1) The document discusses several historical figures including Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who founded Pakistan. 2) It also mentions Gujarat, an Indian state, its Gujarati language derived from Sanskrit, and its Jain community that practices non-violence and vegetarianism. 3) Francis Fukuyama's thesis on modernization and its impact on global integration of large countries like China and India is referenced.

1. Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of America Power By Robert Kaplan Jared Crocker History 5

2. Francis Fukuyama states in his book, The End of History, that it is “a thesis about modernization. It is important to remember that the two largest countries in the world, China and India, which together contain more than forty percent of the globe’s population, are rapidly integrating into the global economy and modernizing at breakneck speed.”

3. Vasco da Gama, (c. 1460 or 1469 – 24 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. Marco Polo c. 1254 – January 8, 1324) was a merchant from the Venetian Republic whose travels are recorded in Il Milione, a book which did much to introduce Europeans to Central Asia and China. Marco Polo Vasco De Gama

4. Mohammed Ali Jinnah It appears that Jinnah felt the state of Pakistan should stand upon Islamic tradition in culture, civilization and national identity rather than on the principles of Islam as a theocratic state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a 20th century lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan.

5. Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit. Gujarat is a state in western India. It has an area of 75,686 sq mi and a population in excess of 50 million. Somnath Hindu temple in Gujarat Gujarat is a stronghold for the Jain community. Jainism preaches non-violence to all living creatures and vegetarianism.