Mohamed Said Saadi - l’Institut Supérieur de Commerce et d’Administration des Entreprises
ERF Seminar on The Political Economy of the Private Sector in the Middle East
Marrakech, Morocco, December 21-22, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
PMI Sydney Chapter Presentation 11 10 05Bryan Fenech
Presentation describing how Project Portfolio Management is a means of applying modern market and investment disciplines to the internal management and governance of large organisations.
Po b lecture 4 macro economics and regulation students(1)Diana Shore
This document provides an overview of macroeconomic principles and business regulation. It discusses Porter's Diamond model of national competitive advantage and factor mobility theory. It also examines business cycles, the role of government and regulation in stimulating the economy. Both the pros and cons of regulation are considered, including how it can create efficient markets but also stifle creativity. Different regulatory bodies in the UK are outlined.
The document analyzes the impact of trade liberalization policies on Tanzania's textile sector from the 1990s onwards. It finds that while liberalization contributed to GDP growth, it had no significant impact on poverty reduction. The textile sector was among the hardest hit, with the number of mills declining sharply and exports falling as imports surged. Cotton farmers, textile workers, and the government were identified as losing out the most. Complementary policies were lacking to ensure the benefits of liberalization were more widely shared.
Pyramid Capitalism: Cronyism, Regulation, and Employment Growth in EgyptEconomic Research Forum
Ishac Diwan - Harvard University
Philip Keefer - The World Bank
Marc Schiffbauer - The World Bank
ERF Seminar on The Political Economy of the Private Sector in the Middle East
Marrakech, Morocco, December 21-22, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
This document summarizes a research paper on financial risk disclosure in annual reports of listed Greek companies. The paper aims to examine the relationship between risk disclosure practices and firms' financial characteristics. It reviews prior literature on risk reporting and regulations. It develops four hypotheses: 1) A positive relationship exists between firm size and risk disclosure level. 2) The relationship between risk level and disclosure is uncertain. 3) No difference exists in disclosure of good vs. bad risks. 4) Disclosure focuses more on past/present rather than future risks. The study will analyze risk reporting in annual reports of Greece's 20 largest firms using content analysis.
Understand the recent trends in reporting mergers and acquisitions and its im...Charm Rammandala
The purpose of this study is to take a look at the mergers and acquisitions taken place over the last decade and how they were reported in various journals and publications. Study will investigate whether there is a pattern in reporting favoring certain industries and regions and manipulating facts to create a favorable opinion among stakeholders and general public
This chapter discusses strategies for managing political risk, government relations, and alliances. It explores evaluating political risks, macro and micro risk factors, techniques for responding to risk like developing relationships and lobbying. Alliances can benefit market entry but cultural differences and unpredictable host governments can challenge international joint ventures. Preparing for eventual alliance termination through legal agreements is important for success.
Global factors that are shaping UK business activity assignment 2 task 2John Brian Lee
The document discusses several global factors that are shaping UK business activity, including international trade, the BRIC economies, and EU policies. It explores how international trade provides opportunities for UK businesses but also barriers like tariffs and regulations. The growth of the BRIC countries impacts UK businesses through expanding markets and competition. While joining the EU aimed to create a larger trade market, some EU policies have increased regulatory burdens, which the UK government is trying to reduce through initiatives like "one-in, two-out" rules.
PMI Sydney Chapter Presentation 11 10 05Bryan Fenech
Presentation describing how Project Portfolio Management is a means of applying modern market and investment disciplines to the internal management and governance of large organisations.
Po b lecture 4 macro economics and regulation students(1)Diana Shore
This document provides an overview of macroeconomic principles and business regulation. It discusses Porter's Diamond model of national competitive advantage and factor mobility theory. It also examines business cycles, the role of government and regulation in stimulating the economy. Both the pros and cons of regulation are considered, including how it can create efficient markets but also stifle creativity. Different regulatory bodies in the UK are outlined.
The document analyzes the impact of trade liberalization policies on Tanzania's textile sector from the 1990s onwards. It finds that while liberalization contributed to GDP growth, it had no significant impact on poverty reduction. The textile sector was among the hardest hit, with the number of mills declining sharply and exports falling as imports surged. Cotton farmers, textile workers, and the government were identified as losing out the most. Complementary policies were lacking to ensure the benefits of liberalization were more widely shared.
Pyramid Capitalism: Cronyism, Regulation, and Employment Growth in EgyptEconomic Research Forum
Ishac Diwan - Harvard University
Philip Keefer - The World Bank
Marc Schiffbauer - The World Bank
ERF Seminar on The Political Economy of the Private Sector in the Middle East
Marrakech, Morocco, December 21-22, 2016
www.erf.org.eg
This document summarizes a research paper on financial risk disclosure in annual reports of listed Greek companies. The paper aims to examine the relationship between risk disclosure practices and firms' financial characteristics. It reviews prior literature on risk reporting and regulations. It develops four hypotheses: 1) A positive relationship exists between firm size and risk disclosure level. 2) The relationship between risk level and disclosure is uncertain. 3) No difference exists in disclosure of good vs. bad risks. 4) Disclosure focuses more on past/present rather than future risks. The study will analyze risk reporting in annual reports of Greece's 20 largest firms using content analysis.
