Money
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Money can take many forms and serve several functions. It is generally accepted as a medium of exchange, measure of value, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. The money supply is determined by various factors including the central bank, commercial bank lending, and monetary aggregates like M0, M1, M2, and M3. The quantity theory of money posits a direct relationship between the money supply and price level in an economy.
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Money supply
Banks are able to increase the money supply through fractional reserve banking. When a customer deposits money in a bank, the bank is only required to keep a portion of those deposits as reserves, typically around 10%, and can lend out the remaining 90% to borrowers. This lending creates new money, as the amount lent is also spent and deposited elsewhere. Through this process of lending and redepositing, the original $100 deposit can end up creating $190 in the total money supply. The central bank regulates money supply by adjusting the reserve requirement percentage - increasing it decreases lending and money supply while decreasing it has the opposite effect.
Money
This document defines money and discusses its key functions. It notes that money acts as a medium of exchange, unit of account, standard of deferred payment, store of value, and means of transferring value. The document outlines different forms of money including cash money created by central banks and credit money created by commercial banks through loans. It also discusses quantity theories of money, how money supply is measured, and references for further reading on macroeconomic topics related to money.
money functions
Money originated from the Latin word 'MONETO' and can be defined as any commodity that is generally accepted for exchange and as a measure of value. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange to purchase goods and services, and as a measure of value to compare the worth of different commodities. Secondary functions include acting as a standard for deferred payments, a store of value for present and future needs, and allowing the transfer of purchasing power across locations.
Money
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to money:
1. It outlines traditional, Friedman's, and Gurley-Shaw definitions of money which increasingly broaden the scope of money to include near-money assets.
2. It describes the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
3. Theories of neutrality and non-neutrality of money are discussed in relation to prices, interest rates, and economic output in the short and long run.
4. Quantity theories of money like Fisher's equation and the Cambridge cash balance approach link the money supply to the price level and value of money through demand for real cash balances
What is Money ?
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
Money
Money serves several essential economic functions according to the document. It acts as a medium of exchange, replacing bartering, allowing goods and services to be traded. Money also serves as a unit of account, allowing prices of goods and services to be denominated in a standard unit. Additionally, money acts as a store of value, allowing purchasing power to be saved and transferred over time. The document discusses different definitions and classifications of money, including definitions based on what constitutes money, whether it is currency in circulation or includes other assets, and classifications based on the nature and legality of various forms of money.
[Lesson 8] Money and its functions
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
Money
Money serves three main uses: as a medium of exchange to determine value during transactions, as a unit of account to compare the values of goods and services, and as a store of value that generally maintains its purchasing power even if saved over time. For something to function as money, it must meet six key characteristics: durability, portability, divisibility, uniformity, limited supply, and general acceptability. The value of money comes from it representing value in itself (commodity money), being exchangeable for something else of value (representative money), or having value by government decree (fiat money).
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Money supply
Banks are able to increase the money supply through fractional reserve banking. When a customer deposits money in a bank, the bank is only required to keep a portion of those deposits as reserves, typically around 10%, and can lend out the remaining 90% to borrowers. This lending creates new money, as the amount lent is also spent and deposited elsewhere. Through this process of lending and redepositing, the original $100 deposit can end up creating $190 in the total money supply. The central bank regulates money supply by adjusting the reserve requirement percentage - increasing it decreases lending and money supply while decreasing it has the opposite effect.
Money
This document defines money and discusses its key functions. It notes that money acts as a medium of exchange, unit of account, standard of deferred payment, store of value, and means of transferring value. The document outlines different forms of money including cash money created by central banks and credit money created by commercial banks through loans. It also discusses quantity theories of money, how money supply is measured, and references for further reading on macroeconomic topics related to money.
money functions
Money originated from the Latin word 'MONETO' and can be defined as any commodity that is generally accepted for exchange and as a measure of value. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange to purchase goods and services, and as a measure of value to compare the worth of different commodities. Secondary functions include acting as a standard for deferred payments, a store of value for present and future needs, and allowing the transfer of purchasing power across locations.
Money
The document discusses various definitions and concepts related to money:
1. It outlines traditional, Friedman's, and Gurley-Shaw definitions of money which increasingly broaden the scope of money to include near-money assets.
2. It describes the three main functions of money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value.
3. Theories of neutrality and non-neutrality of money are discussed in relation to prices, interest rates, and economic output in the short and long run.
4. Quantity theories of money like Fisher's equation and the Cambridge cash balance approach link the money supply to the price level and value of money through demand for real cash balances
What is Money ?
Money refers to anything that is generally accepted as payment. It functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. Money includes currency, deposits, and other liquid assets. The money supply has evolved from commodity money to various forms like paper currency, checks, and electronic payments. Measuring the money supply includes aggregates like M1, M2, and M3 that capture currencies and increasingly liquid assets.
