoding of mixed data types, and enables interaction of audio-visual scenes at the receiver end. The document contains diagrams and tables to illustrate key points about the different MPEG standards and compression techniques.
The document introduces several MPEG standards for audio and video compression and transmission, including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and MPEG-21. MPEG-1 was the first standard and defines lossy compression for video and audio. It became the most widely compatible format for these media. MPEG-2 built upon MPEG-1 and is used widely for digital television and DVD formats. MPEG-4 added new features like 3D rendering and interactivity. MPEG-7 defined standards for multimedia content description and MPEG-21 aims to define an open framework for multimedia applications and digital rights management.
MPEG-7 is a standard for describing multimedia content to allow users to more efficiently search, browse and retrieve audiovisual material. It was developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group in 2001. MPEG-7 defines descriptors and description schemes for features of multimedia using XML schema. It also includes tools for generating descriptions, and is used in applications like digital libraries, multimedia directories, broadcast media selection and e-business product searching.
Presented at the Digital Initiatives and Nearby History Institute, Terre Haute, IN, July 19, 2006 and the Indiana Library Federation Annual Conference: Indianapolis, IN, April 12, 2006;
This document provides information on streaming video into Second Life, including:
- The basic prerequisites for streaming video include being the landowner, using QuickTime format videos, and having the video hosted on a web server.
- There are three main ways to stream video: establishing movie playback, streaming live video, and broadcasting from Second Life.
- Streaming live video or broadcasting involves using software like QuickTime Broadcaster or Windows Media Encoder to capture the video stream and send it to a hosting server, then entering that URL in Second Life.
ChromotionHD 2.0 is an updated video engine integrated into S3 Graphics' Chrome 400/500 series GPUs. It provides hardware-accelerated decoding of H.264, VC-1, and MPEG-2 video formats. New features include H.264 support for HD video playback on PCs and consumer electronics. The video engine offloads processing from the CPU to improve efficiency and reduce power consumption during HD video playback. It also supports HDMI/DVI output, digital TV formats, and enhanced video processing capabilities.
The document discusses the Zoran Corporation's Activa 200 and Activa 250 chips. The Activa 200 is a system-on-a-chip solution for DVD recorders that integrates DVD recording, playback, encoding, and decoding functionality. It supports recording to various DVD formats and includes features like MPEG encoding, DivX decoding, audio processing, and graphics processing. The Activa 250 is an RF amplifier chip that works alongside the Activa 200 to support DVD reading and writing. Together the Activa 200+250 chipset provides a turnkey solution for developing DVD recorder and digital media devices.
This document summarizes a test report of the Technotrend Premium S2300 (Rev 2.3) modified DVB-S PCI satellite card distributed by DVB-Shop. The card was modified from the Hauppauge Nexus-S card to include a Crystal Audio DAC and RGB/S-Video outputs via Scart connector. Installation of the card and drivers was easy. Picture quality on a 42" plasma TV was improved over the composite signal of the Hauppauge Nexus-S card. The card supports DiSEqC 1.0 for satellite selection and ProgDVB software allows DiSEqC 1.2 support.
This document is the ExtremeWare 7.2.0 Software User Guide. It provides information about using the ExtremeWare software, including features like VLANs, spanning tree protocol, quality of service, routing, and security. It describes how to access the switch through the console, Ethernet management port, Telnet, SSH, and web interface. It also covers basic management tasks like configuring management access, DNS, ping, traceroute, and authentication methods.
This document discusses technologies for free video streaming. It covers the hardware and software requirements for compressing, storing, and distributing video content over a network. Specifically, it addresses the need for CPU power for compression, bandwidth for distribution, and hard disk space for storage. It also describes potential setups like using Dynebolic Linux to turn older PCs into streaming boxes, or Mini-ITX boards for encoding and playing high quality video streams. The goal is to highlight affordable options using recycled hardware and free software for video archiving and streaming applications.
This document provides an overview of MPEG-4, the open media standard for multimedia coding and delivery. MPEG-4 allows for interactive scenes composed of mixed media objects like video, audio, graphics and text. It provides efficient compression and representation of multimedia content across many delivery platforms. MPEG-4 aims to liberate multimedia delivery from proprietary technologies by offering an open standard supported by many industries and vendors.
The document summarizes solid state video recorders from Datavideo including the DN-60, DN-70, and DN-200. The DN-60 and DN-70 are portable recorders that use CF memory cards for hours of continuous recording in HD or DV formats. The DN-200 is a small HDD recorder that can record for 19+ hours in HD or DV formats. All three recorders offer file-based recording for faster workflow compared to tape-based systems.
The document summarizes solid state video recorders from Datavideo including the DN-60, DN-70, and DN-200. The DN-60 and DN-70 are portable recorders that use CF memory cards for hours of continuous recording in HD or DV formats. The DN-200 is a small hard drive-based recorder that can record for 19+ hours in HD or DV formats. All three recorders offer file-based recording for faster workflow compared to tape-based systems.
The document summarizes the MCU 4200 Series Multimedia Conferencing Unit, which allows for high-quality video conferencing over IP networks. It can support between 20 and 80 simultaneous video participants depending on the model, with additional audio-only participants. Key features include high-bandwidth video processing, an easy-to-use interface, streaming video capabilities, and support for standards like H.261, H.263, and H.264. It is designed for accessibility and flexibility in hosting video conferences.
Feature-rich Multimedia Video Conferencing MCUVideoguy
The DSTMEDIA MCS is an IP-based H.323 video conferencing MCU that supports up to 32 concurrent conferences. It provides high definition 1280x720p video and CD-quality audio. Additional key features include support for H.264, dual video streams, FECC, and compatibility with major videoconferencing standards and devices. Administrators can manage conferences and the system through a web interface or control software.
This document provides an overview of Semitech Innovations and its flagship SIMAC power line communication technology. SIMAC uses existing power lines to transmit data, eliminating the need for additional communications infrastructure. It is well-suited for applications like automatic meter reading, home automation, streetlight control, and traffic light control. Semitech sees significant market potential for SIMAC in these areas by reducing costs, improving efficiency, and giving consumers access to energy usage data in real-time. The document outlines the specifications and features of the SIMAC chip and provides examples of pilot projects demonstrating its capabilities.
