More equal animals, the Method
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The document proposes a new democratic process called Fractal Democracy. It would reward consensus building, enforce accountability, and compel transparency. The system aims to remove political parties, campaigns, incumbents, special interests, meaningless debates, and vote manipulation that plague current democracies. It questions how to ensure the consent of the governed and explores replacing the current government with one that does not fail to prevent the tyranny of the status quo. The document outlines a method for reaching decentralized consensus on delegation through random selection and requiring supermajority consensus in multiple rounds of voting.
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Rousseau's Social Contract theory proposes that legitimate political authority stems from an implicit agreement among free and equal individuals to form a society. According to Rousseau, people are born free but exist in chains under corrupt governments that have strayed from the general will of the people. He argues that the ideal form of government is a democracy where sovereignty rests with the people as a whole and the government's role is to serve the interests of the body politic as determined by the general will. Rousseau's theory was highly influential on concepts of political legitimacy, democracy, and the rights of citizens.
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Plato lived from 428 BCE to 347 BCE in Athens. He was a student of Socrates and founded the Academy. The Republic is considered one of the first works of political science in Western civilization. In it, Plato discusses how human nature and society should be structured to maximize happiness and justice for all. He believes authority is best formalized through a socialist aristocracy, where each person contributes what they do best for the good of all, and society is governed by those most capable of providing justice - in Plato's view, philosophers like himself.
Principles of government 1
Government is the institution that makes and enforces public policies covering issues like taxation, defense, education, and healthcare. It has three main powers - legislative, executive, and judicial. A constitution sets out the principles, structures, and processes of a government. There are two main types of democracy - direct democracy where citizens vote on all policies, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf, which is the system used in the United States. Federal governments divide powers between national, state, and local levels to provide flexibility while allowing national issues to be addressed.
Final prep II
The document discusses the key concepts of what constitutes a state and government. It explains that a state requires a population, territory, and sovereignty (supreme power within its boundaries). A government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces public policies. The document then reviews several theories for how governments came into existence, such as through force, evolution from simpler groups, divine right of rulers, or social contract theory. It also outlines different ways of classifying governments, such as by participation (democracy vs dictatorship), distribution of power (unitary vs federal), and relationship between legislative and executive branches (presidential vs parliamentary).
Founding Principles
The document discusses the founding principles of the United States as established during the Constitutional Convention. It outlines the key principles as: rights come from God, not government; all political power comes from the people; a limited representative republic form of government; a written Constitution; and protection of private property rights. It then summarizes how these principles became embedded in the Constitution through the work of the founders and debates around ratification, though some erosion of the principles began shortly after through expansions of federal power.
Politics
Aristotle discusses politics and the polis (city-state) in ancient Greece. He defines the polis as the highest and most sovereign form of political association as it incorporates household and village associations. Aristotle asserts that humans are political animals who can only achieve their full potential within the polis. He analyzes different forms of government and their tendency towards justice or corruption based on the number ruling (one, few, many). Aristotle also critiques proposals by Plato and aspects of governments in Sparta, Crete and Carthage. He concludes that laws should be the sovereign authority but rulers are needed where laws are unclear.
Thomas Hobbes by Dr Md Nazeer Hussain
Very helpful for UG/PG students about Thomas Hobbes
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Government is the institution that makes and enforces public policies covering issues like taxation, defense, education, and healthcare. It has three main powers - legislative, executive, and judicial. A constitution sets out the principles, structures, and processes of a government. There are two main types of democracy - direct democracy where citizens vote on all policies, and representative democracy where citizens elect representatives to act on their behalf, which is the system used in the United States. Federal governments divide powers between national, state, and local levels to provide flexibility while allowing national issues to be addressed.
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Civil Liberties
This document outlines topics related to civil liberties and constitutional law that will be covered in a POL 205 course. It discusses First Amendment protections of free speech and freedom of the press. It defines sedition and covers the Alien and Sedition Acts. It also addresses obscenity laws and tests used to determine obscenity. For the establishment clause, it discusses the Lemon Test used to determine constitutionality of laws related to religion. Other topics covered include rights against unreasonable searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment and right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment.
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Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
Theoryofsovereignty1 150428130252-conversion-gate01
This document discusses theories of sovereignty, including:
- John Austin's theory of absolute sovereignty, which defines sovereignty as residing in a single determinate human authority who receives habitual obedience.
- Pluralist theories that reject the idea of absolute state sovereignty and argue sovereignty is distributed among various social groups and associations, not just the state.
- The document analyzes key aspects of both theories, their supporters and critics, highlighting debates around the concentration or distribution of political power.
Theory of sovereignty
This document discusses theories of sovereignty, including:
- John Austin's theory of absolute sovereignty, which defines sovereignty as residing in a single determinate human authority who receives habitual obedience.
- Pluralist theories that reject the idea of absolute state sovereignty, arguing that the state is just one of many associations with claims to individuals' allegiance.
- The key differences between monist/absolute and pluralist conceptions, with pluralists emphasizing limits on state power and recognizing other social groups/institutions.
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Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
A guide to the International day of Potatoes 2024 - May 30th
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
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Bangladesh studies presentation on Liberation War 1971 Indepence-of-Banglades...
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DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
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A forever thank you in your Will to Milton Keynes University Hospital can change lives for years to come.
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Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting原版制作(DPU毕业证书)德保罗大学毕业证Offer一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
Donate to charity during this holiday season
For people who have money and are philanthropic, there are infinite opportunities to gift a needy person or child a Merry Christmas. Even if you are living on a shoestring budget, you will be surprised at how much you can do.
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-to-donate-to-charity-during-this-holiday-season/
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This is the slide deck of what PAS learnt supporting councils awarded Planning Skills Delivery Funds
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 41
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2024: The FAR - Federal Acquisition Regulations, Part 39
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
State crafting: Changes and challenges for managing the public finances
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加急办理华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【华威大学毕业证硕士文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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- 3. Explore a new democratic process Imagine a democracy that ● Rewards consensus building ● Enforces accountability ● Compels transparency Imagine democracy without ● Political parties ● Campaigns ● Incumbents ● Special interests ● Meaningless debates ● Vote manipulation
- 4. The Tyranny of the Status Quo
- 5. How to ensure consent of the governed? We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government... --Declaration of Independence “But whether the Constitution really be one thing, or another, this much is certain — that it has either authorized such a government as we have had, or has been powerless to prevent it. In either case it is unfit to exist.” -- Lysander Spooner But why did it fail? What should we replace it with? How will we agree?
- 6. The Method Reaching Decentralised Consensus On Delegation
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