Understand the recent trends in reporting mergers and acquisitions and its im...Charm Rammandala
The purpose of this study is to take a look at the mergers and acquisitions taken place over the last decade and how they were reported in various journals and publications. Study will investigate whether there is a pattern in reporting favoring certain industries and regions and manipulating facts to create a favorable opinion among stakeholders and general public
This chapter discusses strategies for managing political risk, government relations, and alliances. It explores evaluating political risks, macro and micro risk factors, techniques for responding to risk like developing relationships and lobbying. Alliances can benefit market entry but cultural differences and unpredictable host governments can challenge international joint ventures. Preparing for eventual alliance termination through legal agreements is important for success.
Global factors that are shaping UK business activity assignment 2 task 2John Brian Lee
The document discusses several global factors that are shaping UK business activity, including international trade, the BRIC economies, and EU policies. It explores how international trade provides opportunities for UK businesses but also barriers like tariffs and regulations. The growth of the BRIC countries impacts UK businesses through expanding markets and competition. While joining the EU aimed to create a larger trade market, some EU policies have increased regulatory burdens, which the UK government is trying to reduce through initiatives like "one-in, two-out" rules.
Competition Policy in Smaller Economies: Balancing Regulation & InvestmentMartyn Taylor
This document discusses competition policy and law in smaller economies. It notes that smaller economies typically have more concentrated markets that can support fewer competitors. As such, competition laws in smaller economies may tolerate higher levels of market concentration and place greater emphasis on allowing coordination between firms to achieve efficiencies. Specifically:
- Merger thresholds may be set higher to allow for greater consolidation to achieve economies of scale.
- Coordination between firms is more likely to be permitted if it can generate productive efficiencies.
- Conduct regulation focuses on highly concentrated sectors and conduct that is clearly not efficient.
- Guidance is used to provide regulatory certainty given smaller agency resources.
External audit refers to identifying opportunities and threats in a firm's external environment. It examines key external forces including economic, social, demographic, political, technological, and competitive factors. Understanding how these forces can impact strategies and performance is important. Firms aim to formulate strategies that leverage opportunities or minimize threats from changes in their external environment.
The purpose of an external audit is to identify opportunities and threats from external forces like economic, social, technological and competitive factors. It aims to understand how these external factors affect products, markets and strategies. The document outlines gathering information from sources like publications, customers and competitors to develop a prioritized list of key external factors and how they influence organizational performance and competitive advantage according to different views.
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economics including environmental forces, general environment, competitive forces, economic systems, money supply, and economic activities. It defines key terms and provides explanations of factors like political-legal forces, technological forces, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants, and more. Measurement of economic activity is discussed including metrics like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and balance of trade. Money related topics covered include money supply classifications, expansion/contraction of money, and the Reserve Bank of India's role in monetary policy.
Institutions and the market for corporate control in Asia: an empirical analysisAlberto Asquer
1) The document analyzes the relationship between institutions and the market for corporate control (M&A activity) in Asia using data on over 38,000 deals from 1983-2010.
2) Regression models examine how features of countries' political institutions and governance are linked to the number and value of both domestic and cross-border M&A deals.
3) The results suggest that political systems making government positions more "contestable" are associated with higher M&A activity, while better regulatory quality may increase domestic deals. Economic development also relates to more deals.
White Paper: Low cost country sourcing – navigating unchartered opportunitiesGEP
An increasing number of enterprises are developing newer and more innovative procurement strategies to position themselves for supply management success. One such strategy is for businesses to expand their strategic scope beyond familiar shores to capitalize on growing opportunities abroad through Low Cost Country Sourcing (LCCS).
This document discusses three main theories of regulation: public interest theories, the Chicago theory of regulation, and public choice theories. Public interest theories view regulation as a way to improve market outcomes and resource allocation when markets fail due to things like natural monopolies, externalities, or information problems. The Chicago theory focuses specifically on economic regulation. Public choice theories and public interest theories both consider social regulation in addition to economic regulation. The document goes on to provide more details on public interest theories and the types of market failures they argue regulation can address.
Entering foreign markets poses challenges and opportunities. Thorough market research is required, including evaluating political risks, cultural factors, competitors, and forecasting sales and market share. Multiple techniques can be used to forecast in new markets where data is limited, including analogy, expert judgment, and factoring in the product lifecycle. The key is to comprehensively analyze the business environment, competitive landscape, and select markets with the best potential and manageable risks.
This presentation by Jonathan Baker, Research Professor of Law at American University Washington College of Law, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
There is a consideration of general consensus across the makers of policy that better protection of consumers and customer, in accordance with better education of finance, has been considered as a significant base for well performance of functions in the markets of finance. Education of finance, while considered important, solely cannot be identified as sufficient for protection of consumers and their empowerment (Williams 2007). The mis-sale of financial products involves the provision of misleading information to customers or false recommendations for the purchases of unsuitable products, causing major harm. It has been taking place across a number of different areas of product that include insurance, consumer loans and bank accounts (Signoretta 2004). Institutions of financial services have been paying more than 18 billion Euros in compensating the purchasers of insurance in payment protection followed by regulatory action and hence, the Authority of Financial Services stated that stronger actions could have resulted in limiting the growth of issues (Ferran 2012).
The document discusses the marketing environment and its impact on a company's ability to serve its customers. It defines the microenvironment as being close actors like suppliers, intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and the public. The macro environment consists of larger societal forces like demographics, economics, technology, politics, culture and law. It provides examples of opportunities and threats posed by India's changing marketing environment following economic reforms in the 1990s, such as increased competition from multinational companies and removal of subsidies impacting industry viability.