Digital broadcasting makes more efficient use of limited radio spectrum bandwidth than analogue broadcasting. As society demands more choice and content, digital broadcasting allows more channels to be transmitted within the same bandwidth. All broadcasting is expected to transition to digital as analogue TV switch-off begins between 2007-2012, and digital distribution over the internet breaks down traditional broadcasting models.
- Early experiments with high definition television transmission began in the 1930s in Britain and France, using 240 lines of resolution.
- The USSR developed the first television capable of 1,125 lines of resolution in 1958 aimed at military teleconferencing.
- In the 1960s, development of what we now consider HDTV began in Japan and was marketed to consumers in 1979.
- Key moments in the 1980s included HDTV demonstrations in the US and the first HDTV broadcasts of the Olympic Games.
The document discusses the hardware, software, and bandwidth requirements for a streaming media server. It recommends a minimum of 2.5 Mbit/s bandwidth for streaming movies and 10 Mbit/s for HD movies. Common audio and video codecs used for streaming include H.264, VP8, MP3, AAC, and buffering helps deal with network congestion.
This document compares various audio file formats including RAW, MP3, AIFF, MPEG, WAV, ACT, and WMA. It discusses the characteristics of each format such as compression, file extensions, advantages like size and limitations like lack of compatibility. Key points covered include how MP3, MPEG, and WMA use lossy compression while WAV and AIFF are uncompressed, and the benefits and drawbacks of each in terms of quality, size, and features.
The document provides information about video compression from production format to distribution format. It discusses various compression techniques including intraframe compression (within a single frame) and interframe compression (between successive frames). It also covers topics like spatial and temporal resolution, color resolution, video and audio signals, video distribution challenges, movie formats, codecs, and tools for video production and compression.
This document discusses digital video codecs and compression. It begins by defining pixel resolutions for standard definition, high definition, and digital cinema. It then covers CMOS image sensors used for HD, 2K and 4K capture and explains intra-frame and inter-frame compression. The document provides an example of the Apple ProRes 422 codec and analyzes its key attributes. It also discusses interlaced vs progressive scanning, picture impairments from compression, digital cinema standards, and predicts that requirements on compression will reduce over time due to technological advances.
The document provides information about MPEG compression standards. It discusses the history of MPEG and how it was established in 1988 as a joint effort between ISO and IEC to set standards for audio and video compression. It describes several MPEG standards including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and MPEG-21. MPEG-4 is discussed in more detail, explaining that it offers greater efficiency than MPEG-2, allows encoding of mixed data types, and enables interaction of audio-visual scenes at the receiver end. The document contains diagrams and tables to illustrate key points about the different MPEG standards and compression techniques.
The document introduces several MPEG standards for audio and video compression and transmission, including MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, MPEG-7, and MPEG-21. MPEG-1 was the first standard and defines lossy compression for video and audio. It became the most widely compatible format for these media. MPEG-2 built upon MPEG-1 and is used widely for digital television and DVD formats. MPEG-4 added new features like 3D rendering and interactivity. MPEG-7 defined standards for multimedia content description and MPEG-21 aims to define an open framework for multimedia applications and digital rights management.
MPEG-7 is a standard for describing multimedia content to allow users to more efficiently search, browse and retrieve audiovisual material. It was developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group in 2001. MPEG-7 defines descriptors and description schemes for features of multimedia using XML schema. It also includes tools for generating descriptions, and is used in applications like digital libraries, multimedia directories, broadcast media selection and e-business product searching.
Presented at the Digital Initiatives and Nearby History Institute, Terre Haute, IN, July 19, 2006 and the Indiana Library Federation Annual Conference: Indianapolis, IN, April 12, 2006;
This document discusses several video formats:
- AVI is an older Microsoft format that provides a framework for compression algorithms and was widely used with early video editing software, though it has limitations like a 2GB file size limit.
- MOV originated on the Mac but was also used on PCs, and supports various codecs like QuickTime but also has platform limitations.
- MPEG formats like MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 were developed to standardize video compression and are used for streaming video and video CD/DVD formats, with each newer standard supporting higher resolutions and functionality.
The document provides information about reference software for MPEG-7 standards. It includes block diagrams that show the architecture and components of the software. It lists available reference software files for visual descriptors, audio descriptors, and multimedia description schemes. The software is divided into modules for various functions like media decoding, descriptor extraction, coding schemes, and applications.
Video compressiontechniques&standards lamamahmoud_report#2engLamaMahmoud
This document provides an overview of video compression fundamentals and standards. It discusses JPEG compression for still images and video conferencing specifications involving intra-frame and inter-frame coding. Several video compression standards are described, including H.261 for ISDN video phones using QCIF resolution, H.263 for low bit-rate video using resolutions up to 16CIF, and MPEG formats including MPEG-1, MPEG-2 for digital TV, and MPEG-4 for internet applications. Benchmark metrics for evaluating compressed video quality are also covered.
The latest video compression standard, H.264 (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC for Advanced Video
Coding), is expected to become the video standard of choice in the coming years.
H.264 is an open, licensed standard that supports the most efficient video compression techniques available
today. Without compromising image quality, an H.264 encoder can reduce the size of a digital video file by
more than 80% compared with the Motion JPEG format and as much as 50% more than with the MPEG-4
Part 2 standard. This means that much less network bandwidth and storage space are required for a video
file. Or seen another way, much higher video quality can be achieved for a given bit rate.
This white paper discusses the H.264 video compression standard and its applications in video surveillance. H.264 provides much more efficient video compression than previous standards like MPEG-4 Part 2, reducing file sizes by over 50% while maintaining quality. This standard is well-suited for high-resolution, high frame rate surveillance applications where bandwidth and storage savings are most significant. While H.264 requires more powerful encoding and decoding hardware, it allows for higher quality surveillance at lower bit rates than previous standards.
The document discusses 3D graphics compression standards. It provides an overview of MPEG's work in developing standards for compressing 3D graphics content, similar to how other standards compress video and audio. This includes MPEG-4's initial work with surfaces like Indexed Face Sets as well as later efforts involving patches and subdivision surfaces to improve compression ratios and representation of curved surfaces. The goal is to standardize a format for compressed 3D graphics to enable widespread use in applications.
This white paper discusses the H.264 video compression standard and its applications in video surveillance. It provides an introduction to H.264 and how it offers significantly higher compression rates than previous standards like MPEG-4 Part 2, reducing bandwidth and storage needs. It then explains how video compression works, the development of the H.264 standard, and how it supports different profiles and levels to optimize various applications and formats. The paper concludes that H.264 will be widely adopted and help enable higher resolution surveillance applications.
