The document discusses monitoring lead levels in soil samples collected from agricultural fields around Lahore. It outlines the importance of soil monitoring for sustainable crop production and maintaining nutrient levels. The document provides guidance on proper soil sampling techniques including sampling location, depth, and handling. It also details sources of lead contamination and potential health effects. Finally, it presents methods for detecting lead in soil samples, such as lead soil test kits, portable XRF technology, and spike recovery test methods.

1. MONITORING OF LEAD IN SOIL
SAMPLES SELECTED FROM
AGRICULTURAL FIELD AROUND
LAHORE
ZUHHA TAQDEES
2512

2. THINGS TO BE DISCUSSED
 Soil monitoring and its importance.
 How to do sampling in agricultural land.
 Sources concentration and health effects of
lead.
 Sample preparation from field.
 Methods for detection of lead in soil.

3. SOIL MONITORING?

4. IMPORTANCE OF SOIL
MONITORING
 Key for sustainable crop production.
 Tells soil nutrient level.
 Helps maintaining nutrient levels.
 Every 3 years.
 Harm: results older than 3 years.

5. WHAT IS A GOOD SAMPLE?
Same time of year
When fields are dry enough to
plough
Throughout the field
Right depth
Mixed in plastic container
No leaves rocks or other things
Properly labeled

6. SAMPLING IN AGRICULTURE
Unique environments; managed soil.
Plowing, fertilizers, irrigation water.
1 sample/4 hectares
Top 30 cm of soil profile
Random sampling
Grid sampling

7. SOURCES OF LEAD
Flaking lead paint on exterior
structures
Factory pollution, incinerators,
mining
Tetraethyl lead in gasoline
Lead arsenate insecticide
Naturally occurring lead in soil
Lead in plumbing

8. LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN SOIL
Natural levels: 15-40 ppm
Contaminated soils: 100 ppm
Adjacent to lead-based paints:
<10,000 ppm
1000 ppm lead is hazardous

9. HEALTH EFFECTS ON CHILDREN
 Damage to brain & nervous system
 Behavior & learning problems, hyperactivity
 Slowed growth
 Hearing problems
 Headaches

10. HEALTH EFFECTS ON ADULTS
 Reproductive problems
 High blood pressure & hypertension
 Nerve disorders
 Memory & concentration problems
 Muscle & joint pain
 Violent Actions

11. SAMPLING TOOLS
Bulk samplers
Augers
Tubes

12. SAMPLE PREPARATION FROM FIELD
DRYING
 Saturated soil: Oven drying
 Air drying preferable (4 to 8 days)
STORING
 Zip lock type plastic bag
 Cool dry place

13. SAMPLE PREPARATION FROM FIELD
LABELLING
 Unique ID number
 Identify ID
PROBLEMS
 Contamination by tools
 crushing of stones, chalk etc.
TRANSPORTATION
 For chemical analysis

14. PROBLEMS IN SAMPLING
Limited no. of samples
Limited amount to samples
Limited accessibility of location

15. METHODS FOR LEAD DETECTION
Lead Soil Test Kit
Portable XRF Technology
Spike Recovery Test Method

16. LEAD SOIL TEST KIT
Convenient, easy onsite procedure
Ten minute test for lead soil
Uses reagents
Affordable
Small sample is required (0.14
gram)

17. LEAD SOIL TEST KIT
3 steps
Soil in test tube
Add reagent (30s)
Dip test strip
Color change

18. PORTABLE XRF TECHNOLOGY

19. ADVANTAGES OF PORTABLE XRF
TECHNOLOGY
• Both for site and laboratory
• No waste
• Reduction in cost and time

20. WORKING OF PORTABLE XRF
TECHNOLOGY
• Placed directly on soil
• Metal content over 1cm square
• Depth 2 mm
• Lead content in ppm
• In situ and ex situ
• Ex situ better

21. SPIKED RECOVERY TEST METHOD
%Recovery=100(Cs-Cu)
K
Where:
Cs = concentration found testing spiked sample
Cu = concentration found testing un-spiked sample
K = concentration of spike added to sample