This chapter discusses political risk, government relations, and alliances for multinational corporations. It covers analyzing different types of political risks at both the macro and micro level. Key political risks include expropriation, government corruption, and terrorism. The chapter also examines techniques for managing political risk, such as developing bargaining power, using integrative or defensive strategies, and engaging in proactive lobbying. Finally, it discusses managing alliances with other companies and host governments. Successful alliances depend on factors like partner selection, cooperation agreements, and knowledge management.
This presentation, by Estefania Santacreu-Vasut, Professor in Economics, ESSEC Business School and Chris Pike, OECD Competition Division, was made during the discussion “Gender and competition”, held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/gnc.
The Most Challenging economy in Decades Qamar Farooq
This chapter discusses macroeconomic concepts and the factors that influence the stability of an economy. It begins by defining microeconomics as the study of small economic units like individuals and businesses, while macroeconomics examines a nation's overall economy. It then explains the four types of market structures and compares the main economic systems of capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. The chapter concludes by analyzing how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage economic performance and the major global economic challenges faced in the 21st century.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 on international business and marketing. It discusses reasons why nations trade, including expanding markets and making more efficient production systems. It also describes how nations measure international trade through balances of trade and payments. Finally, it outlines different levels of involvement for businesses entering global markets, from exporting to direct foreign investment, and strategies for operating internationally.
This presentation by Frédéric Jenny, Chair, OECD Competition Committee, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
Do Poor Institutions Create More Losers from Globalisation?Eesti Pank
This document outlines a study examining how poor institutions may create more "losers" from globalization. It presents three hypotheses: 1) Countries with poor institutions create more losers from trade than those with good institutions, 2) Countries with more losers from trade have slower trade liberalization progress, and 3) There is a feedback loop between trade, inequality, and institutions. The methodology uses a 3SLS approach with three equations to model the interrelationships between trade, inequality, and institutions. Inequality is measured using country-level Gini coefficients from 1960-2015. The results are intended to show how poor institutions can generate unnecessary losers from trade and slow further trade liberalization.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between financial reporting quality and investor losses during the 1929 stock market crash in the United States. The study tests two hypotheses: 1) whether managers voluntarily provided higher quality financial reporting consistent with investors' interests absent regulatory requirements, and 2) whether higher quality financial reporting was associated with smaller declines in stock prices during the crash. The study finds that factors like contracting conflicts and information costs influenced managers' voluntary financial reporting choices. It also finds that firms with higher quality financial reporting prior to 1929, as measured by transparency, conservatism, and auditing, experienced smaller declines in stock prices during the crash.
Barriers to exit are often not assessed in competition cases for three main reasons:
1) Merger regimes focus on the incremental impact of a merger on competition rather than existing barriers, which are taken as a given.
2) Article 101 and 102 cases compare scenarios with and without the agreement/behavior, where most barriers would be present in both.
3) Other cases usually frame barriers to exit as barriers to entry instead.
This presentation by Patricia Bascunana-Ambros, OECD Competition Division, was made during the discussion “Barriers to exit” held at the 132nd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 4 December 2019. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/bte.
The document discusses Mexico's economic development and trade evolution, highlighting its role in global supply chains. It also examines Mexico's approach to trade facilitation and analyzes the medical devices industry as a case study. Some key points:
- Mexico has experienced significant growth in exports since NAFTA, now representing 33% of GDP, but remains reliant on exports to the US and in a few key industries.
- As a part of global supply chains, Mexico specializes in downstream production, importing unfinished goods and adding value before re-exporting. This limits value capture.
- Mexico has implemented initiatives to facilitate trade and ease the import-export process through programs administered by the Secretary of Economy.
Policy interventions and economic benefits for a market driven oil palm industryAlexander Decker
1) The document examines policy interventions and economic benefits for a market-driven oil palm industry in Nigeria. It analyzes the role of the government in regulating markets and addressing market failures.
2) Government intervention in the Nigerian oil palm industry should focus on developing improved technologies, processing activities, linkages between production and processing, compliance with international regulations, research and development with incentives for small farmers, and outgrower schemes.
3) Types of appropriate government intervention to support the oil palm industry include restructuring distribution networks, reducing tariffs, developing resistant varieties, and expanding domestic and regional markets.
Competition Policy in Smaller Economies: Balancing Regulation & InvestmentMartyn Taylor
This document discusses competition policy and law in smaller economies. It notes that smaller economies typically have more concentrated markets that can support fewer competitors. As such, competition laws in smaller economies may tolerate higher levels of market concentration and place greater emphasis on allowing coordination between firms to achieve efficiencies. Specifically:
- Merger thresholds may be set higher to allow for greater consolidation to achieve economies of scale.
- Coordination between firms is more likely to be permitted if it can generate productive efficiencies.
- Conduct regulation focuses on highly concentrated sectors and conduct that is clearly not efficient.
- Guidance is used to provide regulatory certainty given smaller agency resources.
External audit refers to identifying opportunities and threats in a firm's external environment. It examines key external forces including economic, social, demographic, political, technological, and competitive factors. Understanding how these forces can impact strategies and performance is important. Firms aim to formulate strategies that leverage opportunities or minimize threats from changes in their external environment.