H.264 is a new video compression standard that provides much more efficient compression than previous standards like MPEG-4 and Motion JPEG. It can reduce file sizes by 50-80% while maintaining the same quality. H.264 supports applications with different bandwidth and latency requirements. It uses various frame types and motion compensation techniques to reduce redundant data between frames. These techniques, along with an improved intra-frame prediction method, allow H.264 to compress video much more efficiently than prior standards.
This white paper discusses the H.264 video compression standard and its applications in video surveillance. It provides an introduction to H.264 and how it offers significantly higher compression rates than previous standards like MPEG-4 Part 2, reducing bandwidth and storage needs. It then covers the development of H.264 as a joint project between telecommunications and IT organizations, and how it supports various applications. Finally, it briefly explains the basics of video compression and some key aspects of H.264, such as profiles and levels that define its capabilities and complexity.
The document discusses video streaming, including its objectives, advantages, architecture, compression techniques, and standards. It provides details on video capture, content management, formats, frame rates, codecs, content compression using MPEG, and protocols for real-time transmission like RTP, UDP, and TCP. It also compares major streaming products from Microsoft and RealNetworks.
In familiar applications such as digital versatile disc (DVD), digital video can be found in digital TV, Internet video streaming, digital high-definition television is defined formula. Digital video sharing digital format all functions, including lossless transmission, lossless storage, easy to edit.Currently in many applications, including video conferencing, video games entertainment, DVD discs, digital video broadcasting. As digital video compression format storage requirements prohibitive, lossy digital video compression technology commonly used as the data transmission rate and a compromise between quality. In this paper, we compare and analyze the MPEG-2 , H.261 and H.264 video compression standards.After the Compression , We get the result that the compression of H.264 is better than other two but it take much time as compare to H.261 on higher cost.
The document summarizes a project report on comparing the MPEG-2 and H.264 video coding standards, with a focus on their main profiles. It finds that while MPEG-2 is widely used in digital broadcasting and DVD applications, H.264 provides better compression performance. However, MPEG-2 and H.264 are incompatible, but this can be addressed through transcoding. The report discusses the MPEG-2 and H.264 standards in detail and compares their encoding schemes, profiles and levels before analyzing different transcoding methods.
Introduction to Video Compression Techniques - Anurag JainVideoguy
The document provides an overview of video compression techniques and standards. It discusses the motivation for video compression to reduce data sizes for storage and transmission. It then reviews several key video compression standards including H.261, H.263, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264 and others. For each standard, it summarizes the goals, features, applications and technical details like motion compensation methods, block sizes, and bitrate ranges.
This document describes a project to design an H.264 video decoder using Verilog. It implements the key decoding blocks like Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC), inverse quantization, and inverse discrete cosine transform. CABAC is the entropy decoding method used in H.264 that is computationally intensive. The project develops hardware modules for these blocks to accelerate decoding and enable real-time performance. It presents the designs of the individual modules and simulation results showing their functionality. The goal is to improve on software implementations by using dedicated hardware for the critical decoding stages.
The document is a data sheet that describes the W99702 mobile multimedia processor. It provides high-level summaries of the chip's main features, which include an integrated 32-bit ARM CPU, sensor ISP, JPEG and MPEG-4 video codecs, audio engine, 2D graphics engine, video processing engine, display controller, USB controller, and flash memory interface. The chip supports functions for camera, video recording, audio playback, and graphics acceleration in mobile devices.
The document provides an overview of MPEG-4, a standard that offers both advanced audio and video codecs as well as tools for combining multimedia such as audio, video, graphics and interactivity. It was developed through an open international process to select the best technologies. MPEG-4 codecs like AVC and AAC provide high compression efficiency, having been adopted for HDTV, mobile video, and digital music. Its rich media tools allow interactive experiences combining different media types.
This document provides an overview of Codan's 6700/6900 series block up converter (BUC) systems and components. It describes the BUC, low-noise block converter (LNB), and redundancy systems. It also covers installation, operation, and troubleshooting of the systems. The document contains information on frequency bands, conversion plans, interfaces, cable connections, monitor/control, commands, maintenance procedures, and compliance standards.
This document discusses digital set-top boxes (STBs) and related standards. It covers:
1) The DVB standards for digital TV broadcasting via different transmission media, including DVB-T for terrestrial, DVB-S for satellite, and DVB-C for cable. These share source coding/compression and service multiplexing standards.
2) STBs will be needed until integrated digital TVs are cheaper. Affordable STBs are key for digital TV adoption. Common standards help lower STB costs through economies of scale.
3) "Open architecture" and "interoperability" mean the STB functionality is defined by public standards and can receive services across networks, respectively. The
The document discusses DCT/IDCT concepts and applications. It provides an introduction to DCT and IDCT, explaining that they are used widely in video and audio compression. It describes the DCT and IDCT functions and how they work to transform signals between spatial and frequency domains. Examples of one-dimensional and two-dimensional DCT/IDCT equations are also given. Finally, common applications of DCT/IDCT compression techniques are listed, such as in DVD players, cable TV, graphics cards, and medical imaging systems.
This document discusses image compression using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). It develops simple Mathematica functions to compute the 1D and 2D DCT. The 1D DCT transforms a list of real numbers into elementary frequency components. It is computed via matrix multiplication or using the discrete Fourier transform with twiddle factors. The 2D DCT applies the 1D DCT to rows and then columns of an image, making it separable. These functions illustrate how Mathematica can be used to prototype image processing algorithms.
DVB-S2 is the second-generation specification for satellite broadcasting developed by DVB in 2003. It uses more advanced channel coding (LDPC codes) and modulation formats (QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, 32APSK) for a 30% increase in transmission capacity over DVB-S. DVB-S2 allows for adaptive coding and modulation to optimize transmission for each user. It is designed for broadcast, interactive, and professional applications with flexibility to handle different transponder characteristics and content formats.
The STi7167 is an integrated system-on-chip that combines a configurable DVB-T or DVB-C demodulator with STB decoding and display functions. It provides advanced HD and SD video decoding, audio decoding, graphics processing, and connectivity options. The chip's integrated features allow for low cost and small size STB designs for cable or terrestrial networks.
