Magao caves are situated at a strategic point along the Silk Route, at the crossroads of trade as well as religious, cultural and intellectual influences.
This document provides information on North Indian temple architecture from the Gupta period. It discusses key features of temples constructed during this era, including the use of stone construction instead of bricks, relief artwork, and structural elements like shikhara towers and mandapas. Specific temples from the Gupta period are highlighted like the ones at Tigwa, Udaygiri, and Deogarh. The architecture of the famous Sun Temple at Modhera is described in detail, including its main shrine hall, assembly hall with carved pillars, and surrounding kunda reservoir. Overall, the document outlines the defining characteristics of Nagara style temple architecture that developed and flourished during the golden age of the Guptas in North India
- Mauryan art represented an important transition from wood to stone in Indian art. Notable features include the use of cut stone in religious sculptures and the development of Buddhist temples, stupas, and caves that were inspired by earlier Vedic traditions.
- Gandharan art developed in the region of Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) between the 1st-7th centuries AD and blended Greek artistic styles with Indian Buddhist religious themes. Key characteristics include depictions of the Buddha and bodhisattvas with realistic human features and elaborate drapery.
- Gupta art of the 4th-5th centuries AD is exemplified by naturalistic sculptures like the Standing Buddha from Sarnath
The document summarizes the history and architecture of the Sanchi Stupa located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It describes the Sanchi Stupa as one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India, originally built in the 3rd century BCE and later enlarged during the Sunga period in the 1st century BCE. The document outlines the key architectural features of the Sanchi Stupa, including its circular plan and structure, symbolic meaning of its different sections, and sculpted gateways depicting Buddhist stories and symbols.
The Bagh Caves are a group of nine rock-cut monuments, situated among the southern slopes of the Vindhyas in Bagh town of Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. These monuments are located at a distance of 97 km from Dhar town. The presentation was prepared for the P.G. students of AIHC and Archaeology Department in the year 2018. The site was visited by me along with my batch during Institute Of Archaeology times in the year 2009.
The Khajuraho temples are located in Madhya Pradesh, India and were built between 950-1050 AD during the Chandela dynasty. Originally there were 85 temples, but now only 22 remain. The temples showcase both Hindu and Jain architecture and are adorned with intricate sculptures, including some depicting erotic scenes. The most prominent temples include the Kandariya Mahadeo temple, which is the tallest, and the Parsvanath temple, the largest Jain temple.
Buddhist religious architecture developed in India in the 3rd century BCE and included monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaityas). Viharas were initially temporary shelters for monks but later became more formal monasteries. Stupas originally housed Buddhist relics and the earliest is the Great Stupa at Sanchi. Chaityas were prayer halls with pillars leading to a stupa and examples can be seen at Ajanta. Architectural styles diverged as Buddhism spread but initially drew from early Indian models. Tibetan architecture was influenced by Nepal, China, and India while Sri Lankan architecture was mainly religious following the introduction
The document summarizes information about stupas located around the world. It describes the origins and symbolism of stupas, and provides details about the structure, architecture, and historical context of specific stupas in India, Japan, Indonesia, and other parts of Asia, including the Great Stupa and Dhamekh Stupa in India, the stupa built by a Japanese monk in Ladakh, and the famous Borobudur Temple in Indonesia. Comparisons are made between some of the large and important stupas discussed.
Jataks stories are the common themes in Ajanta paintings. Mahajanak Jataka painted in Cave One is one of the important compositions.
A Presentation byf Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Ajanta.
This document provides information on North Indian temple architecture from the Gupta period. It discusses key features of temples constructed during this era, including the use of stone construction instead of bricks, relief artwork, and structural elements like shikhara towers and mandapas. Specific temples from the Gupta period are highlighted like the ones at Tigwa, Udaygiri, and Deogarh. The architecture of the famous Sun Temple at Modhera is described in detail, including its main shrine hall, assembly hall with carved pillars, and surrounding kunda reservoir. Overall, the document outlines the defining characteristics of Nagara style temple architecture that developed and flourished during the golden age of the Guptas in North India
- Mauryan art represented an important transition from wood to stone in Indian art. Notable features include the use of cut stone in religious sculptures and the development of Buddhist temples, stupas, and caves that were inspired by earlier Vedic traditions.
