- Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to antigens. The main classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.
- Antibodies have light and heavy chains that give them a flexible Y shape. The variable regions at the tips of the Y allow antibodies to bind to specific antigens. The constant regions mediate different effector functions.
- Antibodies have different structures and functions. IgG is the most abundant in serum and provides long-term protection. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and is effective at complement activation. IgA protects mucosal surfaces.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that target specific antigens. They are used widely in targeted cancer therapies. The document discusses the various methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies including hybridoma technology, phage display, and transgenic mice. It also covers the structure and functions of antibodies as well as the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of several monoclonal antibodies used to treat various cancers and other diseases by targeting cell surface receptors like CD20, HER2, EGFR, VEGF.
- Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The amino terminal regions of the chains are variable and determine what antigen the antibody binds to.
- Antibodies exist as different classes (isotypes) including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD that have different biological functions like activating complement or binding to receptors on immune cells.
- Monoclonal antibodies produced by fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing plasma cells allow production of antibodies that target a single epitope, which has many research and clinical applications like diagnostic tests, imaging, and immunotherapy.
Immunoglobulin molecules have a variable region made up of light and heavy chains that provides specificity for antigens. The variable region, called the Fab segment, contains hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that form antigen contact points and allow for recognition of a diverse range of antigens. The Fc region mediates effector functions like complement binding and interaction with immune cells. The structural basis for antibody diversity lies in the highly variable amino acid sequences of the CDR loops within the Fab segment.
This document discusses the humanization of monoclonal antibodies. It begins by describing the development of monoclonal antibodies from mice and the immunogenicity problems this caused in human patients. Later, chimeric antibodies with mouse and human portions were created to reduce this effect. However, fully humanized antibodies were still needed. The document then explains techniques for humanizing antibodies, including CDR grafting where mouse complementarity determining regions are grafted into a human framework. In the end, humanized antibodies can decrease immunogenicity and are useful in cancer therapies.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made up of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens. There are five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD) that have different structures and functions. Monoclonal antibodies derived from a single clone are specific for a single epitope, making them useful for research, diagnostics and therapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies find applications in diagnostic tests, diagnostic imaging, immunotoxins to treat cancer, and clearing pathogens from the body. Antibody engineering techniques allow humanization of mouse antibodies for improved safety.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to antigens as part of the adaptive immune response. They consist of four polypeptide chains - two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds in a flexible structure. The variable regions at the tips of the Y determine antigen binding specificity, while the constant regions mediate important effector functions. There are five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) which differ in their heavy chain structure and roles in the immune response. Each domain of the heavy and light chains contributes unique functions important for antigen recognition, binding, and signaling. Membrane-bound and secreted forms of antibodies
The document discusses the structure and function of antibodies and epitopes. It covers:
1) B cell and T cell epitopes and how they are recognized. B cell epitopes bind antibodies while T cell epitopes are peptides recognized by T cell receptors.
2) The structure of antibodies including heavy and light chains that form the antigen binding Fab regions and constant Fc region. Antibodies have a conserved domain structure that allows for infinite antigen specificity.
3) The different classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) and their structures, functions, and properties including complement activation, half-life, and interactions with cells.
- Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to antigens. The main classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE.
- Antibodies have light and heavy chains that give them a flexible Y shape. The variable regions at the tips of the Y allow antibodies to bind to specific antigens. The constant regions mediate different effector functions.
- Antibodies have different structures and functions. IgG is the most abundant in serum and provides long-term protection. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and is effective at complement activation. IgA protects mucosal surfaces.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single clone that target specific antigens. They are used widely in targeted cancer therapies. The document discusses the various methods used to produce monoclonal antibodies including hybridoma technology, phage display, and transgenic mice. It also covers the structure and functions of antibodies as well as the pharmacokinetics and mechanisms of several monoclonal antibodies used to treat various cancers and other diseases by targeting cell surface receptors like CD20, HER2, EGFR, VEGF.
- Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made of two light chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The amino terminal regions of the chains are variable and determine what antigen the antibody binds to.
- Antibodies exist as different classes (isotypes) including IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD that have different biological functions like activating complement or binding to receptors on immune cells.
- Monoclonal antibodies produced by fusing myeloma cells with antibody-producing plasma cells allow production of antibodies that target a single epitope, which has many research and clinical applications like diagnostic tests, imaging, and immunotherapy.
Immunoglobulin molecules have a variable region made up of light and heavy chains that provides specificity for antigens. The variable region, called the Fab segment, contains hypervariable complementarity determining regions (CDRs) that form antigen contact points and allow for recognition of a diverse range of antigens. The Fc region mediates effector functions like complement binding and interaction with immune cells. The structural basis for antibody diversity lies in the highly variable amino acid sequences of the CDR loops within the Fab segment.
This document discusses the humanization of monoclonal antibodies. It begins by describing the development of monoclonal antibodies from mice and the immunogenicity problems this caused in human patients. Later, chimeric antibodies with mouse and human portions were created to reduce this effect. However, fully humanized antibodies were still needed. The document then explains techniques for humanizing antibodies, including CDR grafting where mouse complementarity determining regions are grafted into a human framework. In the end, humanized antibodies can decrease immunogenicity and are useful in cancer therapies.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins made up of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens. There are five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD) that have different structures and functions. Monoclonal antibodies derived from a single clone are specific for a single epitope, making them useful for research, diagnostics and therapeutics. Monoclonal antibodies find applications in diagnostic tests, diagnostic imaging, immunotoxins to treat cancer, and clearing pathogens from the body. Antibody engineering techniques allow humanization of mouse antibodies for improved safety.
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to antigens as part of the adaptive immune response. They consist of four polypeptide chains - two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains connected by disulfide bonds in a flexible structure. The variable regions at the tips of the Y determine antigen binding specificity, while the constant regions mediate important effector functions. There are five major classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) which differ in their heavy chain structure and roles in the immune response. Each domain of the heavy and light chains contributes unique functions important for antigen recognition, binding, and signaling. Membrane-bound and secreted forms of antibodies
The document discusses the structure and function of antibodies and epitopes. It covers:
1) B cell and T cell epitopes and how they are recognized. B cell epitopes bind antibodies while T cell epitopes are peptides recognized by T cell receptors.
2) The structure of antibodies including heavy and light chains that form the antigen binding Fab regions and constant Fc region. Antibodies have a conserved domain structure that allows for infinite antigen specificity.
3) The different classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD) and their structures, functions, and properties including complement activation, half-life, and interactions with cells.
The document discusses the structure, classes, and functions of antibodies. It begins by describing the basic four-chain structure of antibodies consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. It then discusses the five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD - and their properties such as structure, location, and roles in immune responses. The document also covers antigen binding regions, monoclonal antibodies, antigen-antibody interactions, and cross-reactivity.
This document provides information about antibodies (immunoglobulins). It discusses the structure of antibodies, which consist of heavy and light protein chains. There are five main types of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different functions. The document outlines the roles of each antibody type. It also describes the primary and secondary antibody responses when the body is exposed to an antigen, including the lag phase, log phase, and plateau phase of antibody production over time. Antibodies function by marking antigens for destruction and activating the immune system through processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that are produced by a single clone and bind to the same epitope of an antigen. They have high specificity and are produced by fusing B cells with myeloma cells. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications in research, diagnostics and therapy. Recent advances include human monoclonal antibodies developed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, such as bamlanivimab, etesevimab and sotrovimab, which have been approved to treat COVID-19.
Antibody structure , functions and classificationPuneetKohli19
1. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens like bacteria or viruses.
2. Immunoglobulins are composed of light and heavy chains that make up the variable and constant regions, and there are 5 major classes - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE that have different structures and functions.