Money
Money serves several essential economic functions according to the document. It acts as a medium of exchange, replacing bartering, allowing goods and services to be traded. Money also serves as a unit of account, allowing prices of goods and services to be denominated in a standard unit. Additionally, money acts as a store of value, allowing purchasing power to be saved and transferred over time. The document discusses different definitions and classifications of money, including definitions based on what constitutes money, whether it is currency in circulation or includes other assets, and classifications based on the nature and legality of various forms of money.
[Lesson 8] Money and its functions
The document defines money and describes its key functions. Money serves as a medium of exchange, a measure of value, and a standard for deferred payment. It can also act as a store of value, though inflation can weaken this function. Money is further classified as commodity money, which derives value from the materials itself, and token money, which represents value but has no intrinsic worth. Examples of each type are provided.
Money
Money serves three main uses: as a medium of exchange to determine value during transactions, as a unit of account to compare the values of goods and services, and as a store of value that generally maintains its purchasing power even if saved over time. For something to function as money, it must meet six key characteristics: durability, portability, divisibility, uniformity, limited supply, and general acceptability. The value of money comes from it representing value in itself (commodity money), being exchangeable for something else of value (representative money), or having value by government decree (fiat money).
Functions Of Money
The document discusses different aspects of monetary systems including:
1) It defines money and lists its key properties and functions such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
2) It outlines different types of money including commodity money, convertible paper money, inconvertible paper money, bank deposits, and electronic money.
3) It explores the demand for money and identifies three motives for holding money: transactions demand, precautionary demand, and speculative demand. Interest rates are a major factor in determining the amount of money people hold.
Money
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
Money
This document provides an overview of money, including its definition, evolution, characteristics, types, functions, demand and supply. It defines money as anything widely used and accepted in transactions. Money has evolved from commodity money backed by precious metals to modern fiat currency not backed by any commodity. Key characteristics include durability, divisibility, transportability and limited supply. The main types discussed are commodity, fiat and bank money. Functions of money include serving as a unit of value, medium of exchange, store of value and standard for deferred payments. Demand is influenced by transactions, precautionary and speculative motives, while supply includes currency and bank deposits measured by indicators like M1, M2 and M3.
Money
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
Evolution and Function of Money
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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Whatsapp: +923452502478
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Supply of Money
The money supply is the total stock of money available in an economy at a given time and can be defined in different ways. The monetary base (M0) comprises cash in circulation and central bank reserves. Narrow money (M1) includes M0 as well as checkable deposits and some savings. Broad money (M2) contains M1 plus long-term savings deposits, capturing money fulfilling both medium of exchange and store of value functions.
Money & Banking
This document discusses the key concepts of money and banking. It defines money as anything generally accepted as a medium of exchange, like currency notes and coins. Money serves four main roles: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payment. Historically, money has taken the form of commodity money, backed by valuables like gold, and fiat money, which is not backed but widely accepted. Modern forms of money include currency, checkable deposits in banks, and various types of paper money not backed by commodities. For a currency to function well as money, it should have properties of portability, divisibility, durability and recognizable value.
Money and banking
This document defines money and discusses its functions and evolution. It notes that money acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Originally barter and commodities were used, but money developed to solve difficulties with barter. Coins and paper money later replaced commodities as money. Modern money includes coins, paper notes, and checkable deposits. Central banks control money supply and commercial banks create credit and accept deposits.
Introduction to money
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
Different types-of-money-risha-mhae
This document defines and describes various types of money including:
- Standard money which serves as the basis for a currency system.
- Commodity money which derives its value from the commodity it is made of.
- Fiat money which has no intrinsic value but can be exchanged for a commodity.
- Credit money which is issued by private banks and the central bank and includes bank notes and deposits.
Functions of money
The document discusses the four main functions or jobs of money: medium of exchange, standard of value, store of value, and standard of deferred payment. It explains each function in detail. Money serves as a medium of exchange by facilitating transactions and reducing the inefficiencies of bartering. It acts as a standard of value by providing a common unit to measure and compare the relative worth of goods and services. However, money is only a short-term store of value and standard of deferred payment as inflation erodes its purchasing power over the long-run.
Characteristics of money
The document discusses the characteristics of money. It explains that early societies used bartering with goods like animals and food, but that carrying all these items was inconvenient. Money was then invented as it is durable, portable, divisible, uniform, available in limited supply, and universally accepted. The six key characteristics of money are described in detail. The document notes that the US Federal Reserve plays a role in determining how much money is in circulation.