This document provides an overview of service information (SI) in digital video broadcasting (DVB) systems, including sections like the network information section (NIT), service description section (SDT), bouquet association section (BAT), program association section (PAT), conditional access section (CAT), transport stream description section (TSDT), event information section (EIT), and running status section (RST). It includes syntax diagrams and details for each section, such as table IDs, section lengths, descriptors, and other fields. It also provides the PID and refresh interval requirements for each table type.
1) The document describes a modification to the Huffman coding used in JPEG image compression. It proposes pairing each non-zero DCT coefficient with the run-length of subsequent (rather than preceding) zero coefficients.
2) This allows using separate optimized Huffman code tables for each DCT coefficient position, improving compression by 10-15% over standard JPEG coding.
3) The decoding procedure is not changed and no end-of-block marker is needed, providing advantages with no increase in complexity.
Dani Pedrosa won the MotoGP race at Laguna Seca, finishing just 0.344 seconds ahead of Valentino Rossi in second and 1.926 seconds ahead of Jorge Lorenzo in third. Casey Stoner finished fourth, over 12 seconds behind Pedrosa. There were several crashes during the race, with Andrea Dovizioso, Sete Gibernau, and Gabor Talmacsi all falling out of contention. James Toseland received a ride through penalty for a jump start.
The document provides implementation guidelines for using the DVB Simulcrypt standard, including describing the architecture and protocols, clarifying differences between protocol versions, explaining state diagrams and behaviors, and providing recommendations for error handling, redundancy management, and custom signaling profiles to facilitate reliable and efficient Simulcrypt headend implementation.
1) The document discusses quantization and pulse code modulation (PCM) in voice signal encoding. PCM assigns 256 possible values to digitally represent analog voice samples, divided into chords and steps on a linear scale.
2) A logarithmic quantization scale is better than a linear one for voice signals, as it allocates more quantization steps to lower amplitudes prevalent in speech. This "compressed encoding" improves fidelity.
3) Quantization error occurs when samples with different amplitudes are assigned the same digital value, distorting the reconstructed waveform. Compression helps maintain a higher signal-to-noise ratio especially for low amplitudes.
This document provides implementation guidelines for the DVB Simulcrypt standard. It describes the architecture and protocols involved in simulcrypt systems, including the ECMG protocol between the security client system and conditional access modules, and the EMMG/PDG protocol between conditional access modules and multiplex equipment. The document outlines differences between version 1 and 2 of the standards, and provides recommendations for compliance. It also includes detailed state diagrams and descriptions of the protocols involved.
The Event Logger monitors and logs Digital Program Insertion (DPI) messages to verify correct transmission of signals via satellite. It watches for configured GPI state changes that indicate an expected DPI message. If the message is received on time, it is logged as a matched event. If not received on time, it is flagged as missed. The Event Logger also decodes DPI messages to help diagnose issues, and is compatible with various encoding systems. It has 6 ASI inputs, 108 GPI sensors, and logs data in real-time and for archiving.
This document discusses the basics of BISS scrambling. It describes BISS mode 1, which uses a session word, and BISS mode E, which encrypts the session word using an identifier and encryption algorithm. BISS mode E provides an additional layer of protection for transmitting the session word. The document also covers calculating the encrypted session word, using buried and injected identifiers, and how to operate scramblers in the different BISS modes.
Euler's theorem states that for any plane graph, the number of vertices (v) minus the number of edges (e) plus the number of faces (f) equals 2. The document proves this theorem by considering a minimal tree (T) within the graph and its dual tree (D), showing that the number of edges of T and D sum to the total edges (e) of the original graph. Some applications of the theorem are that any plane graph contains an edge of degree 5 or higher and any finite set of points not all on a line contains a line with exactly two points.
This document provides an overview of satellite communications fundamentals. It discusses how satellites provide capabilities not available through landlines, such as mobility and quick implementation. However, satellites are not always the most cost effective solution due to limited frequency spectrum and spatial capacity. The document describes different types of satellite services and configurations, including geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. It also covers topics like frequency reuse, earth station antennas, and satellite link delays.
The document discusses quantization in analog-to-digital conversion. It describes the three processes of A/D conversion as sampling, quantization, and binary encoding. Quantization involves mapping amplitude values into a set of discrete values using a quantization interval or step size. The document discusses uniform quantization and how the quantization levels are determined. It also covers non-uniform quantization and provides examples and MATLAB code demonstrations of audio signal quantization.
1) Reed-Solomon codes are a type of error-correcting code invented in 1960 that can detect and correct multiple symbol errors. They work by encoding data into redundant symbols that can be used to detect and locate errors.
2) Reed-Solomon codes are particularly good at correcting burst errors, where a block of symbols are corrupted together by noise. Even if an entire block of bits is corrupted, the code can still correct the errors by replacing the corrupted symbol.
3) The error correction capability of Reed-Solomon codes increases with larger block sizes, as noise is averaged over more symbols. However, implementing Reed-Solomon codes also becomes more complex with higher redundancy.
