Module-1-Properties-of-Solids-Liquids-and-Gas (1).pdf

SCIENCE 8 Quarter 3 : Module 1

smallest particle in a chemical
element or compound

exact, having precise limits or
boundaries

not definite, without fixed or
specific limit

fast or quick

SCIENCE 8 - Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gas - Quarter 3 : Module 1
MELC
Explain the properties of solids,
liquids, and gases based on the
particle nature of matter
(S8MT-IIIa-b-8)

Key Questions
1. What is matter made of?
2. How does the particle model of matter
explain some observed properties and
changes in matter?

Lesson:

Try to look around. Can you
give example of matter?

What is
MATTER?

Matter is anything that has mass
and volume.

The MASS of an object is a
measure of the amount of matter the
object has using a balance or a
weighing scale.

The measure of the space
occupied by an object is called
volume.

What are the major
classifications of
MATTER?

John Dalton
(Sept. 6, 1766 – July 27, 1844)
- English chemist and
meteorologist
- Formulated the idea about
MOLECULES, very small
particles and different kinds
of molecules that are simply
arranged groups of atoms

John Dalton’s Theory
- “all matter is composed of tiny indivisible particles
called ATOMS”
John’s Dalton’s Atomic Theory
1.Matter is made up of atoms. These atoms are tiny, indivisible
and indestructible.
2.All atoms of a given element are identical.
3.Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more kinds
of atoms.
4.A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

Proponents who disagree
with Dalton are:
1.Anaximenes (585 to
525 BC)
oAncient Greek
philosopher proposed
that “everything was
made up of air”

Proponents who disagree
with Dalton are:
2. Thales of Miletus (624
to 546 BCE)
oAncient Greek
philosopher who first
to investigate the
origin of matter
o“water is the primary
building blocks of
matter”

Proponents who disagree with Dalton are:
3. Empedocles
• Empedocles was a Greek philosopher
who is best known for his belief that all
matter was composed of four elements:
❑ fire,
❑ air,
❑ water, and
❑ earth.
• Some have considered him the inventor
of rhetoric and the founder of the
science of medicine in Italy.

Proponents who disagree with
Dalton are:
4. Heraclitus (535 to 475
BCE)
o Greek philosopher of
Ephesus, thought that the
fire is the source of natural
substances
o “air changes or transforms
to water and earth”
o Invention of 4 elements:
Earth, air, fire and wind

Proponents who disagree with
Dalton are:
5. LEUCIPPUS AND
DEMOCRITUS (460-370
B.C)
- Almost 2,500 years ago,
Leucippus and his disciple,
Democritus believed that nature
consisted of two things, “ atoms
and the void that surrounds
them”.
-

Proponents who disagree with Dalton are:
5. LEUCIPPUS AND
DEMOCRITUS (460-370 B.C)
- They believed that “atoms are
physically, but not geometrically,
indivisible.”
- For Democritus, atoms are
indestructible and completely full, so
there is no empty space.
- Proposed that if one were to cut a
piece of element into smaller and
smaller bits, it would eventually yield
“UNCUTTABLE”.

Over two centuries
ago when John
Dalton presented
concrete evidence that
all matter is made of
very small particles
called atoms.

Atoms and Molecules

• An Atom is the smallest particle of an Element that has all the
properties of the element.
ATOMS – discrete particles that
made up all matter
- Tiny, indivisible and
indestructible
- Can be divided into
a.Protons – positive
b.Neutrons - neutral
c.Electrons - negative

A Molecule
- is the smallest particle of a Compound. This is
a particle consisting of two or more combined
together in a specific arrangement.
- The size of an atom is measured in
angstrom.
- One angstrom is a unit of length equal to one
ten millionth of a millimetre.

A good analogy to consider
related to matter being
composed of tiny particles is
the pointillist style of
painting.
Pointillism is a method of painting using
dots to produce various effects. The dots
are placed singly, in rows, or randomly.
Matter is similarly assembled, with
atoms of different elements combining
in various ways to give a tremendous
variety of substances.

Properties of the
Three States of Matter

What are the PHASES of
MATTER?

Phases of Matter are:
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
PLASMA
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

Au
Comet’s Tail
H2O
He
Liquid Helium

1.SOLID
oVery strong and hard
to break
oParticles are held
together very closely
oMove through
vibration

Classification of Solids According to Attractive Forces
a.Molecular Solids
b.Metallic Solids
c.Ionic Solids
d. Covalent Network Solids

a.Molecular Solids
oheld together by the same
kinds of forces that hold
liquids together
ohave low melting points,
very soft and non-
conductors
oexamples: Wax and ice

b. Metallic Solids
oHeld together by metallic
bonds, involves electron
sharing
oHave wide range of melting
points
oRanges from soft to hard
oMany are malleable – can be
hammered into sheets
oGood conductor of electricity
oExample: iron, gold, copper,
zinc

c. Ionic Solids
oHeld together by ionic
bonds
oHave high melting points
ex,. NaCl - 801 °C
oDescribed to be hard
oNon-conductors of
electricity
Example: sodium chloride

d. Covalent Network Solids
oGiant covalent substances
held together by covalent
bonds
oHave extremely high melting
points (ex. Diamond 4,027∘C)
oMost of them do not melt at
all
oExtremely hard
oNon-conductors
oExample: diamond