Functions of money
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an economics textbook, including definitions of money, inflation, the money supply, monetary policy conducted by central banks like the Federal Reserve, the quantity theory of money, the relationship between inflation and interest rates described by the Fisher equation, and costs of inflation like shoe-leather costs and menu costs. It also discusses money demand functions, the distinction between real and nominal variables, and the concept of monetary neutrality in the long run.
Quantity Theory of Money
The document discusses the quantity theory of money, which states that the general price level is directly proportional to the money supply. It defines money and its key functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The quantity theory was challenged by Keynesian economics but updated by monetarism. While most economists agree it holds true long-run, some critics argue the direct relationship between money supply and prices does not always apply. The document also explains Fisher's equation of exchange that relates the money supply, velocity of money, price level, and volume of transactions.
Money supply
This document defines and explains the key components of money supply and how it is measured. It discusses four main measures of money supply: M0, M1, M2, and M3. M1 includes currency in circulation and demand deposits. M2 adds savings deposits and time deposits. M3 includes longer-term time deposits. Each measure expands the definition in terms of liquidity and availability for use in transactions. The document also explains the components that make up each measure, such as currency, demand deposits, savings deposits, and time deposits.
The money supply and inflation ppt @ bec doms
1. China is experiencing high inflation which can be explained by increases in the money supply.
2. The central bank, called the Federal Reserve, controls the money supply through open market operations and by adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates.
3. When the money supply increases, either the price level rises or output increases as shown by the Quantity Theory of Money equation.
Money and near money ( money and banking)
The document discusses money and near money. It defines money as anything that is generally acceptable as a means of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. There are three types of money: metallic, paper, and credit money. Near money refers to assets that have high liquidity and can be converted to money, such as bills of exchange, bonds, debentures, and shares. Near money differs from money in that it is not directly used in transactions and must be converted first. The degree of liquidity, or ease of conversion to cash, determines how near an asset is to being money. A monetary economy uses money as a medium of exchange, whereas a barter economy exchanges goods directly without money.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market determines exchange rates and facilitates international trade and investment. It is a decentralized global market where multiple currencies are traded. Participants include banks, central banks, companies, investors and more. The purpose is to allow businesses to convert one currency to another to facilitate international trade. Under a fixed exchange rate system, a country's central bank pegs its currency value to another currency and intervenes to maintain the peg. A floating system allows market forces to determine exchange rates without central bank intervention. Countries consider factors like financial depth, trade openness and volatility when deciding their exchange rate regime.
Evolution of Money
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
MONEY & BANKING
This document provides an overview of money and banking concepts including:
1. The definition and functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and measure of value.
2. The roles of central banks in managing monetary policy and commercial banks in accepting deposits and issuing loans.
3. Types of bank accounts, loans, and payment methods like cash, checks, and debit/credit cards.
Lesson 1: What is Money?
Money exists as IOUs recorded in a money of account chosen by national governments. As sovereign issuers of currency, governments define the money of account, impose taxes requiring payment in that currency, and spend in the currency they issue. This establishes a hierarchy where the government's money is most senior and other debt instruments in the economy leverage that sovereign currency.
Money Supply In India
1. Money supply in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India through monetary policy to achieve objectives like price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
2. There is no single measure of money supply - it is measured using aggregates M1, M2, M3, and M4 which include currency in circulation and various types of bank deposits.
3. The growth in money supply must be higher than the growth in real national income to accommodate demand for money from income growth and a shrinking non-monetized sector of the economy.
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Functions Of Money
The document discusses different aspects of monetary systems including:
1) It defines money and lists its key properties and functions such as being a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
2) It outlines different types of money including commodity money, convertible paper money, inconvertible paper money, bank deposits, and electronic money.
3) It explores the demand for money and identifies three motives for holding money: transactions demand, precautionary demand, and speculative demand. Interest rates are a major factor in determining the amount of money people hold.
Money
Money can take various forms and serves several functions including as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. The money supply is categorized into different levels including M1 (currency and demand deposits), M2 (near money), and M3 (broad money). Money demand is influenced by transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. The quantity theory of money posits that changes in the money supply will impact the price level in an economy. Banks play an important role in the financial system, with central banks responsible for currency issuance and monetary stability and commercial banks accepting deposits and providing loans.
Money
This document provides an overview of money, including its definition, evolution, characteristics, types, functions, demand and supply. It defines money as anything widely used and accepted in transactions. Money has evolved from commodity money backed by precious metals to modern fiat currency not backed by any commodity. Key characteristics include durability, divisibility, transportability and limited supply. The main types discussed are commodity, fiat and bank money. Functions of money include serving as a unit of value, medium of exchange, store of value and standard for deferred payments. Demand is influenced by transactions, precautionary and speculative motives, while supply includes currency and bank deposits measured by indicators like M1, M2 and M3.