The purpose of an external audit is to identify opportunities and threats from external forces like economic, social, technological and competitive factors. It aims to understand how these external factors affect products, markets and strategies. The document outlines gathering information from sources like publications, customers and competitors to develop a prioritized list of key external factors and how they influence organizational performance and competitive advantage according to different views.
The document discusses various concepts related to business environment and economics including environmental forces, general environment, competitive forces, economic systems, money supply, and economic activities. It defines key terms and provides explanations of factors like political-legal forces, technological forces, suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants, and more. Measurement of economic activity is discussed including metrics like GDP, unemployment, inflation, and balance of trade. Money related topics covered include money supply classifications, expansion/contraction of money, and the Reserve Bank of India's role in monetary policy.
Institutions and the market for corporate control in Asia: an empirical analysisAlberto Asquer
1) The document analyzes the relationship between institutions and the market for corporate control (M&A activity) in Asia using data on over 38,000 deals from 1983-2010.
2) Regression models examine how features of countries' political institutions and governance are linked to the number and value of both domestic and cross-border M&A deals.
3) The results suggest that political systems making government positions more "contestable" are associated with higher M&A activity, while better regulatory quality may increase domestic deals. Economic development also relates to more deals.
White Paper: Low cost country sourcing – navigating unchartered opportunitiesGEP
An increasing number of enterprises are developing newer and more innovative procurement strategies to position themselves for supply management success. One such strategy is for businesses to expand their strategic scope beyond familiar shores to capitalize on growing opportunities abroad through Low Cost Country Sourcing (LCCS).
This document discusses three main theories of regulation: public interest theories, the Chicago theory of regulation, and public choice theories. Public interest theories view regulation as a way to improve market outcomes and resource allocation when markets fail due to things like natural monopolies, externalities, or information problems. The Chicago theory focuses specifically on economic regulation. Public choice theories and public interest theories both consider social regulation in addition to economic regulation. The document goes on to provide more details on public interest theories and the types of market failures they argue regulation can address.
Entering foreign markets poses challenges and opportunities. Thorough market research is required, including evaluating political risks, cultural factors, competitors, and forecasting sales and market share. Multiple techniques can be used to forecast in new markets where data is limited, including analogy, expert judgment, and factoring in the product lifecycle. The key is to comprehensively analyze the business environment, competitive landscape, and select markets with the best potential and manageable risks.
This presentation by Jonathan Baker, Research Professor of Law at American University Washington College of Law, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
There is a consideration of general consensus across the makers of policy that better protection of consumers and customer, in accordance with better education of finance, has been considered as a significant base for well performance of functions in the markets of finance. Education of finance, while considered important, solely cannot be identified as sufficient for protection of consumers and their empowerment (Williams 2007). The mis-sale of financial products involves the provision of misleading information to customers or false recommendations for the purchases of unsuitable products, causing major harm. It has been taking place across a number of different areas of product that include insurance, consumer loans and bank accounts (Signoretta 2004). Institutions of financial services have been paying more than 18 billion Euros in compensating the purchasers of insurance in payment protection followed by regulatory action and hence, the Authority of Financial Services stated that stronger actions could have resulted in limiting the growth of issues (Ferran 2012).
The document discusses the marketing environment and its impact on a company's ability to serve its customers. It defines the microenvironment as being close actors like suppliers, intermediaries, customer markets, competitors, and the public. The macro environment consists of larger societal forces like demographics, economics, technology, politics, culture and law. It provides examples of opportunities and threats posed by India's changing marketing environment following economic reforms in the 1990s, such as increased competition from multinational companies and removal of subsidies impacting industry viability.
This chapter discusses political risk, government relations, and alliances for multinational corporations. It covers analyzing different types of political risks at both the macro and micro level. Key political risks include expropriation, government corruption, and terrorism. The chapter also examines techniques for managing political risk, such as developing bargaining power, using integrative or defensive strategies, and engaging in proactive lobbying. Finally, it discusses managing alliances with other companies and host governments. Successful alliances depend on factors like partner selection, cooperation agreements, and knowledge management.
This presentation, by Estefania Santacreu-Vasut, Professor in Economics, ESSEC Business School and Chris Pike, OECD Competition Division, was made during the discussion “Gender and competition”, held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/gnc.
The Most Challenging economy in Decades Qamar Farooq
This chapter discusses macroeconomic concepts and the factors that influence the stability of an economy. It begins by defining microeconomics as the study of small economic units like individuals and businesses, while macroeconomics examines a nation's overall economy. It then explains the four types of market structures and compares the main economic systems of capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies. The chapter concludes by analyzing how monetary and fiscal policy can be used to manage economic performance and the major global economic challenges faced in the 21st century.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 on international business and marketing. It discusses reasons why nations trade, including expanding markets and making more efficient production systems. It also describes how nations measure international trade through balances of trade and payments. Finally, it outlines different levels of involvement for businesses entering global markets, from exporting to direct foreign investment, and strategies for operating internationally.
This presentation by Frédéric Jenny, Chair, OECD Competition Committee, was made during the discussion “How can competition contribute to fairer societies?” held during the 17th OECD Global Forum on Competition on 29 November 2018. More documents and presentations on this topic can be found at oe.cd/cfs.
