Morale
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Morale refers to the attitude and overall satisfaction of an individual or group regarding their work or environment. It reflects how willing they are to work towards common goals. Motivation is more individualistic and explains why people behave certain ways, while morale is broader and considers total interactions within a group. Factors like job security, satisfaction, culture and management style influence morale. Low morale symptoms include absenteeism, turnover and poor relationships, while high morale is indicated by commitment, citizenship and cooperation. To boost morale, managers should motivate through example, communicate clearly, enrich jobs, challenge employees, involve them, acknowledge contributions and show care.
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Leadership
The document discusses various components and models of leadership. It describes a leader's role in developing and communicating a vision, using strategic management to achieve goals in competitive markets, and motivating human resources. It discusses models of leadership including Adair's model which focuses on balancing tasks, teams, and individuals. Emotional intelligence is important for self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, and social skills to manage relationships. Authoritative leadership that mobilizes people towards a vision is generally found to be most effective based on a survey. Organizational culture and climate are shaped by leadership and impact norms and behaviors.
Job satisfaction l15
This document defines job satisfaction as positive feelings about one's job based on an evaluation of its characteristics. It identifies personal factors like age and gender as well as environmental factors like the work itself, pay, supervision, and coworkers as determinants of job satisfaction. The document also outlines four responses employees can have to job dissatisfaction: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect, and describes them as either active/constructive or passive/destructive behaviors. Finally, it discusses the impacts of satisfied versus dissatisfied employees on job performance, organizational citizenship, customer satisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, and workplace deviance.
Organisational Morale
This document discusses employee morale, including its definition, factors that influence it, symptoms of low and high morale, and ways to boost it. Morale is defined as the capacity of a group to work consistently towards a common purpose and resides in people's minds and emotions. Key factors that influence morale include job security, satisfaction, culture, management style, and perceptions of work and rewards. Symptoms of low morale include tardiness, absenteeism, and poor relationships, while high morale is indicated by feelings of belongingness, team spirit, and commitment. To boost morale, managers should motivate employees through communication, job enrichment, recognition, consultation, and empowerment while creating a healthy work environment. Morale is also related to productivity
JOB SATISFACTION.pptx
Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which employees feel positively or negatively about their jobs and work environment. It is influenced by factors like the ability to complete tasks, communication levels, and treatment by management. Job satisfaction is important because it impacts productivity, absenteeism, turnover, and customer satisfaction. Key factors that affect an employee's level of job satisfaction include work-life balance, health and safety, recognition, relationships with managers, and payscale. Maintaining high job satisfaction benefits both employees and employers.
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Joint stock company
A joint stock company is a voluntary association of individuals who contribute money or capital and share in the company's profits and losses. It is characterized by an association of persons who jointly own transferable shares, limited liability for shareholders, a board of directors to manage day-to-day activities in place of shareholders, and a permanent existence that is separate from its members.
Functions of management
Functions of management include planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, and controlling. Planning involves setting objectives and developing plans in advance. Organizing arranges tasks, delegates responsibilities, and coordinates relationships. Staffing concerns human resource management including recruitment, placement, development and compensation. Directing guides subordinates and involves leadership, communication, and motivation. Coordinating ensures different departments work collectively to achieve goals. Controlling evaluates performance against plans and applies corrective measures if needed.
Forms of business organisation
There are three main types of business organizations: private enterprises, public enterprises, and joint sector enterprises. Private enterprises include sole proprietorships, partnerships, and joint stock companies. Public enterprises are owned or operated by public authorities and include departmental organizations, public corporations, and government companies. Joint sector enterprises involve a partnership between the private sector and government, with shared capital ownership and private sector management.
Formation of a company
The document discusses the process of forming a company in India. It involves several stages:
1. Discovery of an idea by a promoter who develops a business plan and investigates demand.
2. Assembling requirements like directors, registered intellectual property, and estimating finances.
3. Legal registration of the company by filing documents like the memorandum and articles of association with the registrar of companies, paying fees, and receiving a certificate of incorporation. This makes the company a separate legal entity.