This document describes the head-end architecture and synchronization for digital video broadcasting using SimulCrypt. It outlines the system components including an event information scheduler, SimulCrypt synchronizer, entitlement control message generator, entitlement management message generator, and multiplexer. It also describes the interfaces between these components, covering processes like channel and stream establishment and closure, as well as bandwidth allocation and status reporting.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Infrastructure Challenges in Scaling RAG with Custom AI modelsZilliz
Building Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems with open-source and custom AI models is a complex task. This talk explores the challenges in productionizing RAG systems, including retrieval performance, response synthesis, and evaluation. We’ll discuss how to leverage open-source models like text embeddings, language models, and custom fine-tuned models to enhance RAG performance. Additionally, we’ll cover how BentoML can help orchestrate and scale these AI components efficiently, ensuring seamless deployment and management of RAG systems in the cloud.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Things to Consider When Choosing a Website Developer for your Website | FODUUFODUU
Choosing the right website developer is crucial for your business. This article covers essential factors to consider, including experience, portfolio, technical skills, communication, pricing, reputation & reviews, cost and budget considerations and post-launch support. Make an informed decision to ensure your website meets your business goals.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and Milvus
MPEG2whitepaper
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1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 MPEG IDEA AND STANDARD ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2 MPEG-2 DIGITAL VIDEO SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................................... 2
1.3 THE WORLDWIDE MPEG-2 STANDARD .......................................................................................... 2
2 PROFILES AND LEVELS ............................................................................................................. 3
2.1 DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 PROFILES ............................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Description of the five profiles .......................................................................................... 3
2.3 LEVELS .................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3.1 Description of a level....................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2 Level according quality .................................................................................................... 4
2.4 PRACTICAL USAGE OF LEVELS AND PROFILES ................................................................................ 5
2.4.1 Typical Main Level bit rates for common applications ......................................................... 5
2.4.2 Typical picture size and application .................................................................................. 5
3 COMPRESSION .......................................................................................................................... 7
3.1 THE ENCODING PROCESS ............................................................................................................ 7
3.1.1 Compression details........................................................................................................ 8
3.2 GROUP OF PICTURES (GOP) ....................................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 GOP length for distribution purposes ................................................................................ 9
3.2.2 GOP length for editing purposes......................................................................................10
3.3 MOTION ESTIMATION PREDICTION .................................................................................................10
4 VARIABLE BIT RATE FOR VIDEO ENCODING.............................................................................12
4.1 FIXED BIT RATE ENCODING..........................................................................................................12
4.2 ADVANTAGES OF USING A VARIABLE BIT RATE ...............................................................................12
5 MPEG AUDIO.............................................................................................................................14
6 MPEG-2 AND DVD......................................................................................................................15
7 DISCUSSING MPEG-2 I, IP, IBP ................................................................................................16
7.1 MPEG-2 I FRAMES COMPARED .................................................................................................16
7.2 MPEG-2 IP METHOD ..............................................................................................................17
7.3 MPEG-2 IBP METHOD............................................................................................................19
7.4 A COMPARISON OF THE INDIVIDUAL COMPRESSION METHODS ............................................................20
7.5 SELECTION OF A SUITABLE METHOD ............................................................................................20
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1 Introduction
1.1 MPEG idea and standard
The Moving Pictures Experts Group abbreviated MPEG is part of the International Standards
Organisation (ISO), and defines standards for digital video and digital audio. The primal task of
this group was to develop a format to play back video and audio in real time from a CD1.
Meanwhile the demands have raised and beside the CD the DVD2 needs to be supported as well
as transmission equipment like satellites and networks. All this operational uses are covered by
a broad selection of standards. Well known are the standards MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4 and
MPEG-7. Each standard provides levels and profiles to support special applications in an
optimised way.
1.2 MPEG-2 digital video specifications
MPEG-2 video is an ISO/IEC3 standard that specifies the syntax and semantics of an enclosed
video bitstream. These include parameters such as bit rates, picture sizes and resolutions which
may be applied, and how it is decoded to reconstruct the picture. What MPEG-2 does not define
is how the decoder and encoder should implemented, only that they should be compliant with the
MPEG-2 bitstream. This leaves designers free to develop the best encoding and decoding
methods whilst retaining compatibility. The range of possibilities of the MPEG-2 standard is so
wide that not all features of the standard are used for all applications.
1.3 The worldwide MPEG-2 standard
The MPEG-2 video standard allows MPEG-2 compatible equipment to inter-operate, because the
bitstreams are standardized. However, the way the actual encoding process is implemented to
generate the bitstream is up to the encoder designer. Therefore, all equipment will not
necessarily produce the same quality video (at a given bit rate) there will be a range of products
available, at different price levels, which the consumer can choose from to suit their own
application.
1 CD: Compact Disk
2 DVD: Digital Versatile Disk
3 ISO: International Standards Organization, IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission
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2 Profiles and Levels
2.1 Description
MPEG-2 video is a family of systems, each having an arranged degree of commonality and
compatibility. It allows four source formats, or ‘Levels’, to be coded, ranging from Limited
Definition (about today’s VCR4 quality), to full HDTV 5 – each with a range of bit rates.
In addition to this flexibility in source formats, MPEG-2 allows different ‘Profiles’. Each profile
offers a collection of compression tools that together make up the coding system. A different
profile means that a different set of compression tools is available.
2.2 Profiles
There are currently five profiles in the MPEG-2 system. Each profile is progressively more
sophisticated and adds additional tools to the previous profile. This means that each will do more
than the last, but is likely to cost more to make, and thus cost more to the customer.
2.2.1 Description of the five profiles
• The profile which has the fewest tools is called the Simple Profile. The Simple profile offers
the basic toolkit for MPEG-2 encoding. This is intra and predicted frame encoding and
decoding (see page 7 for more details) with a color sub sampling of YUV 6 4:2:0.
• The following profile is called Main Profile. It has all the tools of the Simple Profile plus one
more (termed bi-directional prediction). It will give better (maximum) quality for the same bit
rate than the Simple Profile, but will cost more IC7 surface area. A Main Profile decoder will
decode both Main and Simple Profile-encoded pictures. This backward compatibility pattern
applies to the succession of profiles.
A refinement of the Main Profile, sometimes unofficially known as Main Profile Professional
Level or MPEG 422, allows line-sequential colour difference signals (4:2:2) to be used, but not
the scaleable tools of the higher Profiles.
• The two Profiles after the Main Profile are, successively, the SNR8 Scaleable Profile and
the Spatially Scaleable Profile. These add tools which allow the coded video data to be
partitioned into a base layer and one or more ‘top-up’ signals. The top-up signals can either
improve the noise (SNR Scalability) or the resolution (Spatial Scalability). These Scaleable
systems may have interesting uses. The lowest layer can be coded in a more robust way,
and thus provide a means to broadcast to a wider area, or provide a service for more difficult
reception conditions. Nevertheless there will be a premium to be paid for their use in receiver
complexity. Owing to the added complexity, none of the Scaleable Profiles is supported by
4 VCR: Video Cassette Recorder
5 HDTV: High Definition Television
6 YUV: Signal with the components Luminance (Y) and Color Difference (U,V)
7 IC: Integrated Circuit
8 SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio
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DVB9. The inputs to the system are YUV component video. However, the first four profiles
code the colour difference signals line-sequentially.
• The final profile is the High Profile. It includes all the previous tools plus the ability to code
line-simultaneous colour-difference signals. In effect, the High Profile is a ‘super system’,
designed for the most sophisticated applications, where there is no constraint on bit rate.