Money
- Money has evolved over time from barter systems to commodity money like livestock or metals, to modern forms like coins, paper money, plastic money, and cryptocurrency.
- The key functions of money are as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade, a unit of account to measure and compare value, and as a store of value to save purchasing power over time.
- Money solves issues with barter like the lack of a common unit of value and difficulty finding direct exchange. It allows for deferred payment, credit, and saving.
Evolution and Function of Money
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Supply of Money
The money supply is the total stock of money available in an economy at a given time and can be defined in different ways. The monetary base (M0) comprises cash in circulation and central bank reserves. Narrow money (M1) includes M0 as well as checkable deposits and some savings. Broad money (M2) contains M1 plus long-term savings deposits, capturing money fulfilling both medium of exchange and store of value functions.
Money & Banking
This document discusses the key concepts of money and banking. It defines money as anything generally accepted as a medium of exchange, like currency notes and coins. Money serves four main roles: as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payment. Historically, money has taken the form of commodity money, backed by valuables like gold, and fiat money, which is not backed but widely accepted. Modern forms of money include currency, checkable deposits in banks, and various types of paper money not backed by commodities. For a currency to function well as money, it should have properties of portability, divisibility, durability and recognizable value.
Money and banking
This document defines money and discusses its functions and evolution. It notes that money acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Originally barter and commodities were used, but money developed to solve difficulties with barter. Coins and paper money later replaced commodities as money. Modern money includes coins, paper notes, and checkable deposits. Central banks control money supply and commercial banks create credit and accept deposits.
Introduction to money
The document discusses the evolution of money from barter systems to modern forms. It begins by describing barter systems and their limitations, then moves to commodity money like precious metals. It describes how goldsmith receipts evolved into paper money and different types of paper currency. Later forms of money discussed include bank money, plastic money, and different central banking approaches to currency issuance like commodity backing and reserve requirements. The document provides an overview of the development of money from early barter to modern monetary systems.
Different types-of-money-risha-mhae
This document defines and describes various types of money including:
- Standard money which serves as the basis for a currency system.
- Commodity money which derives its value from the commodity it is made of.
- Fiat money which has no intrinsic value but can be exchanged for a commodity.
- Credit money which is issued by private banks and the central bank and includes bank notes and deposits.
Functions of money
The document discusses the four main functions or jobs of money: medium of exchange, standard of value, store of value, and standard of deferred payment. It explains each function in detail. Money serves as a medium of exchange by facilitating transactions and reducing the inefficiencies of bartering. It acts as a standard of value by providing a common unit to measure and compare the relative worth of goods and services. However, money is only a short-term store of value and standard of deferred payment as inflation erodes its purchasing power over the long-run.
Characteristics of money
The document discusses the characteristics of money. It explains that early societies used bartering with goods like animals and food, but that carrying all these items was inconvenient. Money was then invented as it is durable, portable, divisible, uniform, available in limited supply, and universally accepted. The six key characteristics of money are described in detail. The document notes that the US Federal Reserve plays a role in determining how much money is in circulation.
Functions of money
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of an economics textbook, including definitions of money, inflation, the money supply, monetary policy conducted by central banks like the Federal Reserve, the quantity theory of money, the relationship between inflation and interest rates described by the Fisher equation, and costs of inflation like shoe-leather costs and menu costs. It also discusses money demand functions, the distinction between real and nominal variables, and the concept of monetary neutrality in the long run.
Quantity Theory of Money
The document discusses the quantity theory of money, which states that the general price level is directly proportional to the money supply. It defines money and its key functions as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value. The quantity theory was challenged by Keynesian economics but updated by monetarism. While most economists agree it holds true long-run, some critics argue the direct relationship between money supply and prices does not always apply. The document also explains Fisher's equation of exchange that relates the money supply, velocity of money, price level, and volume of transactions.
Money supply
This document defines and explains the key components of money supply and how it is measured. It discusses four main measures of money supply: M0, M1, M2, and M3. M1 includes currency in circulation and demand deposits. M2 adds savings deposits and time deposits. M3 includes longer-term time deposits. Each measure expands the definition in terms of liquidity and availability for use in transactions. The document also explains the components that make up each measure, such as currency, demand deposits, savings deposits, and time deposits.
The money supply and inflation ppt @ bec doms
1. China is experiencing high inflation which can be explained by increases in the money supply.
2. The central bank, called the Federal Reserve, controls the money supply through open market operations and by adjusting reserve requirements and interest rates.
3. When the money supply increases, either the price level rises or output increases as shown by the Quantity Theory of Money equation.