Classification of Solids According to
Structure
1.Amorphous Solids
2.Crystalline Solids

1.Amorphous Solids
oComes from the Greek word
amorphous meaning
shapeless
oHave two characteristics
oAmorphous translucent solid
is called glass.
oExamples: film lubricants,
metallic glasses, polymers
and gels

2. Crystalline Solids
o Arranged in a regular repeating three-
dimensional structure called crystal
lattice.
o Have distinctively flat surfaces or
faces
o Faces intersect at angles
o When exposed to x-rays, each
structure also produces a distinctive
pattern
o When ionic crystal is cleaved or
broken, it produces new faces that is
still flat and intersects at the same
angles

2. LIQUID
- an intermediate phase between
solid and gas
- its particles are subject to
intermolecular forces of attraction
- have greater distance than the
solids and gases
- can move freely
- have no definite shape
- take the shape of the container
- The limited amount of space
between the particles means
that liquids have only very limited
compressibility.

Properties of Liquids
• Liquids are very easy to break apart and cannot hold their own shape.
A.Cohesion
B.Adhesion
C.Capillary Action
D.Viscosity
E.Evaporation
F.Volatility
G.Boiling Point
H.Critical Temperature and Pressure

A.Cohesion
o Accounts for the surface tension of a liquid
o Tendency for the same kind of particles to be attracted to one
another
Note:
o Particles near the surface are more strongly attracted to the identical
particles within the liquid than they are to the surrounding air.
Surface Tension – very thin layer of particles that are more strongly
attracted to each other than they are to the particles surrounding them.
Example: The surface tension of water is great enough to support the
weight of an insect such as a water skipper.

B. Adhesion
– accounts for capillary action when a liquid
is drawn up into a very narrow tube.
Example: capillary action – when someone
collects a sample of a blood by touching a
tiny glass tube to the blood droplet on the tip
of a pricked finger.

C. Capillary Action
oChanges the color of the petals of a
flower
oGives trees and other plants a boost in
drawing nutrient-rich water from the soil
up the stem and into the leaves.
oVascular system – small tubes in plants

D. Viscosity
oMeasure of how much a
liquid resists flowing freely.
Example: Honey has a
higher viscosity than water.

E. Evaporation
oProcess by which water is converted to its
gaseous form from its liquid form.
oEvaporative cooling – phenomenon
when the remaining particles have lower
average kinetic energy and the
temperature of the liquid cools.

F. Volatility
oProperty of a liquid to easily vaporize at
normal temperatures.
oVapor pressure – pressure exerted by
the vapor/liquid in a closed container
oWhen the temperature of a closed system
is increased, vapor pressure will also
increase.

G. Boiling Point
oThe temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the
pressure in the surrounding of the liquid.
oPressure dependent – meaning, the lower
the atmospheric pressure, the lower the
boiling point.

H. Critical Temperature and Pressure
oThe points at which the substance
resembles those of both a liquid and gas.
oCritical temperature of a substance is the
temperature at and above which vapor of
the substance cannot be liquefied, no
matter how much pressure is applied.
oCritical pressure – the pressure required
to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

3. GAS
- move very quickly because of the
empty space surrounding them
- can easily be compressed
- do not have definite shape or
volume
- take the shape of the container
- have particles that constantly
moving and colliding with each
other
- least dense and most mobile
among the phases of matter

4. PLASMA
- Made up of electrically-charged
particles, hot ionized gas where
electrons break free
- Electric fields and magnetic
fields strongly influence plasma
Example: Ionosphere, stars,
Sun, tail of comet, interstellar
gas clouds and fireball of a
nuclear explosion

Lightning does not have a
state of matter because it is
the movement of electrons.
However, the interaction of
these electrons with the
gases in the air around the
lightning creates a state of
matter known as plasma.
The mass in the solar winds is made of plasma,
the fourth state of matter. Plasma occurs when
atoms have so much energy they separate into
protons, electrons, and helium nuclei. This plasma
originates in the Sun's atmosphere.

5. BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
(BEC)
- State of matter of dilute gas of bosons
cooled to temperatures close to absolute
zero or the lower limit of the
thermodynamic scale.
- Made of bosons that are naturally
attracted to each other
- Predicted by Satyendra Nath Bose and
Albert Einstein (1924 – 1925)
- 1995, Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman,
successfully synthesize
Example: Superconductors and superfluids

Fermionic Condensate – A New
Form of Matter
- Discovered by Deborah Jih, a
physicist from the University of
Colorado
- Are atoms that merge at super low
temperatures to form single objects
that behave like a wave.
- Made of fermions which naturally
repel each other because they
have an odd number of electrons,
protons, and neutrons

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