Profile SIMPLE MAIN 422*) SNR SPATIALLY HIGH
Tool SCALABLE SCALABLE
I-Frames ü ü ü ü ü ü
P-Frames ü ü ü ü ü ü
B-Frames ü ü ü ü ü
4:2:2 ü ü ü ü
SNR scalable ü ü ü
Spatially ü ü
scalable
Table 1: MPEG-2 Profiles and Coding Tool Functionalities
*)Refinement of the Main Profile
2.3 Levels
2.3.1 Description of a level
A level is the definition for the MPEG standard for physical parameters such as bit rates, picture
sizes and resolutions. There are four levels specified by MPEG2: High level, High 1440, Main
level, and Low level. MPEG-2 Video Main Profile and Main level has sampling limits at ITU-R10
601 parameters (PAL and NTSC). Profiles limit syntax (i.e. algorithms) whereas Levels limit
encoding parameters (sample rates, frame dimensions, coded bitrates, buffer size etc.).
Together, Video Main Profile and Main Level (abbreviated as MP@ML) keep complexity within
current technical limits, yet still meet the needs of the majority of applications. MP@ML is the
most widely accepted combination for most cable and satellite systems, however different
combinations are possible to suit other applications.
2.3.2 Level according quality
Levels are associated with the source format of the video signal, providing a range of potential
qualities, from limited definition to high definition:
• Low Level has an input format which is one quarter of the picture defined in ITU-R
Recommendation BT.601.
• Main Level has a full ITU-R Recommendation BT. 601 input frame.
9 DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting
10 ITU-R: International Telecommunications Union - Recommendation
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• High-1440 Level has a High Definition format with 1440 sample/line.
• High Level has a High Definition format with 1920 samples/line.
Level Frame size Maximum Significance
(PAL / NTSC) Bitrate
Low 352x288 4 Mb/s CIF, consumer tape equiv.
352x240
Main 720x576 15 Mb/s ITU-R 601, Studio TV
720x480
High 1440 1440x1152 60 Mb/s 4x 601, consumer HDTV
1440x1080
High 1920x1152 80 Mb/s prod. smpte
1920x1080
Table 2: The four Levels with frame size and maximum bit rate defined for each level
2.4 Practical usage of Levels and Profiles
2.4.1 Typical Main Level bit rates for common applications
MPEG-2 video at the appropriate storage medium can easily adjusted to the quality of many of
the current video distribution formats. Even at a low bit rate it still maintains a perfect quality. The
following table provides an overview about bit rates compared to current distribution formats. The
MPEG-2 video is coded ML@MP with IPB frames.
Coded rate (IBP) Application
2 MBit/s Equivalent to VHS
4 MBit/s PAL Broadcast Quality
10 Mbit/s DVD Quality
15 Mbit/s Equivalent to DV Quality
Table 3: MPEG-2 bit rates compared to common video distribution formats
2.4.2 Typical picture size and application
MPEG-2 defines a range of picture sizes to suit a range of different applications: It shows also
that MPEG-2 video is still compatible with the current video formats.
PAL NTSC
352x288 352x240 SIF, CD White Book Movies, Video Games
352x576 352x480 Half Horizontal Resolution (VHS equiv.)
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544x576 544x480 Laserdisk, D2, Band Limited Broadcast
-- 640x480 Square Pixel NTSC
720x576 720x480 ITU-R 601, D1
Table 4: PAL and NTSC resolutions which MPEG-2 video supports
Summary
Profiles limit syntax (compression tools, i.e. algorithms)
Levels limit encoding parameters (sample rates, frame dimensions,
coded bitrates, buffer size etc.)
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3 Compression
3.1 The encoding process
Encoding of video information is achieved by using two main techniques. These are termed
spatial and temporal compression. Spatial compression involves analysis of a picture to
determine redundant
I
information within that
picture, for example by
discarding frequencies that
are not visible to the human
eye. Temporal
compression is achieved P
by only encoding the
difference between
successive pictures.
P
Imagine a scene where at
first there is no movement,
then an object moves I
across the picture. The first
picture in the sequence
contains all the information
required until there is any
movement, so there is no
need to encode any of the
information after the first
picture until the movement
occurs. Thereafter, all that
needs to be encoded is the
part of the picture that
contains movement. The rest of the scene is not effected by the moving object because it is still
the same as the first picture. The means by which is determined how much movement is
contained between two successive pictures is known as motion estimation prediction. The
information obtained from this process is then used by motion compensated prediction to
define the parts of the picture that can be discarded.
This means that pictures cannot be considered in isolation. A given picture is constructed from
the prediction from a previous picture, and may be used to predict the next picture.
There is also the need to have pictures which are not used in any reference for random access.
Therefore MPEG-2 defines three picture types:
I (Intraframe) pictures. These are encoded without reference to another picture to
allow for random access
P (Predictive) pictures are encoded using motion compensated prediction on the
previous picture therefore contain a reference to the previous picture. They may
themselves be used in subsequent predictions
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B (Bi-directional) pictures are encoded using motion compensated prediction on the
previous and next pictures, which must be either a B or P picture. B pictures are not
used in subsequent predictions.
The I, P and B pictures can be formed into a group of pictures (GOP).
Each picture type (I, P, B) provides increased opportunity of redundancy. An I picture is encoded
with little compression (only spatially redundant information). P and B pictures also use motion
compensation to remove temporally redundant information. B pictures offer the most
compression.
Typical bit allocations are shown below:
Picture Type Bit Allocation Bit Allocation
30 Hz SIF @ 1.15 Mbit/sec 30 Hz ITU-R 601@ 4 MBit/sec
Intra 150 Kbit 400 KBit
Predictive 50 Kbit 200 KBit
Bi-directional 20 Kbit 80 KBit
Table 5: Pictures of a Standard Test Sequence with a I-Frame distance of 15 and a P-Frame distance
of 3
3.1.1 Compression details
Spatial compression is achieved in practice by use of a DCT which converts the information in the
picture to be e ncoded in the frequency domain. This transform is used to remove redundant
information within the picture itself, by removing frequencies with negligible amplitudes and
rounding frequency co-efficients to standard values. At higher frequencies, contrast is less
perceptible by the human eye, therefore these frequencies we cannot detect can be removed.
More compression can also be achieved by using a process called run length encoding. This is
an operation that searches for regularly occurring patterns in the frequency information obtained
from the DCT. If a pattern is detected, it can be replaced by a shorter representative pattern,
providing even more compression efficiency.
