Synopsis :- Introduction {What is marker ?} History Types of marker Categories of molecular markers Applications Conclusion References

1. By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. Synopsis :-
1. Introduction {What is marker ?}
2. History
3. Types of marker
 Categories of molecular markers
4. Applications
5. Conclusion
6. References

3. Introduction
A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a
known location on a chromosome and associated with a
particular gene or trait. It can be described as a variation,
which may arise due to mutation or alteration in the
genomic loci, that can be observed.
Molecular marker is a DNA sequence which can be
easily detected and readily monitored.

4. History
The first DNA based genetic markers were the
restriction fragment length polymorphism{RFLP}
markers used by Botstein et al. [1980] .

5. Types of marker
 Morphological Marker
 Biochemical Marker
 Molecular Marker

6. Categories of molecular markers
(1)Non- PCR- based approaches:
Restriction fragment length
polymorphism(RFLP).
(2)PCR- based techniques: Random
amplified polymorphic DNA{RAPD},
Amplified fragment length
polymorphism{AFLP}
(3) Targeted PCR and sequencing :
Sequence targeted sites (STS).

7. Non- PCR- based approaches:

8. •Highly polymorphic nature
• Co dominant inheritance (determination of
homozygous and heterozygous states of diploid
organisms)
• Frequent occurrence in genome
• Selective neutral behavior (the DNA sequences of any
organism are neutral to environmental conditions or
management practices)
• Easy access (availability)
• Easy and fast assay
• High reproducibility
• Easy exchange of data between laboratories.
But unfortunately by this time , such types of single
marker no found , which contain all these properties.
Properties desirable for ideal DNA markers

10. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

11. VARIATION

12. References:-
•H.S.Chawala Introduction to Plant Biotechnology -
2nd edition
• B.D.Singh Biotechnology Expanding Horizon - 3rd
edition
•Internet :-
www.kbiotech.com
www.wikipedia.com {01-04-2014_6:00 pm}