Money and near money ( money and banking)
The document discusses money and near money. It defines money as anything that is generally acceptable as a means of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. There are three types of money: metallic, paper, and credit money. Near money refers to assets that have high liquidity and can be converted to money, such as bills of exchange, bonds, debentures, and shares. Near money differs from money in that it is not directly used in transactions and must be converted first. The degree of liquidity, or ease of conversion to cash, determines how near an asset is to being money. A monetary economy uses money as a medium of exchange, whereas a barter economy exchanges goods directly without money.
Foreign exchange market
The foreign exchange market determines exchange rates and facilitates international trade and investment. It is a decentralized global market where multiple currencies are traded. Participants include banks, central banks, companies, investors and more. The purpose is to allow businesses to convert one currency to another to facilitate international trade. Under a fixed exchange rate system, a country's central bank pegs its currency value to another currency and intervenes to maintain the peg. A floating system allows market forces to determine exchange rates without central bank intervention. Countries consider factors like financial depth, trade openness and volatility when deciding their exchange rate regime.
Evolution of Money
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
MONEY & BANKING
This document provides an overview of money and banking concepts including:
1. The definition and functions of money as a medium of exchange, store of value, and measure of value.
2. The roles of central banks in managing monetary policy and commercial banks in accepting deposits and issuing loans.
3. Types of bank accounts, loans, and payment methods like cash, checks, and debit/credit cards.
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Lesson 1: What is Money?
Money exists as IOUs recorded in a money of account chosen by national governments. As sovereign issuers of currency, governments define the money of account, impose taxes requiring payment in that currency, and spend in the currency they issue. This establishes a hierarchy where the government's money is most senior and other debt instruments in the economy leverage that sovereign currency.
Money Supply In India
1. Money supply in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India through monetary policy to achieve objectives like price stability, full employment, and economic growth.
2. There is no single measure of money supply - it is measured using aggregates M1, M2, M3, and M4 which include currency in circulation and various types of bank deposits.
3. The growth in money supply must be higher than the growth in real national income to accommodate demand for money from income growth and a shrinking non-monetized sector of the economy.
Measurements of money supply
Velocity of money is calculated by dividing GDP by the value of money supply. Different measurements of money supply (M0, M1, M2, M3) show different velocities, as they represent different components of the money supply. M0 only includes currency in circulation and bank reserves, while M3 includes a broader range of assets. Understanding how money moves between entities in an economy helps explain why velocity, or the rate of money circulation, is important for economic growth.
The Multipliers
The document discusses different types of multipliers used to gauge the effect of fiscal and monetary policy changes on the economy. It defines spending, tax, and money multipliers, providing the key terms and formulas for each. The spending and tax multipliers are used to measure the impact of changes in government spending (G) and taxes (T) respectively, while the money multiplier analyzes the effect of monetary policy changes on excess reserves (ER), loans, money supply, and demand deposits.
Money supply
This document discusses monetary aggregates and money supply. It defines M1, M2, and M3 as measures of the money supply that include various types of deposits and funds. It explains that the demand for money (Md) depends on transaction levels and interest rates, and that the central bank controls the monetary base which expands the money supply through banking. The relationship between money supply, monetary policy, inflation, and economic growth is also examined.
Uses and Characteristics of Money
Money serves three main purposes: as a medium of exchange to facilitate trade beyond bartering, as a unit of account to compare the values of different goods and services, and as a store of value to maintain purchasing power over time. To be considered money, an item must have six key characteristics - it must be durable, portable, divisible, uniform, have a limited supply, and be widely acceptable for transactions.
Demand and supply of money
Money was not used in early history as exchanges were done through bartering. Definitions of money include anything widely accepted for payments or that acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Money serves four main functions: medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and deferred payment. The money supply is the total amount of money available in an economy and is composed of currency and demand deposits. It is determined by the monetary base and money multiplier. Money supply measurements include M0, M1, M2, M3, and M4. Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level and can be caused by an increase in the money supply, decrease in goods supply
ECONOMICS Chapter 5
This document discusses money supply and the banking system. It defines different measures of money supply (M1, M2, M3, M4) and explains how money is created through the banking system. Banks act as intermediaries that accept deposits and create money through lending. This expands the money supply through the money multiplier process. The money supply is determined by factors like public behavior, commercial bank behavior, and central bank influence. The money market reaches equilibrium where the demand for money equals the supply.
The Money Supply
The document provides an overview of the money supply and the Federal Reserve System in the United States. It defines different measures of money including M1, M2 and discusses how banks create money through fractional reserve banking. It then explains the role of the Federal Reserve in controlling the money supply through tools like required reserve ratios, open market operations, and interest rates.