3. IgG is the most abundant antibody and activates the complement system, IgA protects mucosal surfaces, IgM is the first antibody produced in responses and activates complement, IgD function is not fully known but involved in B cell activation, and IgE triggers allergic reactions by binding mast cells and bas
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by activated B cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Antibodies have a variable region for antigen binding and a constant region that determines the class. The structure allows for binding to antigens through the paratope region and effector functions through the Fc region. Antibodies can be digested by enzymes into fragments and subsets. They function in antigen binding and activating the complement system or binding to cells.
General structure of Antibody and its functions pptRenukaR17
This presentation explains the general structure of immunoglobulins, action of papain, pepsin and mercaptoethanol on the structure of Igs and its functions.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and functions. Each antibody molecule consists of two heavy chains and two light chains that give it regions for antigen binding and effector functions. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone and bind to a single epitope, whereas polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes from different antibody clones. Monoclonal antibodies have many diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Abnormal immunoglobulins lacking antibody function can also be produced in certain diseases.
Immunoglobulins – structure, distribution and functionsAishwarya Babu
This document provides information on the structure, distribution, and functions of immunoglobulins (antibodies). It discusses the basic four-chain structure of antibodies, consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. It describes the variable and constant regions of the heavy and light chains, which determine antigen binding specificity and effector functions. The document also summarizes the five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) and their properties.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
The document discusses antibody diversity and the theories that account for it. It describes three main theories: 1) The Germ Line Theory, which proposes that all antibodies are coded by germ line genes. 2) The Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that diversity is generated by mutation of a relatively small number of antibody genes. 3) The Gene Rearrangement Theory, which states that diversity results from rearrangement of variable region gene segments during B cell differentiation. The document also outlines several means of antibody diversification, including multiple gene segments and junctional diversity.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. They have a basic Y-shaped structure composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The variable regions at the tips of the Y determine antigen binding specificity, while the constant regions mediate effector functions. The five major classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ in their structure, properties, and roles in the immune response. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can activate complement, while IgM is the first antibody produced and acts as a pentamer with high antigen binding capacity.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have a basic structure consisting of two light polypeptide chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The light chains are either kappa or lambda type, while the heavy chains determine the antibody's class - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE. Each class has a distinct structure and functions in the immune response, either activating complement pathways, agglutinating pathogens, or mediating allergy responses through mast cell activation. Antibodies recognize antigens through variable regions in their light and heavy chains that bind the antigen in a highly specific manner.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by B cells and plasma cells. They function to bind pathogens tightly and target the immune system's destructive components against extracellular pathogens. Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains that give them regions for antigen binding and effector functions. The five major classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - have distinct structures, concentrations, and roles in the immune response. Antibodies provide protection through neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and more.
This document outlines the purpose and content of a course on clinical immunology. The purpose is to introduce students to basic and contemporary concepts in immunology with an emphasis on clinical applications and disease management. The expected learning outcomes are for students to be able to describe immunology principles and identify diseases related to immunity. The course content will cover topics such as immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, transplantation immunology, and immunity relating to infections.
Abnormal immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin specificities (1)Dr.Dinesh Jain
This document discusses various types of abnormal immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin specificities. It describes paraproteinemia, which is the presence of excessive amounts of a single monoclonal immunoglobulin. It discusses multiple myeloma, Bence Jones proteinuria, plasmacytoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and the diagnostic criteria and characteristics of each.
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies. They have two main roles: as antigen receptors that bind to antigens, and as effector molecules that help eliminate or inactivate antigens. The basic immunoglobulin structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulfide bonds. The five major human immunoglobulin classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ based on their heavy chain composition. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in blood and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first immunoglobulin made in a primary response and can bind five antigens at once. IgA is found primarily in mucos
The document summarizes key aspects of immunoglobulins (antibodies):
- Antibodies are large Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens. There are five classes of human antibodies that share a basic structure but vary to perform specific functions.
- Antibody molecules contain two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Light chains can be kappa or lambda type. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains give antibodies their antigen specificity.