- Gandharan art developed in the region of Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) between the 1st-7th centuries AD and blended Greek artistic styles with Indian Buddhist religious themes. Key characteristics include depictions of the Buddha and bodhisattvas with realistic human features and elaborate drapery.
- Gupta art of the 4th-5th centuries AD is exemplified by naturalistic sculptures like the Standing Buddha from Sarnath
The document summarizes the history and architecture of the Sanchi Stupa located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It describes the Sanchi Stupa as one of the oldest Buddhist monuments in India, originally built in the 3rd century BCE and later enlarged during the Sunga period in the 1st century BCE. The document outlines the key architectural features of the Sanchi Stupa, including its circular plan and structure, symbolic meaning of its different sections, and sculpted gateways depicting Buddhist stories and symbols.
The Bagh Caves are a group of nine rock-cut monuments, situated among the southern slopes of the Vindhyas in Bagh town of Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. These monuments are located at a distance of 97 km from Dhar town. The presentation was prepared for the P.G. students of AIHC and Archaeology Department in the year 2018. The site was visited by me along with my batch during Institute Of Archaeology times in the year 2009.
The Khajuraho temples are located in Madhya Pradesh, India and were built between 950-1050 AD during the Chandela dynasty. Originally there were 85 temples, but now only 22 remain. The temples showcase both Hindu and Jain architecture and are adorned with intricate sculptures, including some depicting erotic scenes. The most prominent temples include the Kandariya Mahadeo temple, which is the tallest, and the Parsvanath temple, the largest Jain temple.
Buddhist religious architecture developed in India in the 3rd century BCE and included monasteries (viharas), places to venerate relics (stupas), and shrines or prayer halls (chaityas). Viharas were initially temporary shelters for monks but later became more formal monasteries. Stupas originally housed Buddhist relics and the earliest is the Great Stupa at Sanchi. Chaityas were prayer halls with pillars leading to a stupa and examples can be seen at Ajanta. Architectural styles diverged as Buddhism spread but initially drew from early Indian models. Tibetan architecture was influenced by Nepal, China, and India while Sri Lankan architecture was mainly religious following the introduction
The document summarizes information about stupas located around the world. It describes the origins and symbolism of stupas, and provides details about the structure, architecture, and historical context of specific stupas in India, Japan, Indonesia, and other parts of Asia, including the Great Stupa and Dhamekh Stupa in India, the stupa built by a Japanese monk in Ladakh, and the famous Borobudur Temple in Indonesia. Comparisons are made between some of the large and important stupas discussed.
Jataks stories are the common themes in Ajanta paintings. Mahajanak Jataka painted in Cave One is one of the important compositions.
A Presentation byf Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Ajanta.
This document discusses the iconography of Mahishasuramardini, a form of the Hindu goddess Devi who is depicted slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura. It defines iconography as the study of symbolism in sacred images. For Mahishasuramardini, textual references and features depicted in her images provide details about her mythological story. The earliest images were terracotta plaques from the 1st century BCE-CE, and sculptures from various historical periods are shown depicting her fighting and slaying the buffalo demon. References on iconography from religious texts and scholars are also cited.
Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, Nepal in the 6th century BCE. He was a prince who lived a sheltered life until experiencing old age, sickness, and death for the first time. This led him to leave his life of luxury and meditate under a bodhi tree, where he attained enlightenment and became the Buddha. He then taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. His teachings spread and artistic traditions developed, with early Buddhist sites in India including Bhaja, Karla, Ajanta, and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.