Demand and supply money
The document discusses the demand and supply of money. It defines different measures of the money supply (M1, M2, M3) which include currency, checkable deposits, savings deposits, money market funds and other savings instruments. The amount of money in circulation depends on how much is demanded by individuals and businesses for transactions and storing wealth. The supply of money is determined by monetary authorities like the Federal Reserve and expands/contracts to meet business needs. Money derives its value from its functions as a medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account which depend on it maintaining stability and purchasing power over time.
The History of Money
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
evolution of money
this presentation contains all about evolution of money or cbse book of economics chapter: evolution of money
Inflation
This document summarizes an economics presentation on inflation given by Abhinav Duggal and Vikesh Khanna. It defines inflation as a rise in general price levels caused by an imbalance between the money supply and trade needs. It discusses various measures used to calculate inflation rates like the Consumer Price Index and GDP Deflator. The major causes of inflation outlined are demand-pull theory and cost-push theory. Control measures discussed are monetary policy, fixed exchange rates, and fiscal policy. Recent inflation scenarios in India and Zimbabwe's hyperinflation crisis are also summarized. The presentation concludes with an invitation for questions.
Inflation
This document discusses inflation, defining it as a general increase in prices and a decline in the purchasing power of money. It outlines different types of inflation from creeping to hyperinflation. The main causes of inflation are described as too much demand and too little supply, which can be demand-pull or cost-push inflation. Effects include rising import prices, lower savings, and impacts on investment. Control measures discussed are monetary policy like interest rates and fiscal steps like tax increases. Present inflation rates in India are provided, ranging from -11% to 34% between 1969-2013, with an average of 7.7% over that period.
Monetary policy of rbi
The document discusses India's monetary policy, which is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The RBI announces monetary policy twice per year to regulate price stability in the economy. Monetary policy aims to influence economic growth, employment, credit flows, and price stability through tools like bank rates, open market operations, cash reserve ratios, and statutory liquidity ratios. It can impact consumption, investment, exports and imports. Limitations include non-monetized sectors, non-banking institutions, and lack of coordination with fiscal policy. The current monetary policy rates in India are outlined.
Monetary policy
Monetary policy aims to control the money supply and interest rates to promote economic growth and stability. The objectives of monetary policy differ for developed and underdeveloped countries. Underdeveloped countries aim to achieve full employment and economic growth, while developed countries focus on high demand without inflation. Monetary policy tools include open market operations, required reserves, and interest rates. Central banks target variables like money supply and interest rates to indirectly influence macroeconomic goals like inflation and growth. The State Bank of Pakistan has utilized tight and easy monetary stances over the years in response to economic conditions, aiming to balance objectives like inflation, growth, and stability.
Monetary and fiscal policy of india
The document discusses India's monetary and fiscal policy. It outlines the objectives, instruments, and factors that influence monetary policy such as maintaining price stability and economic growth. The key instruments of monetary policy discussed are cash reserve ratio, statutory liquidity ratio, repo rate, and reverse repo rate. Fiscal policy objectives include increasing capital formation and achieving desirable levels of growth, prices, employment, and income distribution. The main instruments of fiscal policy are taxation (direct and indirect taxes) and government expenditure. The document also discusses inflation in India and reviews of monetary policy by experts.
1. role of central bank (1)
The document discusses the role and functions of central banks. It begins by explaining that a central bank acts as the leader of the money market in a country, supervising commercial banks and financial institutions. As a bank of issue, it is the sole issuer of currency and maintains close ties to the government.
It then contrasts central banks with commercial banks, noting that central banks do not aim to generate profits but rather control the banking system and support economic policy. Central banks are generally government organizations. The document proceeds to outline various functions of central banks, including acting as a bank of last resort, managing foreign exchange reserves, implementing monetary policy, and using various tools like bank rates, open market operations, and cash reserve ratios to influence
Money: Definition, Origin, Functions, Inflation, Deflation, Value of Money, M...
These slides cover the first chapter of the B.Com "Banking and Finance" syllabus: Money.
It includes the following topics: Definition, Origin, Functions, Inflation and its remedies, , Deflation and its causes, reflation, devaluation, , Monetary and Fiscal Policy, Paper Money: its kinds and advantages and disadvanatges, Monetary system, Value of Money: quantity theory of money, cash balance approach, modern theory of money.
Fiscal Policy Ppt
1. This chapter discusses fiscal policy as a tool for stabilizing the economy through manipulating government spending and taxes.
2. It explores discretionary and automatic fiscal adjustments using the AD-AS model and covers problems like recognition lags that complicate fiscal policy effectiveness.
3. Evaluating fiscal policy involves examining standardized budgets that adjust for cyclical factors to determine if policy is expansionary or contractionary.
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Money: Definition, Origin, Functions, Inflation, Deflation, Value of Money, M...