- Each antibody contains two antigen binding fragment (Fab) regions and one crystallizable fragment (Fc) region. The Fab binds antigens while the Fc mediates immune responses through binding to other immune molecules and cell receptors.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies, including their production, types, and applications. It provides details on:
1) The production of monoclonal antibodies involves immunizing an animal, fusing immune cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas, screening for the desired antibody specificity, and cloning and propagating the selected hybridomas.
2) There are several types of monoclonal antibodies including murine, chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies which differ in their source and degree of human versus murine components.
3) Monoclonal antibodies have various diagnostic and therapeutic applications in areas like cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease due to their ability to identify and neutralize foreign targets.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are identical antibodies produced by clones of a single immune cell. It describes how mAbs differ from polyclonal antibodies in being produced from a single clone with identical antibody class and binding site. The history of mAb development is summarized, from early theories to Kohler and Milstein's breakthrough work in 1975. Key steps in mAb production including cell fusion, cloning, and purification are outlined. Applications of mAbs such as disease diagnosis and targeted cancer treatment are highlighted. Potential side effects from intravenous administration or targeting of blood vessels are also noted.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
The document discusses the structure, classes, and functions of antibodies. It begins by describing the basic four-chain structure of antibodies consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. It then discusses the five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD - and their properties such as structure, location, and roles in immune responses. The document also covers antigen binding regions, monoclonal antibodies, antigen-antibody interactions, and cross-reactivity.
This document provides information about antibodies (immunoglobulins). It discusses the structure of antibodies, which consist of heavy and light protein chains. There are five main types of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different functions. The document outlines the roles of each antibody type. It also describes the primary and secondary antibody responses when the body is exposed to an antigen, including the lag phase, log phase, and plateau phase of antibody production over time. Antibodies function by marking antigens for destruction and activating the immune system through processes like opsonization, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that are produced by a single clone and bind to the same epitope of an antigen. They have high specificity and are produced by fusing B cells with myeloma cells. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications in research, diagnostics and therapy. Recent advances include human monoclonal antibodies developed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, such as bamlanivimab, etesevimab and sotrovimab, which have been approved to treat COVID-19.
Antibody structure , functions and classificationPuneetKohli19
1. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins called immunoglobulins that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens like bacteria or viruses.
2. Immunoglobulins are composed of light and heavy chains that make up the variable and constant regions, and there are 5 major classes - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE that have different structures and functions.
3. IgG is the most abundant antibody and activates the complement system, IgA protects mucosal surfaces, IgM is the first antibody produced in responses and activates complement, IgD function is not fully known but involved in B cell activation, and IgE triggers allergic reactions by binding mast cells and bas
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by activated B cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Antibodies have a variable region for antigen binding and a constant region that determines the class. The structure allows for binding to antigens through the paratope region and effector functions through the Fc region. Antibodies can be digested by enzymes into fragments and subsets. They function in antigen binding and activating the complement system or binding to cells.
General structure of Antibody and its functions pptRenukaR17
This presentation explains the general structure of immunoglobulins, action of papain, pepsin and mercaptoethanol on the structure of Igs and its functions.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and functions. Each antibody molecule consists of two heavy chains and two light chains that give it regions for antigen binding and effector functions. Monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single clone and bind to a single epitope, whereas polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes from different antibody clones. Monoclonal antibodies have many diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Abnormal immunoglobulins lacking antibody function can also be produced in certain diseases.