Do Poor Institutions Create More Losers from Globalisation?Eesti Pank
This document outlines a study examining how poor institutions may create more "losers" from globalization. It presents three hypotheses: 1) Countries with poor institutions create more losers from trade than those with good institutions, 2) Countries with more losers from trade have slower trade liberalization progress, and 3) There is a feedback loop between trade, inequality, and institutions. The methodology uses a 3SLS approach with three equations to model the interrelationships between trade, inequality, and institutions. Inequality is measured using country-level Gini coefficients from 1960-2015. The results are intended to show how poor institutions can generate unnecessary losers from trade and slow further trade liberalization.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between financial reporting quality and investor losses during the 1929 stock market crash in the United States. The study tests two hypotheses: 1) whether managers voluntarily provided higher quality financial reporting consistent with investors' interests absent regulatory requirements, and 2) whether higher quality financial reporting was associated with smaller declines in stock prices during the crash. The study finds that factors like contracting conflicts and information costs influenced managers' voluntary financial reporting choices. It also finds that firms with higher quality financial reporting prior to 1929, as measured by transparency, conservatism, and auditing, experienced smaller declines in stock prices during the crash.
Barriers to exit are often not assessed in competition cases for three main reasons:
1) Merger regimes focus on the incremental impact of a merger on competition rather than existing barriers, which are taken as a given.
2) Article 101 and 102 cases compare scenarios with and without the agreement/behavior, where most barriers would be present in both.
3) Other cases usually frame barriers to exit as barriers to entry instead.
This presentation by Patricia Bascunana-Ambros, OECD Competition Division, was made during the discussion “Barriers to exit” held at the 132nd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 4 December 2019. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/bte.
The document discusses Mexico's economic development and trade evolution, highlighting its role in global supply chains. It also examines Mexico's approach to trade facilitation and analyzes the medical devices industry as a case study. Some key points:
- Mexico has experienced significant growth in exports since NAFTA, now representing 33% of GDP, but remains reliant on exports to the US and in a few key industries.
- As a part of global supply chains, Mexico specializes in downstream production, importing unfinished goods and adding value before re-exporting. This limits value capture.
- Mexico has implemented initiatives to facilitate trade and ease the import-export process through programs administered by the Secretary of Economy.
Policy interventions and economic benefits for a market driven oil palm industryAlexander Decker
1) The document examines policy interventions and economic benefits for a market-driven oil palm industry in Nigeria. It analyzes the role of the government in regulating markets and addressing market failures.
2) Government intervention in the Nigerian oil palm industry should focus on developing improved technologies, processing activities, linkages between production and processing, compliance with international regulations, research and development with incentives for small farmers, and outgrower schemes.
3) Types of appropriate government intervention to support the oil palm industry include restructuring distribution networks, reducing tariffs, developing resistant varieties, and expanding domestic and regional markets.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Business and Finance Outlook report. It addresses 8 questions on issues related to globalization and the impact of technology and trade on middle-income jobs. The summary discusses how openness and a level global playing field are important for companies to innovate and gain productivity. However, some countries use subsidies, exchange rate management and pricing strategies to gain unfair export advantages over competitors. Overall, the document argues that non-transparent practices like these undermine open markets and fair global competition.
The document provides an overview of key topics related to business environment including:
- Internal and external factors that comprise the business environment
- Micro and macro environmental factors such as economic conditions, technology, competition, and regulations
- Tools for analyzing opportunities and threats like PEST analysis, SWOT analysis, and competitive indexes
- India's ranking in global competitiveness and the ranking of competitive cities within India based on factors like infrastructure and skilled workforce.
The document provides an overview of key topics related to business environment including economic factors, socio-cultural factors, technological factors, macroeconomic environment, financial environment, industrial environment, characteristics of business, Indian companies in the Fortune 500 list, government control, diversification strategies, globalization, nature of competition, business challenges, internal and external environment, micro and macro environment, economic and non-economic factors, tools for analyzing the environment like PEST analysis and SWOT analysis, relevance of WTO for Indian companies, and rankings of most competitive cities in India.
The document summarizes a report from the Deloitte Center for the Edge about long-term trends fundamentally reshaping business landscapes called "The Big Shift". It finds that return on assets for U.S. public companies has declined 75% since 1965, suggesting the current way of doing business is broken. The report provides industry-level analysis of these trends for nine major U.S. industries. It finds few safe harbors from increasing performance pressures and that industries are experiencing these pressures earlier and more severely depending on their involvement with digital technologies. The report also discusses how customers and creative talent are benefiting from these trends more than companies are.
Tax System In The Informal Sector: A Case Study of Harare Informal Sector Tax...ECTIJ
The study looked at an in-depth understanding of the tax systems in relation to the informal sectors in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The study methodology
was mixed methods. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The findings revealed that presumptive tax is the main tax system used by tax authorities on the informal sector. In addition to this, the study revealed that players in the informal sector were not willing to formalise their operations for
non-recognition in the formal system. The study recommended that presumptive tax must not be punitive and should not cripple the operations of the informal sector.
This presentation by Jason Furman, Professor of the Practice of Economic Policy, Harvard Kennedy School, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This document includes a selection of quotes from all speakers of the 2020 OECD Competition Open Day held in Paris on 26 February 2020. For more on the event please access oe.cd/comp-open-day-20
This document discusses the 12 pillars of global competitiveness as assessed in the Global Competitiveness Report. It provides details on the first four pillars:
1) Institutions - The quality of legal and administrative institutions that determine investment and the distribution of development benefits. This includes property rights, corruption, bureaucracy, and public finances.