Delegation and decentralization
Delegation occurs when tasks are assigned to others to perform on one's behalf, allowing individuals to overcome limitations of time, energy, and talents. This increases the number of tasks that can be accomplished. Delegation, when systematically practiced at all levels, results in decentralization of authority across an organization as decision-making power is distributed more broadly. Decentralization reflects an organizational philosophy and management policy applied more broadly than delegation alone. For an organization to be truly decentralized requires full delegation of responsibilities to most people, not just delegation between a few individuals.
Business
This document defines business and outlines its key features and nature. Business is defined as an activity pursued primarily to earn a profit through the production and exchange of goods and services. The key features of business include an entrepreneur who recognizes a need, economic activities focused on production and distribution, an exchange of goods and services for money, a profit motive, risk and uncertainty, continuity of transactions, creating utility for consumers, proper organization, necessary financing, and satisfying consumer and social needs.
Delegation of authority
Delegation involves assigning work and commensurate authority to subordinates. It reduces the manager's workload, improves effectiveness, and motivates subordinates by giving them a sense of importance and opportunities to develop skills. For delegation to be effective, authority must match responsibility, interference should be minimal, mistakes tolerated, goals and policies established, and delegation rewarded. The delegation process involves determining expected results, assigning duties, authorizing actions, and creating obligations for subordinates. Problems can arise from a manager's greed for authority, lack of trust or control, or a subordinate's lack of confidence.
Sole proprietorship
Sole proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual. The sole proprietor is responsible for all aspects of running the business, including financing, management, risks, and profits. Key characteristics include individual initiative, unlimited liability, direct management and control by the owner, and the business ceasing if the owner dies. Advantages include easy formation, flexibility, retention of business secrets, direct motivation and decision making. Disadvantages include limited resources, uncertain continuity if the owner dies, and inability to benefit from economies of scale.
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Morale
- 1. Meaning and Definition “Morale is the capacity of a group of people to pull together persistently and consistently in pursuit of a common purpose” Morale is a person’s attitude towards work, environment etc. Group morale reflects the general attitude of a group of people.
- 2. Motivation and Morale • Motivation:- • Individual response. • Narrow concept that explains only “Why” aspect of behavior. • A motivated person tends to experience high morale. • Combination of Carrot and Stick approach. • More direct attention. • Morale:- • Group Behavior. • Wider concept that explains totality of Interactions. • A person in High morale group need not be Motivated. • Only favorable approach. • People’s behavior indirectly influences.
- 3. Factors Influencing Employee Morale • Job Security. • Job Satisfaction. • Organizational Culture. • Management style. • Self-concept of Employee. • Perception of Work and reward.
- 4. Symptoms of Low morale • Lack of positive feelings towards job. • Lack of pride in work High rate of absenteeism. • High rate of turnover. • Bad/disturbed mood. • Poor inter-personal relationship. • Poor or lack of group cohesiveness. • Increase in employee indiscipline. • Bad industrial relations. • Strikes and sabotages. • Increasing accidents. • Increasing wastages and spoilages. • Decline in the quality of goods. • Decrease in quantity of goods .
- 5. Symptoms of High morale • Feeling of belongingness. • Group cohesiveness. • Team spirit. • Commitment to organizational goals. • Feeling organizational citizenship. • Longer stay with organization. • Less need for employee supervision. • Better inter-personal and industrial relations. • More peaceful and harmonious atmosphere. • Increased adaptability among the group members. • Less or no strikes and sabotages. • Less or no wastage/spoilage. • High level of pride in work. • Increase in quantity and quality of performance .
- 6. How to Boost Morale? • Motivate employee with your examples. • Establish clear and good communication with employees. • Enrich employees’ jobs. • Challenge employees to perform better. • Involve employees as equal members of your team. • Consult your employees. • Empower your employees. • Acknowledge and appreciate employees. • Show care to your employees. • Create healthy work environment. • Do some personal things.