Immunoglobulins – structure, distribution and functionsAishwarya Babu
This document provides information on the structure, distribution, and functions of immunoglobulins (antibodies). It discusses the basic four-chain structure of antibodies, consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. It describes the variable and constant regions of the heavy and light chains, which determine antigen binding specificity and effector functions. The document also summarizes the five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE) and their properties.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
The document discusses antibody diversity and the theories that account for it. It describes three main theories: 1) The Germ Line Theory, which proposes that all antibodies are coded by germ line genes. 2) The Somatic Mutation Theory, which holds that diversity is generated by mutation of a relatively small number of antibody genes. 3) The Gene Rearrangement Theory, which states that diversity results from rearrangement of variable region gene segments during B cell differentiation. The document also outlines several means of antibody diversification, including multiple gene segments and junctional diversity.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. They have a basic Y-shaped structure composed of two heavy chains and two light chains. The variable regions at the tips of the Y determine antigen binding specificity, while the constant regions mediate effector functions. The five major classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ in their structure, properties, and roles in the immune response. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can activate complement, while IgM is the first antibody produced and acts as a pentamer with high antigen binding capacity.
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have a basic structure consisting of two light polypeptide chains and two heavy chains connected by disulfide bonds. The light chains are either kappa or lambda type, while the heavy chains determine the antibody's class - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE. Each class has a distinct structure and functions in the immune response, either activating complement pathways, agglutinating pathogens, or mediating allergy responses through mast cell activation. Antibodies recognize antigens through variable regions in their light and heavy chains that bind the antigen in a highly specific manner.
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoprotein molecules produced by B cells and plasma cells. They function to bind pathogens tightly and target the immune system's destructive components against extracellular pathogens. Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains that give them regions for antigen binding and effector functions. The five major classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - have distinct structures, concentrations, and roles in the immune response. Antibodies provide protection through neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, and more.
This document outlines the purpose and content of a course on clinical immunology. The purpose is to introduce students to basic and contemporary concepts in immunology with an emphasis on clinical applications and disease management. The expected learning outcomes are for students to be able to describe immunology principles and identify diseases related to immunity. The course content will cover topics such as immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity, immunodeficiency, transplantation immunology, and immunity relating to infections.
Abnormal immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin specificities (1)Dr.Dinesh Jain
This document discusses various types of abnormal immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin specificities. It describes paraproteinemia, which is the presence of excessive amounts of a single monoclonal immunoglobulin. It discusses multiple myeloma, Bence Jones proteinuria, plasmacytoma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and the diagnostic criteria and characteristics of each.
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies. They have two main roles: as antigen receptors that bind to antigens, and as effector molecules that help eliminate or inactivate antigens. The basic immunoglobulin structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by disulfide bonds. The five major human immunoglobulin classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ based on their heavy chain composition. IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin in blood and provides long-term immunity. IgM is the first immunoglobulin made in a primary response and can bind five antigens at once. IgA is found primarily in mucos
The document summarizes key aspects of immunoglobulins (antibodies):
- Antibodies are large Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that bind specifically to antigens. There are five classes of human antibodies that share a basic structure but vary to perform specific functions.
- Antibody molecules contain two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. Light chains can be kappa or lambda type. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains give antibodies their antigen specificity.
- Each antibody contains two antigen binding fragment (Fab) regions and one crystallizable fragment (Fc) region. The Fab binds antigens while the Fc mediates immune responses through binding to other immune molecules and cell receptors.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies, including their production, types, and applications. It provides details on:
1) The production of monoclonal antibodies involves immunizing an animal, fusing immune cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas, screening for the desired antibody specificity, and cloning and propagating the selected hybridomas.
2) There are several types of monoclonal antibodies including murine, chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies which differ in their source and degree of human versus murine components.
3) Monoclonal antibodies have various diagnostic and therapeutic applications in areas like cancer, infectious diseases, and cardiovascular disease due to their ability to identify and neutralize foreign targets.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which are identical antibodies produced by clones of a single immune cell. It describes how mAbs differ from polyclonal antibodies in being produced from a single clone with identical antibody class and binding site. The history of mAb development is summarized, from early theories to Kohler and Milstein's breakthrough work in 1975. Key steps in mAb production including cell fusion, cloning, and purification are outlined. Applications of mAbs such as disease diagnosis and targeted cancer treatment are highlighted. Potential side effects from intravenous administration or targeting of blood vessels are also noted.