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s0 y1 b1
+ DCT Q1 VLC
IDC
+
MCP
(i)DCT: (Inverse) Discrete Cosine Transformation
Q1: Quantisation
VLC: Variable Length Coding
MCP: Motion Compensation Prediction
Figure 1: Generalized MPEG-2 Encoder
Motion compensated prediction is used to exploit redundant temporal information that is not
changing from picture to picture. The images in a video stream do not generally change much
within small time intervals. The idea of motion compensated prediction is to encode a video frame
based on other video frames temporally close to it.
3.2 Group of pictures (GOP)
This is the grouping of I and P, I and B or I, B and P pictures into a specified sequence known as
a group of pictures (GOP). The group must start and end with an I picture to allow for random
access to the group, and contains P and/or B pictures in between in a specified sequence
(determined by the designer). A group can be made of different lengths to suit the type of video
being encoded and the application the video is used for.
3.2.1 GOP length for distribution purposes
For example it is better to use a shorter group lengths for a film which contains a lot of fast
moving action with complex scenes. A group lengths is typically between 8-24 pictures.
Commonly used GOP sizes are 12 for 50 Hz systems, 16 for 60 Hz systems. GOPs are optional
in an MPEG-2 bitstream, but are mandatory in DVD video, to achieve an SMPTE 11 timebase. A
bitstream with no GOP header can be directly accessed at a specific point using the sequence
header.
11 SMPTE: Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
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I B B P B B P B B P B B P B B
Figure 2: Typical GOP structure and size for a IBP encoded video stream used for video distribution
formats
3.2.2 GOP length for editing purposes
When it comes to editing typically IP-Frames are used. Some systems who not really need to
take the advantage of MPEG-2 choose I-Frames only.
A typical IP GOP length for non linear postproduction can be set to 3 or 4 frames. Any additional
P frame will not gain a significant decrease in data rate.
I P P P
Figure 3: Typical GOP structure and size for a IP encoded video stream used for video editing formats
3.3 Motion estimation prediction
Motion estimation prediction is a method of determining the amount of movement contained
between two pictures. This is achieved by dividing the picture to be encoded into sections known
as macroblocks. The size of a macroblock is 16 x 16 pixels. Each macroblock is searched for
the closest match in the search area of the picture it is being compared with. Motion estimation
prediction is not used on I pictures, however B and P pictures can refer to I pictures. For P
pictures, only the previous picture is searched for matching macroblocks. In B pictures both the
previous and next pictures are searched. When a match is found, the offset (or motion vector)
between them is calculated. The matching parts are used to create a prediction picture, by using
the motion vectors. The prediction picture is then compared in the same manner to the picture to
be encoded. Macroblocks which have a match have already been encoded, and are therefore
redundant. Macroblocks which have no match to any part of the search area in the picture to be
encoded represent the difference between the pictures, and these macroblocks are encoded.
Summary
Encoding is achieved by using spatial and temporal compression – this
compression is GOP based
Two methods are used in conjunction when encoding a GOP:
1. Intra-frame compression: compression of complete single frames
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2. Inter-frame compression: Check for correlations between subsequent
frames, discard redundant information, store the rest
-> This results in I, P and B frames
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4 Variable bit rate for video encoding
In any given video section, certain parts contain more movement than others or more fine detail.
For example a clear blue sky is simpler to encode than a picture of a tree. As a result the
number of bits needed to faithfully encode without artefacts varies with the video material. In order
to encode in the best possible way, it is advantageous to save bits from the simple sections and
use them to encode complex ones. This is, in a simple way, what variable bit rate encoding
does, however the process by which the bit rates are calculated is complex.
Variable bit rate encoding can be carried out in one or two passes of the video data. For fixed
size storage applications such as DVD12, the amount of encoded video information must be
known in advance, therefore two passes of the video information are required. This ensures that
the amount of data is not too small (quality compromised) or too large (not enough storage
space). The first pass is used to analyse and store encoding information about the video data,
the second pass uses the information to perform the actual encoding. Where the amount of
encoded data produced is not so critical, encoding can be carried out in one pass of the input
video.
4.1 Fixed bit rate encoding
For some applications, it is necessary to transmit the encoded video information with a fixed bit
rate. For example, in broadcast mediums (satellite, cable, terrestrial etc.), practical limitations
mean that current transmission is restricted to using a fixed bit rate. This is why fixed bit rate
MPEG-2 encoders are available. It is true that a fixed bit rate encoder is not as efficient as the
variable bit rate system, however the MPEG-2 system still provides very high quality video for
both encoding methods. Very importantly, fixed bit rate encoding can also be carried out in real
time, i.e. one pass of the video information. For live broadcasts, and satellite linkups etc. the real
time encoding capability is essential.
4.2 Advantages of using a variable bit rate
The advantage of using a variable bit rate is mainly the gain it gives in encoding efficiency. For
fixed storage mediums (e.g. DVD) the variable bit rate is ideal. By reducing the amount of space
needed to store the video (whilst retaining very high quality), it leaves more space on the medium
for inclusion of other features e.g. multiple language soundtracks, extra subtitle channels,
interactivity, etc.
The other important feature of the variable bit rate system is that it gives constant video quality for
all complexities of program material. A constant bit rate encoder provides variable quality.
Summary
Variable bit rate = constant quality
Constant bit rate = variable quality
12 DVD: Digital Versatile Disk
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5 MPEG Audio
Audio compression is based on the principle of leaving out those parts of the sound that are
imperceptible to the human ear.
An audio CD, for example, has a quantizing depth of 16 bits at 44,000 samples per second. This
is enough to eliminate background noise in even the quietest passages or breaks. Background
noise present in loud passages would be covered up by the music, making it possible to reduce
the resolution without an audible loss in quality. So depending on the characteristics of the
music, the resolution can be more or less reduced in order to achieve data reduction and better
rates of compression.
The MPEG standard provides for three audio compression methods, audio layers 1 through 3.
Each layer is compatible with the format of the layer(s) below it and has its own file name
extensions. As with MPEG video, however, this standard stipulates the format and decoder for
each layer, but not the encoding algorithm. Thus it is possible to develop varying algorithms that
also deliver varying results and levels of quality. Layer 1 is the simplest version with the lowest
rate of compression. The standard calls for a bit rate of 192 KBits per second and audio channel.