2) Infrastructure - The extent and quality of transport, electricity, and telecommunications infrastructure, which impacts economic growth by reducing costs.
3) Macroeconomic environment - Macroeconomic stability including low inflation, sustainable fiscal and debt levels, which allows efficient business operation.
4) Health and primary education - A healthy and basicly educated workforce is critical for competitiveness and productivity.
This document discusses the 12 pillars of global competitiveness as assessed in the Global Competitiveness Report. It provides details on the first four pillars:
1) Institutions - The quality of legal and administrative institutions that determine investment and the distribution of development benefits. This includes property rights, corruption, bureaucratic quality, and judicial independence.
2) Infrastructure - The extent and quality of transport, communications, electricity, and other infrastructure, which are critical to enabling economic activity.
3) Macroeconomic environment - The stability and management of prices, national debt, and fiscal and monetary policy, which impact business productivity.
4) Health and primary education - The health of the workforce and basic education levels,
5 marketing strategy and marketing performance does strategy affect performa...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This article surveys marketing management literature to find out the positive impact that a good market and marketing can have on marketing performance at the marketplace. The marketplace in this contest can be either a country or even a continent since the companies are multinational and also have diversified holdings which help them to spread their tentacles to every nook and cranny of the globe. Locally based companies are not left out since they all use marketing strategies to do their marketing. Companies or multinationals of U.S. and U.K. parentage will be used a lot. Does the literature attest to the positive impact of very good marketing strategies on a company’s marketing performance? This is going to be investigated to come out with the justify opinion. Coming out with a very good marketing strategy to pilot or direct a company’s marketing assault is not very easy. It is plainly herculean. Implementation, monitoring, controlling and evaluating marketing strategies are equally herculean. Top marketing management do not have it easy with formulating, managing, and evaluating marketing strategies. Marketing performance measurement is tackled in this piece. It is essential to point out that marketing is not the pressure of only those in marketing (pan–marketing). It is very general managerial with all corporate functional players all actively involved.
1) The document discusses the need for strengthened global governance and a more level playing field through setting and enforcing global standards to ensure fairness in international trade, investment, and corporate behavior under globalization.
2) It provides evidence that while globalization has benefits, the gains are not evenly shared and there is a need to address its impacts on labor markets in advanced countries through better domestic and international policies.
3) The outlook focuses on ways to enhance fairness at the global level through stronger rules and cooperation in areas like exchange rates, financial regulation, state-owned enterprises, competition, and responsible business conduct.
Describe the four general forces in the societal environment.Sol.pdfakukukkusarees
Describe the format of the statement of cash flows, including the reporting of significant noncash
investing and financing activities
Solution
Step A calculate cash from operations as follows
Profit/loss as per Profit and loss statement
Add:- Non cash items like
Depreciation
loss on sale of assets
less:- items like the following
Profit on sale of assets
Resulting figure would be the cash flow from operations
Step B
Calculate the working capital invested or saved in the following format
Current Assets previous year current year
Increase/decrease
less current liabilities
Net working capital
if the net working capital is increase, apply the same in the outflow portion of cash flow
statement and if the net working capital is decrease,apply the same in the inflow of the cash flow
statement.
Step C
cash flow statement
Inflow Outflow
Cash flow from operations as in step A Increase in net working capital as in step
B
Decrease from net working capital as in step B Purchase of land and fixed assets
Issue of common stock Investments
Issue of other kind of stocks and bonds.
TAX SYSTEM IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF HARARE INFORMAL SECTOR TAX...ECTIJ
The study looked at an in-depth understanding of the tax systems in relation to the informal sectors in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The study methodology was mixed methods. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The findings revealed that presumptive tax is the main tax system used by tax authorities on the informal sector. In addition to this, the study revealed that players in the informal sector were not willing to formalise their operations for non-recognition in the formal system. The study recommended that presumptive tax must not be punitive and should not cripple the operations of the informal sector.
TAX SYSTEM IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF HARARE INFORMAL SECTOR TAX...ectijjournal
The study looked at an in-depth understanding of the tax systems in relation to the informal sectors in Harare, Zimbabwe. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The study methodology was mixed methods. The study used interviews and surveys as data collection tools. The findings revealed that presumptive tax is the main tax system used by tax authorities on the informal sector. In addition to this, the study revealed that players in the informal sector were not willing to formalise their operations for non-recognition in the formal system. The study recommended that presumptive tax must not be punitive and should not cripple the operations of the informal sector.
The document discusses key concepts in business economics and the business environment, including:
1. It defines economics as the study of how resources are allocated to meet demands for goods, services, and ideas. Businesses use resources (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship) as inputs in the production process.
2. It outlines the three main players in the business environment - businesses, households, and government. Businesses produce goods and services, households consume them, and government manages the economy.
3. It explains that business economics deals with decision making in businesses and how the external business environment and internal decisions impact firms.
- Daimler-Benz and Chrysler announced a $36 billion merger in 1998 that was intended to allow both companies to better compete in the increasingly global auto market.
- However, the cultural and strategic differences between the German and American companies proved difficult to reconcile.
- Within a few years, it became clear the merger was not achieving the synergies expected, and Daimler-Benz ended up taking full control of Chrysler in 2007.