The document discusses the history and evolution of Buddhist architecture from its origins in India. Key elements of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, stambhas, viharas, and chaityas. Stupas evolved over time, changing shapes across different regions while maintaining symbolic meanings. Viharas began as simple wood or bamboo structures before standardized rock-cut designs emerged with cells and courts. Chaityas were cave temples carved from rock displaying influences from Roman architecture. While declining in India, Buddhist architectural styles continue to influence design in countries like China, Japan, and Sri Lanka through structures like the eco-friendly quarry hotel in China.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document discusses the architecture of Hindu temples at Khajuraho, India. It describes key elements of temple design like the amalka, entrance porch, halls, vestibule, towers, and inner sanctum. The Lakshmana Temple from 954 AD and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple from 1025 AD are highlighted as examples. Sculptures at Khajuraho temples typically include gods, celestial beings, couples, and animals. The architecture reflects the Chandela Dynasty's rule from 831 to 1315 AD and demonstrates the Nagara style.
The document discusses key aspects of Buddhist architecture in India, including pillars (lats), stupas, and cave temples. It describes two main types of lats and provides details on important stupas like the Sanchi Stupa and Stupa at Amaravati. Monasteries (viharas) and worship halls (chaityas) are also summarized, with the chaitya at Karli given as an example. Finally, some of India's major cave temple sites reflecting Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain traditions are highlighted briefly, including Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta Caves.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
This slide is all about Gupta art and culture that was flourished during these times. It includes cave architecture, stupa architecture and temple Architecture along with their culture that was preserved in their formations.
Khajuraho is a small town in Madhya Pradesh, India known for its Hindu and Jain temples built between 950-1050 AD. The temples feature exquisite sculptures and were rediscovered in 1838 after being hidden by dense forests for centuries. The temples are divided into western, eastern, and southern groups containing notable structures like the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple, decorated with masterful sculptures, and the Chattarbhuj Temple, the only one lacking erotic art. An annual dance festival celebrates the heritage of Khajuraho through performances of classical Indian dances against the backdrop of the temples.
The document summarizes Chalukyan architecture found in Aihole, India. It describes several important early Chalukyan temples in Aihole including the Ravana Phadi cave temple dedicated to Shiva, the Durga Temple with its unusual apsidal shape, the Hucchimalli Gudi temple which was the first to have a porch, and the Lad Khan temple with its unique rooftop shrine. It provides details on the architectural features, sculptures, and historical significance of these early Chalukyan structures from the 6th-8th centuries that mark the origins of a distinct South Indian temple building tradition.
Gopurams are large ornate towers that serve as the entrance to South Indian Hindu temples. They can be many stories tall and decorated with sculptures depicting Hindu mythology. The earliest gopurams date back to the 10th century but became more prominent architectural features beginning in the 12th century. Major South Indian temples often have several gopurams of different sizes with the largest towering over the outer walls.
This document discusses Indian temple architecture from ancient times through the Gupta period. It notes that Gupta period temples were derived from earlier rock-cut prototypes, having wider spacing between columns in the middle and features like flat roofs and modest sizes. Key architectural elements of Hindu temples are described like the vimana, mandapa, and shikhara. Sculpture flourished during this time on a massive scale, though structures relied more on piling blocks than technical design. Gopurams, large entrance towers, came to mark the importance of temples within southern Indian cities.
- The Chola dynasty produced many bronze sculptures from the 10th-13th centuries CE, primarily depicting Hindu gods like Shiva and Vishnu.
- The lost wax casting technique was commonly used, involving making a wax model, encasing it in clay, and melting the wax to leave a hollow mold for molten metal.
- Early Chola bronzes were more formal in style while later ones had more elongated bodies and exaggerated features. Major production centers included Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, and Chidambaram.