Similar to Monoclonal Antibodies included under Immunopharmacology (20)
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
2. Immunoglobulins (Ig)
• Naturally occurring antibodies, present in Serum and cells of immune system.
• Structurally glyco-proteins.
• Lower part of Ig – Carbohydrates ; Upper part of Ig – Proteins (amino acids)
• 2 different chains – Heavy and light chains (2 each)
• Light chain – Low mol. Weight due to less no. of Amino acids (around 330)
• Heavy chain – High mol. weight due to more no. of Amino acids (almost 3 times
= 990)
• B/w and within Heavy and Light chains – Disulphide bonds.
3. STRUCTUAL FEATURES
Two regions - Fab and Fc
1) Fab
• Stands for Fragment Antigen Binding.
• More choice of interest.
• Consists of Variable region and Constant region.
a) Variable region – Capable of changing amino acids sequence.
Antigen binds here (Epitope sequence).
Hyper variable region (almost 110 amino acids)
b) Constant region - Does not show variations in amino acids sequence.
2) Fc
• Stands for Fragment Crystallizable region.
• Present at Tail region of antibody.
• Interacts with cell surface receptors (Fc receptors) and some proteins of
the compliment system.
4. Ig
G A M D E
γ Type α Type μ Type δ Type ε Type
6. • Purified antibodies.
• Produced by single cell / clone of cell [In-Vitro]
• Engineered to recognize and bind to a specific and single antigen to provide Passive immunity.
• To produce MAB, animal is immunized with antigen that will yield desired antibody.
• Antibody producing cells are removed and mixed with Myeloma cells under condition that promote cell fusion.
• Resulting hybrid cell grow indefinitely and produce MAB.
• APPLICATIONS –
1) For Diagnostic purpose (ELISA).
2) Targeted attack on Cancer cell (mop up cancer cells after chemotherapy).
3) Detect allergies, anaemias, heart disease.
4) Diagnostic kits are available for performing Drug assay, blood typing, Hepatitis, Gonorrhoea, AIDS, etc.
5) For developing immunotoxins.
INTRODUCTION
8. NOMENCLATURE AND CLASSIFICATION
• Usually name ends with mab (Ex – Rituximab).
• But some monoclonal antibodies are not stable, so fusion proteins are attached in order to
stabilize it.
• If it contains fusion protein, then the name will end with cept (Ex – Rilonacept).
• Before mab, the letters tell about Source of antibody.
9. SOURCE LETTERS BEFORE mab EXAMPLE PROPERTIES (SOURCE BASED)
Animal mo (mice) Muromonomab • High risk of allergy and antigenicity.
• Not commonly used.
Purely Human u Panitumumab • Least risk of allergy and antigenicity.
Mixed Chimeric xi Infliximab • 50-50 % mixture each.
Mixed Humanized zu Trastuzumab • Mostly human with a small amt. of
animal component.
10. • Before source, the letters tell about Target of monoclonal antibodies.
TARGET LETTERS BEFORE SOURCE EXAMPLE USE
Tumour tu
Cetuximab
Rituximab
Trastuzumab
Pertuzumab
Anti-cancer
Virus vi Palivizumab Against Respiratory
syncytial virus
Circulation ci Abciximab
Bevacizumab
Anti-platelet
Inhibits angiogenesis
Osteo (Bone) os Denosumab In osteoporosis
Hyper Cholesterol oc Alirocumab
Evolocumab
Over cholesterol
To lower the
immunity
li
Adalimumab
Certolizumab
Etanercept*
Infliximab
Golimumab
Daclizumab
Basiliximab
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Crohn’s disease
Transplantation
TNF α
inhibitors
IL-2
inhibitors
11. TARGET LETTERS BEFORE SOURCE EXAMPLE USE
To lower the
immunity
li
Efalizumab
Natalizumab
Eculizumab
Omalizumab
Psoriasis
Multiple sclerosis
Paroxysmal Nocturnal
Hemoglobinuria
Bronchial Asthma