Introduction to business_environment-pg-1-finalDr. Ajit Bansal
This document outlines the content and structure of an introductory business environment course. It includes 15 sessions over one semester, covering topics such as the contemporary business scenario, economic and socio-cultural factors, macroeconomic indicators, and the impact of globalization and technology on business. Student assessment includes exams, presentations, and class participation. Understanding the internal and external business environment is important for developing business strategies and responding to changes. Key external factors include economic, technological, political and cultural elements at both the national and international levels.
This document outlines the course content, structure, and assessments for an introductory business environment course. It covers key topics like the contemporary business scenario, economic factors, and macroeconomic policies. It also discusses the internal and external environment factors that influence businesses, including competitors, technologies, regulations, and globalization trends. The course aims to help students understand the complex environment in which businesses operate and develop strategies for sustainability and growth.
Similar to Moroccan Cronyism: Facts, Mechanisms and Impact (20)
This document discusses key data gaps in labor supply and demand in North Africa. For labor supply, it notes that while youth unemployment rates exist, they are not sufficiently highlighted. For labor demand, the biggest gap is data on job creation and losses within business sectors, including gains and losses from new, expanding, contracting, and closing establishments. It also outlines statistical development efforts in Egypt to improve labor force and establishment surveys to better measure employment, unemployment, wages, and the reconciliation of survey data.
The document discusses microsimulation techniques used at the Institut des politiques publiques (IPP) research center in Paris. It provides background on IPP, which uses microsimulation models like TAXIPP, TAXIPP-LIFE, and TAXIPP-FIRM to evaluate policies. These models use administrative data at the individual/household level and simulate policies. The document outlines the history and advantages of microsimulation, and how IPP utilizes administrative data and open-source tools in its microsimulation methodology.
Session 3 m.a. marouani, structual change, skills demand and job qualityEconomic Research Forum
This document discusses structural changes in labor demand and skills mismatches in the Middle East and North Africa region. It explores how the expansion of less knowledge-intensive industries has led to weak demand for educated labor compared to a lack of skill-biased technical change. The dynamics of skilled versus unskilled labor demand, empirical measures of these concepts, and the impact on inequality are examined. Education to job mismatches and overeducation are also discussed, along with their determinants and effects on wages and job satisfaction.
This document discusses bridging micro and macro approaches to understanding labor market outcomes. At the micro level, surveys and censuses are used to characterize behaviors and distributions. Meso analysis uses sector-wide data. Macro hypotheses about forces affecting equilibria are difficult to show causality from to micro observations. To bridge micro and macro, identification techniques like event studies and instrumental variables are needed. Examples from the MENA region show politically connected sectors associate with less job creation. Future research avenues include examining the impacts of cronyism, education quality and access, technical change, gender norms, and rentierism on labor markets. Causally linking micro behaviors to macro phenomena remains a challenge.
This document provides a framework for a World Bank report on economic transformation, job creation, and market contestability in the Middle East and North Africa region. The report will focus on how to spur job creation through increasing demand in the private sector. It will explore how technology and digital adoption can create new jobs and drive structural transformation away from traditional sectors. The report aims to establish facts about these issues, generate new data, and highlight case studies of successful reforms to inform policy discussions.
The document summarizes insights from Sudan on labor market data availability. It discusses structural problems in Sudan's labor market like inconsistent sector distribution, low participation rates, and gender disparities. It then evaluates Sudan's ability to calculate various labor market measures according to international definitions. Many measures like unemployment rates, earnings, social protection coverage, and occupational safety cannot be accurately calculated due to limited data availability. The document concludes there is a need for more updated labor market data and a new comprehensive labor force survey to provide indicators and learn from other countries' experiences.
This document outlines the availability of data in Egypt for measuring labor market outcomes according to 6 categories: 1) labor underutilization, 2) type of employment, 3) regularity of employment and working time, 4) earnings and non-wage benefits, 5) social protection, and 6) safety and health at work. It finds that most indicators can be measured using Egypt's Labor Force Surveys or Labor Market Panel Surveys, but some data like fatal occupational injuries are not available. It concludes by identifying ways to improve data collection, such as making the LFS more consistent over time and collecting additional information on earnings, benefits, and union membership.
This document discusses using administrative and survey data from Algeria to measure labor market outcomes based on an expert group meeting questionnaire. It analyzes the ability to calculate various labor market measures using available Algerian data sources. For many measures, the labor force survey and household surveys can provide data to calculate definitions. However, some measures would require adding new questions to collect additional information, such as on earnings, occupational injuries, collective bargaining, and union membership. Administrative records from social security and unemployment insurance organizations also provide some supplemental data.
According to the document:
- Nearly half of Tunisia's working age population is inactive, with 28% working in informal employment, 16% in formal sector jobs, and 7% unemployed.
- Unemployment rates are highest among youth, women, those with a secondary education or less, and those with technical or social science degrees.
- Long-term unemployment is the most prevalent, and the employed population is dominated by informal wage work and self-employment.
- Labor market transitions for youth aged 15-34 are inefficient, and prior to the 2010 revolution most new jobs were created in low-productivity sectors.
This document discusses the need to move beyond just measuring unemployment rates when assessing labor market outcomes in North Africa. It proposes measuring seven additional indicators: 1) labor underutilization, 2) type of employment, 3) regularity of employment, 4) earnings and benefits, 5) social protection, 6) safety and health, and 7) industrial relations. These provide a more comprehensive view of the challenges faced by different groups. Stylized facts about North African labor markets show very low female participation rates, declining participation for both men and women, high unemployment, and a large increase in youth unemployment after the Arab Spring.