- Iconography and symbolism were carefully followed according to religious texts. Natraja sculptures of Shiva's cosmic dance became prominent. Buddha and Jain figures
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The Sun Temple in Modhera, Gujarat was constructed in 1026-27 CE during the reign of Bhima I of the Solanki dynasty. It faces east and has several components including a shrine, vestibule, assembly hall, and kunda (water tank). The temple features intricate stone carvings depicting figures of the sun god and other deities. It marks the zenith of temple architecture in Gujarat but was damaged by Muslim invaders, though locals preserved much of what remains today.
Development of Buddhist Stupa Architecture.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
The Vesara style of architecture originated in the medieval era in Karnataka as a combination of the Nagara and Dravida styles of North and South India respectively. It featured temples with spired towers called shikharas atop a square sanctuary and circular superstructure. Major dynasties like the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Hoysalas built prominent temples in the Vesara style, most notably at Pattadakal, Aihole, and Belur.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Borobudur is a 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple located in Indonesia. It consists of nine stacked platforms topped by a central dome, decorated with over 500 Buddha statues and 2,672 relief panels. The temple was hidden for centuries before being rediscovered in 1814. It was built in the 8th-9th centuries during the reign of the Shailendra dynasty and took 75 years to complete. Borobudur's layout and symbolism represent Buddhist cosmology. It faced threats from natural disasters and was restored in a major international project in the 1970s.
This document discusses the iconography of Mahishasuramardini, a form of the Hindu goddess Devi who is depicted slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura. It defines iconography as the study of symbolism in sacred images. For Mahishasuramardini, textual references and features depicted in her images provide details about her mythological story. The earliest images were terracotta plaques from the 1st century BCE-CE, and sculptures from various historical periods are shown depicting her fighting and slaying the buffalo demon. References on iconography from religious texts and scholars are also cited.
Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, Nepal in the 6th century BCE. He was a prince who lived a sheltered life until experiencing old age, sickness, and death for the first time. This led him to leave his life of luxury and meditate under a bodhi tree, where he attained enlightenment and became the Buddha. He then taught the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path to end suffering. His teachings spread and artistic traditions developed, with early Buddhist sites in India including Bhaja, Karla, Ajanta, and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.
The document discusses the history and evolution of Buddhist architecture from its origins in India. Key elements of Buddhist architecture discussed include stupas, stambhas, viharas, and chaityas. Stupas evolved over time, changing shapes across different regions while maintaining symbolic meanings. Viharas began as simple wood or bamboo structures before standardized rock-cut designs emerged with cells and courts. Chaityas were cave temples carved from rock displaying influences from Roman architecture. While declining in India, Buddhist architectural styles continue to influence design in countries like China, Japan, and Sri Lanka through structures like the eco-friendly quarry hotel in China.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document discusses the architecture of Hindu temples at Khajuraho, India. It describes key elements of temple design like the amalka, entrance porch, halls, vestibule, towers, and inner sanctum. The Lakshmana Temple from 954 AD and the Kandariya Mahadev Temple from 1025 AD are highlighted as examples. Sculptures at Khajuraho temples typically include gods, celestial beings, couples, and animals. The architecture reflects the Chandela Dynasty's rule from 831 to 1315 AD and demonstrates the Nagara style.
The document discusses key aspects of Buddhist architecture in India, including pillars (lats), stupas, and cave temples. It describes two main types of lats and provides details on important stupas like the Sanchi Stupa and Stupa at Amaravati. Monasteries (viharas) and worship halls (chaityas) are also summarized, with the chaitya at Karli given as an example. Finally, some of India's major cave temple sites reflecting Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain traditions are highlighted briefly, including Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta Caves.
The document provides information on the evolution of Buddhist architecture and key sites in India. It discusses the development of important architectural forms like the stupa, vihara, and chaitya hall during the time of Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. Major rock cut architecture from the period includes the Barabar caves, Ajanta and Ellora, and the vihara at Nasik. The symbolism of the stupa and its architectural elements are also summarized.
This slide is all about Gupta art and culture that was flourished during these times. It includes cave architecture, stupa architecture and temple Architecture along with their culture that was preserved in their formations.
