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2. INDEX
• WHAT IS MITOCHONDRIA?
• MICROSCOPIC IMAGE OF MITOCHONDRION
• LOCATION OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CELL
• FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
• Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
• Why is mitochondria referred as the “powerhouses of
cell”
• MITOCHONDRIA As The Site Of Cellular Respiration
• STRUCTURE Of A MITOCHONDRION-
MATRIX,CRISTAE,DNA,INNER AND OUTER
MEMBRANE, RIBOSOMES
• The presence of mitochondria
• MITOCHONRIAL Diseases
• THANKS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

3. WHAT ARE MITOCHONDRIA?
• The mitochondrion is an organelle that
carries out the process of aerobic respiration.
An organelle is a membrane-bound structure
in the cell that performs a specific
function. Aerobic respiration is the
breakdown of simple food molecules like
glucose in the presence of oxygen.

4. MICROSCOPIC IMAGE OF
MITOCHONDRION

5. LOCATION OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CELL
• There are usually
multiple mitochondria found in one cell,
depending upon the function of that type
of cell. Mitochondria are located in the
cytoplasm of cells along with other
organelles of the cell.

6. LOCATION OF MITOCHONDRIA IN CELL

7. FUNCTIONS OF MITOCHONDRIA
• The most prominent roles of
mitochondria are to produce the energy
currency of the cell, ATP through respiration,
and to regulate cellular metabolism. The
central set of reactions involved in ATP
production are collectively known as the citric
acid cycle, or the Krebs cycle.

9. Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
• The citric acid cycle – also known as
the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs
cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used
by all aerobic organisms to generate energy
through the oxidation of acetate derived
from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into
carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the
form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

10. Why is mitochondria refered as the
“powerhouses of cell”
• They produce ATPs known as the energy
currency of the cell.
• The ADPs (Adenosine Diphosphate) produced
in the cell get combined with one more atom
of phosphorous to get converted into ATP.
• The mitochondria supply ATP to the cell
whenever needed.

11. MITOCHONDRIA As The Site Of
Cellular Respiration
• Cellular respiration is the process of oxidizing
food molecules, like glucose, to carbon dioxide
and water.
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O → 12H2O + 6 CO2
• The energy released is trapped in the form
of ATP for use by all the energy-consuming
activities of the cell.
• The process occurs in two phases:glycolysis, the
breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid
• the complete oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon
dioxide and water

12. STRUCTURE Of A MITOCHONDRION
• THE PARTS OF MITOCHONDRION ARE:-
MATRIX
CRISTAE
DNA
INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES

13. MATRIX
• The mitochondrial matrix contains a highly-
concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes.
These include most of the enzymes that
participate in the TCA Cycle - which is also known
as the "Krebs Cycle“.
The only enzyme involved in the TCA Cycle that
is not free in the mitochondrial matrix is
succinate dehydrogenase - which is located on
the inner-surface of the inner mitochondrial
membrane.It contains proteinacious liquid.

14. CRISTAE
• Mitochondrial cristae are folds of the
mitochondrial inner membrane that provide
an increase in the surface area. This allows a
greater space for processes that happen
across this membrane. These processes are
the electron transport
chain and chemiosmosis, which help produce
ATP in the final steps of cellular respiration.
the folds are studded with small round bodies
known as F1 particles or oxysomes.

15. DNA
• Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located
in mitochondria, cellular organelles
within eukaryotic cells that convert chemical
energy from food into a form that cells can
use, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Mitochondrial DNA is only a small portion of
the DNA in a eukaryotic cell; most of the DNA
can be found in the cell nucleus and, in plants,
in the chloroplast

16. Replication & Inheritance in
MITOCHONDRIA
• Mitochondria divide by binary fission, similar
to bacterial cell division.
• The regulation of this division differs between
eukaryotes. In many single-celled eukaryotes,
their growth and division is linked to the cell
cycle. For example, a single mitochondrion
may divide synchronously with the nucleus.
• This division and segregation process must be
tightly controlled so that each daughter cell
receives at least one mitochondrion.

17. • In other eukaryotes (in mammals for example),
mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide
mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell,
rather than in phase with the cell cycle.
• When the energy needs of a cell are high,
mitochondria grow and divide. When the energy
use is low, mitochondria are destroyed or become
inactive. In such examples, and in contrast to the
situation in many single celled eukaryotes,
mitochondria are apparently randomly distributed
to the daughter cells during the division of the
cytoplasm.

18. • Understanding of mitochondrial dynamics,
which is described as the balance between
mitochondrial fusion and fission, has revealed
that functional and structural alterations in
mitochondrial morphology are important
factors in pathologies associated with several
disease conditions.

19. Inner membrane
• The inner mitochondrial membrane contains
proteins with five types of functions:
(1) Those that perform the redox reactions of
oxidative phosphorylation.
(2) ATP synthesis, which generates ATP in the
matrix.
(3) Specific transport proteins that regulate
metabolite passage into and out of the matrix.
(4) It is a protein import machinery.

20. Outer membrane
• The outer mitochondrial membrane, which
encloses the entire organelle, is 60 to 75
angstroms (Å) thick.
• It has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to
that of the eukaryotic plasma membrane (about
1:1 by weight). It contains large numbers of
integral membrane proteins called porins.
• These porins form channels that allow molecules
of 5000 daltons or less in molecular weight to
freely diffuse from one side of the membrane to
the other.

21. RIBOSOMES
• The mitochondrial ribosome is responsible for
the biosynthesis of protein components
crucial to the generation of ATP in the
eukaryotic cell.
• Mitoribosomes synthesize crucial cellular
components needed to generate about 90% of
the ATP required by a eukaryotic cell.

22. STRUCTURE Of A MITOCHONDRION

23. The presence of mitochondria
• Mitochondria is more in animal cells then
plant cells because animals require more
energy for their metabolic activities.
• But the mitochondria is absent in RBCs.
• Mitochondria is also absent in bacteria.

24. MITOCHONRIAL Diseases
• Damage and subsequent dysfunction in mitochondria
is an important factor in a range of human diseases
due to their influence in cell metabolism.
• Mitochondrial disorders often present themselves as
neurological disorders, including autism. They can also
manifest as myopathy, diabetes, multiple
endocrinopathy, and a variety of other systemic
disorders.
• Diseases caused by mutation in the mt-DNA include
Kearns-Sayre syndrome, MELAS syndrome and Leber's
hereditary optic neuropathy.

25. • In the vast majority of cases, these diseases are
transmitted by a female to her children, as the
zygote derives its mitochondria and hence its mt-
DNA from the ovum.
• Diseases such as Kearns-Sayre syndrome,
Pearson's syndrome, and progressive external
ophthalmoplegia are thought to be due to large-
scale mt-DNA rearrangements, whereas other
diseases such as MELAS syndrome, Leber's
hereditary optic neuropathy, myoclonic epilepsy
with ragged red fibers (MERRF), and others are
due to point mutations in mt-DNA.

26. Size Of A MITOCHONDRION
• A mitochondrion is typically long and slender,
but it can appear bean-shaped or oval-shaped
under the electron microscope. Ranging in size
from 0.5 micrometer (0.00005 in) to 1
micrometer (0.0001 in) in length, a
mitochondrion has a double membrane that
forms a sac within a sac.