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This document discusses the demand for and supply of money. It defines money and its key functions as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. The document outlines different types of money including fiat currency and fiduciary money in the form of bank deposits. It discusses measures of the money supply and presents the quantity theory of money, explaining how the money supply impacts price levels and economic activity. The determinants of demand for and supply of money are explored, including Keynesian theories about transactions, precautionary, and speculative demand motives. The relationship between demand, supply, and the interest rate is also summarized.
Bba 2 be ii u 2.2 demand and supplyofmoney
This document discusses the concepts of money and inflation. It defines money, explores its functions and determinants of money supply. Money supply is measured using various approaches like M0, M1, M2, M3, and M4. The document also examines the demand for money based on the transaction motive, precautionary motive, and speculative motive in Keynes' liquidity preference theory. It discusses the causes of inflation including increases in money supply, decreases in goods supply, changes in demand for money and goods. Inflation is calculated using the wholesale price index and consumer price index. The main types of inflation are defined as demand-pull and cost-push inflation.
Bba 2 be ii u 2.2 demand and supplyofmoney
This document defines money and discusses its functions and determinants of money supply. It defines money as anything widely accepted as payment or that acts as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. Money serves four main functions: medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and deferred payment. The money supply is determined by the monetary base (cash and reserves) and the money multiplier, and includes different components like currency, demand deposits, savings deposits, and time deposits. The velocity of circulation and liquidity preferences also impact the money supply. The demand for money stems from its use in transactions, as a precautionary asset, and for speculative purposes.
2nd-Week-Classes-Notes-B.A.ECONOMICS-VI-SEM-MONEY-AND-FINANCIAL-MARKETS.pptx
The document discusses concepts related to measuring money supply and determining money supply. It defines several monetary aggregates (M1-M4, NM0-NM3, L1-L3) used in India to measure money supply. It then presents a general model of money creation where money supply is determined by the monetary base, currency to deposit ratio, required reserve ratio, and excess reserve ratio. Changes in these determinants by the central bank, commercial banks, or public can impact money supply. The document also discusses exogenous and endogenous views of how the money supply curve may be shaped.
Money and supply ,types of money
The document discusses the emergence and evolution of money. It begins by outlining the drawbacks of barter systems that led to the development of money. It then defines money and discusses its primary and secondary functions. The document also summarizes Keynes' theory of demand for money, which is comprised of transaction, precautionary, and speculative motives. It introduces concepts like liquidity preference, liquidity traps, and different measures of money supply such as M1, M2, M3, and M4. Finally, it discusses narrow and broad definitions of money.
Money Market: Demand for Money
Concepts of Demand for Money and its functioning in the Money Market and relevant theories pertaining to Demand for Money
Money Supply and Its Determinants (1).docx
Money supply refers to the total amount of money available in an economy at a given time. It includes currency in circulation as well as deposits that can be used for transactions. There are different measures of money supply that range from narrow to broad definitions. Narrow money (M1) includes currency and checkable deposits, while broader measures add other liquid assets like savings deposits and money market funds. Irving Fisher developed the quantity theory of money, which states that the price level in an economy is directly proportional to the money supply when the velocity of circulation and output are held constant. Doubling the money supply would double the price level according to this theory.
Supply of money
tried to explain definition, constituents. Factor determining supply of money and RBI's measure of money supply
Money & banking unit ii
This document provides an overview of different monetary theories, including the Quantity Theory of Money proposed by Irving Fisher and the Cash-Balance Approach proposed by Cambridge economists like Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes. It summarizes Fisher's equation of exchange as MV=PT, where M is the money supply, V is velocity, P is price level, and T is total transactions. It also outlines the key assumptions and criticisms of Fisher's approach. Furthermore, it summarizes the equations proposed by Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes as part of the Cash-Balance Approach to explaining the relationship between money demand, supply, and price level.
Money & banking unit ii
This document provides an overview of different monetary theories, including the Quantity Theory of Money proposed by Irving Fisher and the Cash-Balance Approach proposed by Cambridge economists like Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes. It summarizes Fisher's equation of exchange as MV=PT, where M is the money supply, V is velocity, P is price level, and T is total transactions. It also outlines the key assumptions and criticisms of Fisher's approach. Furthermore, it summarizes the equations proposed by Marshall, Pigou, Robertson, and Keynes as part of the Cash-Balance Approach to explaining the relationship between money demand, supply, and price level.
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The document summarizes key concepts related to money supply and demand. It discusses:
1) How the central bank (Federal Reserve) controls money supply through tools like required reserve ratios, discount rates, and open market operations.
2) How fractional reserve banking allows banks to lend excess reserves and multiply the money supply.
3) The relationship between money supply (M) and monetary base (B), and how the money multiplier determines changes to the money supply.