Khajuraho is a small town in Madhya Pradesh, India known for its Hindu and Jain temples built between 950-1050 AD. The temples feature exquisite sculptures and were rediscovered in 1838 after being hidden by dense forests for centuries. The temples are divided into western, eastern, and southern groups containing notable structures like the Kandariya Mahadeo Temple, decorated with masterful sculptures, and the Chattarbhuj Temple, the only one lacking erotic art. An annual dance festival celebrates the heritage of Khajuraho through performances of classical Indian dances against the backdrop of the temples.
The document summarizes Chalukyan architecture found in Aihole, India. It describes several important early Chalukyan temples in Aihole including the Ravana Phadi cave temple dedicated to Shiva, the Durga Temple with its unusual apsidal shape, the Hucchimalli Gudi temple which was the first to have a porch, and the Lad Khan temple with its unique rooftop shrine. It provides details on the architectural features, sculptures, and historical significance of these early Chalukyan structures from the 6th-8th centuries that mark the origins of a distinct South Indian temple building tradition.
Gopurams are large ornate towers that serve as the entrance to South Indian Hindu temples. They can be many stories tall and decorated with sculptures depicting Hindu mythology. The earliest gopurams date back to the 10th century but became more prominent architectural features beginning in the 12th century. Major South Indian temples often have several gopurams of different sizes with the largest towering over the outer walls.
This document discusses Indian temple architecture from ancient times through the Gupta period. It notes that Gupta period temples were derived from earlier rock-cut prototypes, having wider spacing between columns in the middle and features like flat roofs and modest sizes. Key architectural elements of Hindu temples are described like the vimana, mandapa, and shikhara. Sculpture flourished during this time on a massive scale, though structures relied more on piling blocks than technical design. Gopurams, large entrance towers, came to mark the importance of temples within southern Indian cities.
- The Chola dynasty produced many bronze sculptures from the 10th-13th centuries CE, primarily depicting Hindu gods like Shiva and Vishnu.
- The lost wax casting technique was commonly used, involving making a wax model, encasing it in clay, and melting the wax to leave a hollow mold for molten metal.
- Early Chola bronzes were more formal in style while later ones had more elongated bodies and exaggerated features. Major production centers included Thanjavur, Kumbakonam, and Chidambaram.
- Iconography and symbolism were carefully followed according to religious texts. Natraja sculptures of Shiva's cosmic dance became prominent. Buddha and Jain figures
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The Sun Temple in Modhera, Gujarat was constructed in 1026-27 CE during the reign of Bhima I of the Solanki dynasty. It faces east and has several components including a shrine, vestibule, assembly hall, and kunda (water tank). The temple features intricate stone carvings depicting figures of the sun god and other deities. It marks the zenith of temple architecture in Gujarat but was damaged by Muslim invaders, though locals preserved much of what remains today.
Development of Buddhist Stupa Architecture.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Early chalukyas architecture,aihole, pattadkalluVijay Bharadwaj
The document summarizes key architectural features and historical context of several early Hindu temples in India. It describes the Ladh Khan Temple in Aihole as the oldest structure in the group, dating to the 5th century. It also describes the Durga Temple in Aihole, which follows the design of Buddhist Chaitya halls. Finally, it analyzes the Papanatha and Virupaksha temples at Pattadakal, with the Virupaksha Temple showing architectural advances compared to the older Papanatha Temple, demonstrating progress between the 7th and 8th centuries.
The Vesara style of architecture originated in the medieval era in Karnataka as a combination of the Nagara and Dravida styles of North and South India respectively. It featured temples with spired towers called shikharas atop a square sanctuary and circular superstructure. Major dynasties like the Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, and Hoysalas built prominent temples in the Vesara style, most notably at Pattadakal, Aihole, and Belur.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Borobudur is a 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple located in Indonesia. It consists of nine stacked platforms topped by a central dome, decorated with over 500 Buddha statues and 2,672 relief panels. The temple was hidden for centuries before being rediscovered in 1814. It was built in the 8th-9th centuries during the reign of the Shailendra dynasty and took 75 years to complete. Borobudur's layout and symbolism represent Buddhist cosmology. It faced threats from natural disasters and was restored in a major international project in the 1970s.