Layer 2 is a compromise between sound quality and the complexity of the encoding algorithm.
The specification for this layer calls for up to 128 KBits per second and channel. In stereo,
therefore, the targeted rate of 250 KBits per second is attained. This method is generally used in
audio in MPEG movies. Layer 3 is for low bit rates up to 64 KBits per second and channel. This
layer is intended to achieve maximum sound quality at minimal bit rates. It is primarily used in
digital connections such as ISDN.
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6 MPEG-2 and DVD
The characteristics of the DVD data medium and the MPEG-2 video codec make a good match
when it comes to permanent storage of video with long playing times and high quality. The
technical characteristics of DVDs and DVD drives may serve as outline conditions for assessing
the quality and data rate aspects.
CD DVD
AV Format 74 minutes of digital audio 135 minutes of MPEG-2 video
Capacity 650 MB 4.7 GB
Transfer rate 150 KB/s 600 KB/s
Table 6 : CD and DVD compared
Capacity
1 side 2 sides Dual Layer
DVD-ROM Read only Memory e.g., DVD Video 4.7 GB 9.4 GB 17 GB
DVD-R Write Once 3.95 GB 7.9 GB -
DVD-RAM Rewritable 2.6 GB 5.2 GB 5.6 GB
Table 7: The storage capacities of the various DVD formats
Even if the transfer performance of future DVD drives increases considerably and the capacity of
the data medium can be further increased, DVD video with a maximum of 600 KB/s will probably
become standard over the long term and become the higher-quality, digital counterpart of the
VHS cassette.
To produce video for this data medium, the final product should have a data rate not exceeding
600 KB/s, in order to guarantee compatibility with players.
The MPEG-2 IBP method is predestined for this data rate. It attains the necessary compression.
The productions are always saved in one continuous file, which is then prepared for the data
medium by DVD authoring software.
The Production Process
Step Format
Recording 422P@ML, IP Frames
Editing 422P@ML, IP Frames
Rendering ML@MP, IBP Frames
DVD Authoring ML@MP, IBP Frames
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7 Discussing MPEG-2 I, IP, IBP
7.1 MPEG-2 I Frames Compared
MPEG-2 Intra frame compression
Raw (uncompressed)
810 KB per 720 PAL frame,
Mbit/s: 158
MB/s: 19.76
Compression ratio: 5:1
I I I 162 KB per PAL Bild,
Mbit/s: 32
MB/s: 4
Motion JPG compression
Uncompressed 810 KB pro 720
PAL frame,
Mbit/s: 158
MB/s: 19,76
Compression ratio: 5:1
MJPG MJPG MJPG
162 KB per PAL frame,
Mbit/s: 32
MB/s: 4
DV compression
Compression ratio: 5:1
Exactly 150 KB per PAL frame
Mbit/s: 29
MB/s: 3.6
DV DV DV
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All frames were encoded individually. Intraframe compression.
At a compression ratio of 5:1 or higher, all data rates are considerably higher than 3 MB/s or 25
Mbit/s.
7.2 MPEG-2 IP Method
A method that uses forward references. P-Frames are so-called predicted frames that point to
the future.
The IPPP method
starts the
compression
procedure for the
group of pictures
with a compressed
individual frame
I (I Frame)
In the next step, a
P frame is
generated that
contains a motion
vector for the car
I P object – the only
area of the picture
that has moved.
The part of the
scene that was
covered by the car
I P before and now is
visible is copied
from the original
material to the P-
frame.
I P P
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The procedure is
repeated for
additional
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7.3 MPEG-2 IBP Method
Method that uses forward and backward references. B frames are so-called bi-directional
frames, that point to the future and the past.
The IBP method
starts the
compression
procedure for the
group of images
with a compressed
individual frame (I-
I frame)
In the next step, the
last frame of a GOP
is generated as a
P-Frame that
contains a
I P movement vector
for the auto object
as well as that area
of the scenery that
was previously
hidden and is now
visible.
The B frames are
set up by saving
I B P movement vectors
for the objects in
motion.
The B frames are
I B P completed by
copying previously
hidden areas from
the future
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7.4 A Comparison of the Individual Compression Methods
MJPEG DV MPEG2 MPEG2 MPEG2 MPEG2
I-Frame IP IB IBP
Editability good good good good good difficult
Data rate 4..10 3.6 4..6 2 2 0.5..1.5
MB/s MB/s MB/s MB/s MB/s MB/s
Com- 2..5 : 1 5:1 3..6 : 1 9:1 9:1 15..30 :1
pression
7.5 Selection of a Suitable Method
For non-linear video editing on standard computers, a method is required with a data rate that is
less than the maximum bandwidth offered by these systems. Of course, this threshold varies
from one computer to the next and is higher with high-performance systems. This is why the
threshold value should be determined empirically.
The miroVIDEO DC50 can be used as a known system load. It is can process up to 7 MB/s (56
Mbit/s) and marks the performance threshold of many computer configurations.
Single Stream
Maximum Bandwidth: 50 Mbits/s
A real-time editing system must deliver the same quality but be capable of showing two videos
simultaneously. The only systems even worthy of consideration are those with compression that
reduces the data rate by at least half with negative effects on quality.
The DV method nearly fulfills this demand, but takes it for granted that the necessary bandwidth
will still be always be achieved, since the data rate is fxed. To ensure satisfactory operation,
i
only selected systems should be used for a DV Dual Stream system.
The MPEG-2 IP method offers ideal preconditions for dual-stream operation on nearly all
computers. Moreover, the adjustable data rate permits fine tuning. At a maximum data rate of 25
Mbit/s video channel, Dual Stream operation with real-time video effects is possible on modern
computers.
Dual Stream
Maximum bandwidth: 2 x 25 Mbit/s
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Often used abbreviations
422P@ML 422 Profile at Main Level – MPEG 422
CD Compact Disk
DCT Discrete Cosines Transformation
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
HDTV High Definition Television
IC Integrated Circuit
ISO International Standards Organisation
ITU International Telecommunications Union
JPEG Joint Picture Expert Group
MP@ML Main Profile at Main Level
MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group
MPEG 422 422 Profile at Main Level, Studio MPEG
MPEG-2 ISO Standard 13818
RLE Run Length Encoding
SMPTE Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
YUV Signal incorporating the components Luminance (Y) and Color Difference (U,V)
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