The document discusses an expert group meeting on jobs and growth in North Africa. It notes that while unemployment rates decreased and growth indicators were positive in the decade before the Arab Spring, this growth did not necessarily improve access to jobs or working conditions. The group aims to better understand how economies can reach their full potential and make good use of their workforce. Key questions are discussed around the role of the state, impact of public and private investment, education systems, and financing of productive projects. A proposed 4-year work plan includes annual regional reports on jobs and growth, calls for research papers on selected issues, and conferences to discuss findings and define future research agendas.
Aly Rashed - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
The Future of Jobs is Facing the Biggest Policy Induced Price Distortion in H...Economic Research Forum
The document discusses how barriers to low-skilled labor mobility between countries create one of the largest price distortions in history. This motivates innovation that displaces low-skilled labor through technology. It shows data that the wage gains from mobility into rich countries for low-skilled workers from places like Yemen and Nigeria would be over 1000%. Border barriers to labor are two orders of magnitude higher than any tariffs. Technological change is often biased toward replacing low-skilled jobs. Developing countries face challenges employing youth and generating exports with very low-skilled labor forces against these trends.
Massoud Karshenas - University of London
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rediscovering Industrial Policy for the 21st Century: Where to Start?Economic Research Forum
Rohinton P. Medhora - Centre for International Governance & Innovation
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Rana Hendy - Doha Institute
Mahmoud Mohieldin - World Bank
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
Kuwait City, Kuwait
Ibrahim Elbadawi - Economic Research Forum
ERF 25th Annual Conference
Knowledge, Research Networks & Development Policy
10-12 March, 2019
KuwaitCity, Kuwait
Bharat Mata - History of Indian culture.pdfBharat Mata
Bharat Mata Channel is an initiative towards keeping the culture of this country alive. Our effort is to spread the knowledge of Indian history, culture, religion and Vedas to the masses.
How To Cultivate Community Affinity Throughout The Generosity JourneyAggregage
This session will dive into how to create rich generosity experiences that foster long-lasting relationships. You’ll walk away with actionable insights to redefine how you engage with your supporters — emphasizing trust, engagement, and community!
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Indira awas yojana housing scheme renamed as PMAYnarinav14
Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) played a significant role in addressing rural housing needs in India. It emerged as a comprehensive program for affordable housing solutions in rural areas, predating the government’s broader focus on mass housing initiatives.
Presentation by Julie Topoleski, CBO’s Director of Labor, Income Security, and Long-Term Analysis, at the 16th Annual Meeting of the OECD Working Party of Parliamentary Budget Officials and Independent Fiscal Institutions.
karnataka housing board schemes . all schemesnarinav14
The Karnataka government, along with the central government’s Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), offers various housing schemes to cater to the diverse needs of citizens across the state. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the major housing schemes available in the Karnataka housing board for both urban and rural areas in 2024.
3. Motivation
Moroccan business groups hailed as “national
champions”
These groups are politically connected
Another narrative: reasonable growth rates
(2000s), but deindustrialization, corruption
(Transparency Index), popular uprisings
(2011)
Question: politically firms , paragons or
parasites?
4. Methodology
Qualitative and historical analysis
Empirical approach:
- Data: -personal access to a unique
manufacturing industry database (8,372
firms), from which 618 firms were selected
(years 2003/2006/2012) and checked to
identify politically connected firms
WBES (2004/2007)
Econometric analysis (simple OLS)
5. Cronyism as a pillar of Moroccan
political economy
The makhzen needs to maintain its power in
order to endure. Therefore, it has managed to
get control over the Moroccan bourgeoisie
and obtain its alignment with its objectives.
This has resulted in the permanent
interference of the makhzen in the economic
sphere, not only to pick up winners, but also
to gain high stakes in the most lucrative
economic sectors.
6. Cronyism (cont.)
Back to the precolonial period
During the ISI era: state patronage through
“Morocconization”
Liberalization and the persistence of
Moroccan cronyism (esp. via privatization)
7. Main findings
1 The big picture of political connectedness
(table 1 )
9. PCFs have higher market share, higher net and
gross margins, higher added value per worker, but
they are not more efficient.
Regression results are mixed: political
connectedness strongly associated with market
power and added value per worker , whereas it
has no effect on efficiency indicators.
10. 3 Capture mechanisms
3.1 Finance (fig 2)
PCFs are not only more levered than NCFs; they also enjoy
other advantages, esp. in the form of reduced debt financing
costs.
11. 3.2 Trade protection
-Trade policy bodies greatly influenced by big business.
-Connected sectors more protected (fig 4)
- Anecdotal evidence about NTM (safeguard, compensatory and anti-dumping
measures benefiting well connected big business)
12. 3.3 Flexible implementation of regulations and rules
Fig 5 All regulation indicators show that PCFs are privileged when it
comes to regulatory compliance activities in comparison with NCFs,
except for “g3” indicator.
14. Main (cont.) 4.2 Political connectedness and firm dynamics
- Dismal turnover for large firms (table 8)
- More economic concentration (table 10)
15. Main (cont.) 4.2 Political connectedness and firm dynamics
- Lower turn-over rate in connected industries (4%) relative to non-connected ones ( table 11)
- Both sectors contributed to job destruction ( table 11).