The document discusses various topics related to deities and places of worship across different religions and cultures. It begins by introducing concepts like animism, polytheism, and monotheism. It then provides examples of religious art depicting different deities from traditions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam. Finally, it discusses places of worship from around the world and ceremonies and rituals practiced in various faiths.
Indonesian visual art is apparent in ancient Buddhist paintings found in Ajanta and Ellora caves depicting the life of Buddha and Buddhist deities. Bali became a center for painting after converting to Islam, with wall paintings and textiles becoming prominent. Batik dyeing, Wayang shadow puppet theater, weaving using ikat dyeing, and stone carving are traditional art forms in Indonesia, with motifs drawing from historical epics. The Borobudur Buddhist temple, built in the 8th century, blends Indonesian and Indian architectural styles and Buddhist concepts to serve as both a shrine and place of pilgrimage.
Buddhist architecture began around 400 CE in India and was well established by the time of the Mauryan period. One of the earliest and most famous examples is the Sanchi Stupa, built in the 3rd century BCE by King Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty. Stupas held great importance in Buddhist architecture as structures used for meditation, usually taking the form of a hemispherical mound surrounded by a fence and circumambulatory path. They originated from burial mounds and some of the most notable include those built to house Buddha's relics at sites connected to his life.
The Ajanta Caves in India contain ancient Buddhist rock-cut cave monuments and paintings dating between 2nd century BCE to 650 CE. The caves were constructed in two phases, with the earliest caves built between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE containing worship halls. A second phase from the 5th-6th century featured more elaborate caves built under the patronage of the Vataka dynasty, containing paintings depicting Buddhist stories and figures. Cave paintings are considered some of the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.
This document discusses the history of art and religious architecture in India. It questions the traditional dichotomy between art history and archaeology, arguing instead for understanding religious structures within their social contexts. Various 19th century frameworks that emphasized documentation and linear chronology are analyzed. Specific case studies of temples like Durga at Aihole and Parasuramesvara at Gudimallam reveal changing religious identities over time. The interdependence of architecture, sculpture, and performance arts is highlighted. Archaeological insights into continuity of settlement and diversity of worship are discussed, as is the Asian milieu of shared motifs and the spread of Buddhism across the region.
The document summarizes the architecture and archaeological findings of the Indus Valley Civilization as discovered through excavations at sites like Mohan-jodaro and Harappa. Some of the key features discussed include the grid-like street layouts, advanced drainage systems, public baths, and evidence of trade networks through seals depicting gods and animals. The civilization developed sophisticated urban planning techniques and construction methods using burnt bricks.
The document provides an overview of art and architecture in India from ancient times to the colonial period. It discusses the major phases and styles of architecture including Indus Valley civilization sites featuring advanced town planning; Buddhist stupa architecture under Ashoka; the development of Hindu temple architecture under the Guptas; and the introduction of Islamic architectural forms like mosques and tombs. It also describes important architectural features like the structures of stupas and the general characteristics of rock-cut cave architecture featuring chaityas and viharas. Major sites highlighted include Sanchi, Sarnath, Amaravati, Ellora, and Mamallapuram.
Hindu & Buddhist Art (Indian sub continent)Lisa Dennis
This document provides background information on Hindu and Buddhist art in India and surrounding areas from ancient times to the present. It discusses the role of religion, aesthetics, and trade in influencing art forms. Key points covered include the pluralism of Hinduism and its many deities; purposes and features of Hindu temples and sculptures; important Hindu gods like Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma; and symbolic elements in Buddhist art related to the teachings of Buddha such as the wheel, lotus, and stupa architecture. Specific artworks highlighted include the 10th century sculpture of Shiva as Lord of the Dance and Angkor Wat temple from Cambodia.