4) Factors that influence demand for money, such as personal income, interest rates, expected inflation, and real wealth.
5) How the central bank uses monetary policy to target interest rates and stabilize the economy.
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The document discusses money supply and money demand. It explains that money supply is determined by the behavior of households, banks, and the Federal Reserve. Banks can create money through fractional-reserve banking by keeping only a fraction of deposits as reserves and lending out the rest. This allows the initial deposit to create additional money in the economy. The money supply and monetary base are also influenced by the reserve-deposit ratio, currency-deposit ratio, and money multiplier. The Federal Reserve can conduct open market operations and adjust reserve requirements and interest rates to influence the money supply. Money demand theories, including portfolio and transactions theories like the Baumol-Tobin model, are also covered.
MONEY SUPPLY AND MONETARY POLICY
The document provides information on various monetary policy concepts including:
- Definitions of different types of money such as narrow money (M1), broad money (M3), and reserve money (M0).
- The functions of a central bank like the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which include implementing monetary policy, regulating banks, managing foreign exchange reserves, and acting as a banker to the government.
- Key monetary policy tools used by the RBI like repo rate, reverse repo rate, cash reserve ratio, and open market operations.
- India's inflation targeting monetary policy framework, which involves setting an inflation target of 4% with a 2% flexibility band and using the repo rate as the
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The document discusses the definitions and components of money supply. It defines money as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value, and standard for deferred payments. It then outlines the different measures of money supply - M1, M2, M3, and M4. The rest of the document discusses the role and functions of central banks, monetary policy tools and their transmission mechanisms, balance sheet of a commercial bank, and concepts related to money multiplier and money supply.
Money Supply Analysis
The document discusses money supply, including definitions, components, and determinants. It defines money supply as notes and coins held by the public plus bank deposits in an economy with a banking system. Money supply is measured by narrow money (M1) and broad money (M2). M1 includes currency and demand deposits, while M2 adds time deposits. The determinants of money supply are discussed using the money multiplier approach and accounting approach. The money multiplier approach views money supply as the product of the money multiplier and the reserve money base. The document outlines the factors that influence the money multiplier and the components of the reserve money base.
How does the FED stabilize economies?
The document discusses how central banks like the Federal Reserve use monetary policy to influence economic activity. It explains the different components of the money supply that the Fed can target, such as M1, M2, and M3. The Fed conducts open market operations, buying and selling Treasury bonds, to expand or contract the money supply and influence interest rates. Expanding the money supply through tools like lower interest rates aims to increase aggregate demand and economic growth. Contracting the money supply through higher rates aims to decrease demand and control inflation.
Money Multiplier
The document discusses the money multiplier concept in India. It explains that the money multiplier is the amount of money banks can generate from each rupee of required reserves, depending on the reserve ratio set by the RBI. A higher reserve ratio means a lower money multiplier and less money generated in the banking system. The document provides examples of how the money multiplier works and factors that affect its size. It also outlines the various monetary policy tools used by the RBI, including required reserve ratios, policy rates, and open market operations.
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The document discusses the money multiplier concept in India. It explains that the money multiplier is the amount of money banks can generate from each rupee of required reserves, depending on the reserve ratio set by the RBI. It provides an example showing that with a 10% required reserve ratio, a bank with Rs. 100 in reserves could generate Rs. 1000 in deposits. It also discusses how the RBI uses tools like required reserve ratios, interest rates, and open market operations to conduct monetary policy and influence money supply.
Liquidity Preference Theory
The Liquidity Preference Theory suggests that investors demand higher interest rates for longer term investments because cash is considered the most liquid asset. There are three motives for demanding money: transaction motives for daily needs, precautionary motives for unexpected events, and speculative motives based on interest rate fluctuations. The total demand for money is the sum of these three motives and is determined by income and interest rates. Interest rates are set by the point where the total demand for money equals the fixed money supply as determined by the central bank, with the demand curve sloping downward and the supply curve being vertical.
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This document discusses monetary policy and related concepts. It defines money, describes its functions like medium of exchange and store of value. It explains different measures of money supply and the importance of money in capitalist and socialist economies. The document also discusses instruments of monetary policy like bank rate and open market operations. It covers concepts like inflation, deflation, and the quantity theory of money. Inflation can be of different types like demand-pull and cost-push. Measures to control inflation include increased taxation and import restrictions. Deflation causes issues like unemployment and losses for producers.
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The Impact of GST Payments on Loan Approvals
Understanding how timely GST payments influence a lender's decision to approve loans, this topic explores the correlation between GST compliance and creditworthiness. It highlights how consistent GST payments can enhance a business's financial credibility, potentially leading to higher chances of loan approval.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdf
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
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