Borobudur Temple is a 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. It was built during the Syailendra dynasty and took around 75 years to complete. The temple is composed of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with over 500 Buddha statues and 2,672 relief panels telling Buddhist stories. It was abandoned around the 16th century and rediscovered by the British in the early 19th century. Major restoration work was conducted by the Indonesian government in the late 1960s to return Borobudur to its original glory.
The document provides information about the Ellora and Ajanta caves located in India. It discusses that Ellora has 34 caves that were constructed between the 6th-10th centuries AD and include Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain monuments. Specifically, it summarizes that Cave 10 at Ellora, known as the Vishvakarma Cave, is the largest Buddhist cave containing a 15-foot statue of Buddha. It also describes Cave 16, the Kailasa Temple, as the largest Hindu cave, taking over 100 years to carve out of solid rock. Finally, it mentions the Ajanta caves contain 30 caves, with Cave 2 known for its elaborate paintings depicting Jataka tales.
The document discusses the history and development of art in Nepal from ancient to contemporary times. It begins by describing how ancient Nepali artists were inspired by religious devotion to carve stone sculptures of deities. It then outlines how various art forms like metalwork, woodcarving, and painting evolved under royal patronage. The document also discusses how contemporary Nepali art has been influenced by Western styles but still draws from traditional and global themes. It notes how contemporary art now has more freedom of expression and is supported by art galleries and online platforms.
The Ajanta Caves are a series of 30 Buddhist rock-cut cave temples located in Maharashtra, India that were built between the 2nd century BCE and 6th century CE. The caves contain exquisite ancient Indian art, particularly wall paintings and sculptures depicting Buddhist legends and the life of Buddha. Though abandoned for centuries, the caves were rediscovered in 1819 and are now a popular tourist destination and UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for their historic and artistic significance.
The document provides an overview of Japanese art history from the Jomon period through contemporary times. It begins with a summary of Jomon art from around 14,000 BCE, characterized by cord-marked pottery. It then discusses the Yayoi period from 350 BCE, marked by the introduction of wet-rice agriculture and Korean cultural influences. The Kofun period saw the emergence of keyhole-shaped tomb mounds and clay sculptures. Subsequent sections cover the Asuka, Nara, Heian, Kamakura, Muromachi, Momoyama, Edo and contemporary periods, highlighting characteristic artistic styles, materials, subjects and influential artists of each era.
Ajanta and Ellora cavesThe Ajanta Caves are a group of 30 rock-cut Buddhist cave temples located in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India. These caves were built between the 2nd century BC and 6th century AD and are famous for their magnificent wall paintings and sculptures depicting various stories from the life of Buddha.
Sculpture and relief art were major artistic traditions in Southeast Asia between 300-1200 CE. Sculpture was heavily influenced by Indian styles of the Gupta period and depicted Buddha figures in a pure and delicate style. Monumental reliefs decorated Hindu and Buddhist temples, most notably at Borobudur in Java and Angkor Wat in Cambodia, depicting religious and narrative scenes. Painting is less well preserved by climate but frescoes depicted Buddhist and Hindu themes and the Sigiriya frescoes in Sri Lanka provide examples of the style. Overall, Indian cultural and religious influences through kingdoms and trade shaped the dominant art forms of sculpture and relief across Southeast Asia.
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The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
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3. The Mogao Caves form a system of 492 temples, 25 km (16 mi)
southeast of the centre of Dunhuang, an oasis located at a religious
and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in China. The caves are also
known as the Dunhuang Caves.
4. History of Mogao Caves
• The first cave was chiselled out in 366 AD. According to legend, a monk
called Yue Zun dreamed of 1,000 golden Buddhas when he was traveling
home across this region, and he decided to turn his dream into reality by
painting them on the wall of a cave.
• These Caves contains one of the oldest and most vivid scenes of cultural
exchanges along the Silk Road, depicting a camel pulling a cart typical of
trade missions of that period.
• Early example of artistic Chinese cartography i.e. mountains, rivers, cities,
temples, roads and caravans are depicted.
• Presently 492 caves are preserved, housing about 45,000 square meters of
murals and more than 2,000 painted sculptures.
• These caves represents the great achievement of Buddhist art from the 4th
to the 14th century.
• Biggest discovery was done by a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu who
appointed himself guardian of some of these temples.
5. Xuanzang (Chinese Buddhist monk, who described the interaction between
Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism )returning from India
High Tang period (712-765).
6. The Thousand-Buddha motif is painted on the ceiling.
Colours of the motifs are still as bright as new.
Reclining Buddha
7. Indian Influences
Buddhism in china have arrived in the third century BC because there is evidence that
the Qin Emperor ordered the destruction of the religion about 213 BC.
8. • The earliest statues of Buddha in
magao caves have typical Indian hand
gestures and poses.
• The darker skin of the Indians seems
to have interested some of the
Chinese image makers. In the caves
Buddhist temple banners, as well as
on the Chapel walls, the artists
portrayed the darker skinned people,
two very important Bodhisattvas in
the Mahayana pantheon.
• Occasionally we see a bare torso like in
Gupta period, the use of the dhoti
cloth and the ornaments like the
necklaces, bracelets and anklets which
were more in vogue in India. A dusky
curly hair and thick lips, bare torso
wearing Indian jewellery are found in
the paintings showing the meeting
between Manjusri and VimalakirtiPainting of the meeting of Manjusri and
Vimalakirti.
9. • There are traces of Indian Chaitya cave, mainly for holding religious
services. The Chaitya cave has a stupa in the centre around which
Buddhists used to do circumambulation. In the Mogao caves there is a
square central column, a variation of the stupa. The round space around
the stupa was correspondingly changed into a square.
• Many rare plants and exotic trees grow in the temple grounds bought
from other regions by monks . There also is a plant which was planted by
an Indian monk, Sandalwood of Indian origin, with fragrant aroma is used
to make fans and eaglewood tree also from India, produces a famous
perfume known as qi nan xiang.
• Silk Road, had indeed played a foundational role in bringing about the
India-China confluence of the past.
• Dunhuang was a major point of intersection along the Silk Road, one of
whose branch lines headed towards India.
10. Textiles
• Magao caves have a treasure trove of 50,000 Buddhist paintings and
manuscripts dating back to the 5th Century.
• The textiles found in the Library Cave include silk banners, altar hangings,
wrappings for manuscripts, and monks' apparel.
• The monks normally used fabrics consisting of a patchwork of different
scraps of cloth as a sign of humility; these therefore provide valuable
insights into the various type of silk cloth and embroidery available at the
time.
• Silk banners were used to adorn the cliff-face at the caves during festivals,
and these are painted and may be embroidered.
• There are also many embroidered textile in the collection.
11. Shakyamuni preaching on the Vulture
Peak, silk embroidery on hemp cloth
Front close up of the textile(silk)
Back close up of the textile(silk)
12. Large painting showing
Buddha is seated under a
jewelled Bodhi tree. One of
the earliest of the paintings
found in the caves. Made
from Ink and colours on silk.
13. Hanging scroll of a bodhisattva. Made with
ink and pigments on silk with gold leaf.
14. Culture
• Buddhism is a perfect example of how a religion can enrich the art and
culture of various nationalities.
• These caves on silk road in ancient times was a cultural crossroad between
china and other regions and also a major trade route.
• Civilizations like China, India, Greece, Persia and Rome were exchanged
along this famous trade route, making the route a great "Cultural Bridge"
between Asia and Europe.
• Influence of different cultures can also be seen in the art work found in
the caves specially from India as the Buddhism was originated in India.