2. Topics to cover
4
4
4
4
4
4
Module II: Strategies for improving oral
presentations:
Ways of delivering oral message,
Strategies for an effective oral delivery,
Types of Managerial Speeches- speech of
introduction, speech of thanks, speech for
special occasions,
Strategies for an effective non-verbal delivery,
Strategies for removing stage fright.
Video conferencing (Skype / Google Hangout)
etiquettes
3. Topics to cover
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Module III: Fundamentals of Oral Communication:
Introduction,
Barriers and Gateways in Communication,
Listening, Feedback,
Telephonic Communication.
Public Speaking and Presentation of Reports,
PowerPoint Presentation,
Body Language,
Facial Expressions,
7. Introduction
4
4
Oral communication is the process of
expressing information or ideas by
word of mouth. ( Learn more about the
types and benefits of oral communication,
and find out how you can improve your
own oral communication abilities.)
Transmission of orders, messages,
information or suggestions through
spoken words is called ‘Oral or Verbal
Communication’.
8. Definition
4
4
4
Oral communication is the process of verbally
transmitting information and ideas from one
individual or group to another. Oral
communication can be either formal or informal.
Examples of informal oral communication
include:
Face-to-face conversations
Telephone conversations
Discussions that take place at business
meetings
9. Formal Type
4
4
4
Formal types of oral communication
include:
Presentations at business meetings
Classroom lectures
Commencement speeches given at a
graduation ceremony
Other modern forms of oral communication include
podcasts (audio clips that you can access on the
Internet) and Voiceover Internet Protocol (VoIP), which
allows callers to communicate over the Internet and
avoid telephone charges. Skype is an example of VoIP.
10. Principles Of Oral Communication
4
4
4
4
4
Clear pronunciation: Clear pronunciation of message
sender in the main factor or oral communication. If it is
not clear, the goal of the message may not be achieved.
Preparation: Before communicating orally the speaker
should take preparation both physically are mentally.
Unity and integration: The unity an integration of the
speech of the message sender is a must for successful
oral communication.
Precision: Precision is needed to make oral
communication effective. The meaning of the words
must be specific.
Natural voice: The speaker’s must not be fluctuated at
the time of oral communication. On the other hand
artificial voice must be avoided.
11. 4
4
4
4
Planning: Organized plan is a must for effective oral
communication. The speaker should take proper
plan for delivering speech.
Simplicity: The speaker should use simple an
understandable words in oral communication. It
should be easy and simple.
Legality: The speaker’s speech should be legal and
logical at the time of oral communication.
Avoiding emotions: At the time of oral discussion,
excessive emotions can divert a speaker from main
subject. So, the speaker should be careful about
emotion. The speech must be emotionless.
12. 4
4
4
Acting: Many people lose concentration after
listening for a few minutes. So speech must be
emotionless.
Efficiency: Speakers efficiency and skill is
necessary for effective oral communication.
Vocabulary: Words bear different meanings to
different people in different situations. In oral
communication, a speaker should use the most
familiar words to the receiver of the message to
avoid any confusion in the meaning of the words.
13. The Importance Of Oral
Communication
4
4
4
Some 81 percent of recent business
school graduates rated this skill at the
very highest level of importance.
Among MBAs surveyed, 75 percent
rated it as extremely important.
For long term success, 85 percent of
MBAs surveyed listed oral
communication as extremely important.
14. Improving Your Speaking
4
4
Speaking is the most useful of our
communication skills.
Managers advise tape-recording your
talks to improve speaking skills.
15. Barriers to oral
communication
4
4
4
4
4
4
Linguistic barriers
Absence of context
Lack of involvement
Lack of feedback
Poor Listening
Difference in
exposure
4
4
4
4
Perceptual
differences
Physical barriers
Improper body
gesture and posture
Time
16. Barriers to oral
communication
1) Linguistic barriers
Lack of common language
-Grammatical errors
-Colloquialism i.e. use of informal words and
phrases in communication
-Euphemism
-Slang
-Double speak
-Jargon
2) Absence of context
17. Barriers to oral
communication
3) Lack of involvement
Mental condition
Stress
Strong emotions
Self seeking messages
Inferiority or superiority complex
4) Lack of feedback
5)Poor listening
6)Difference in exposure
18. Barriers to oral
communication
7) Perceptual difference (stereotyping)
8) Physical barriers
Eternal noise
Distance
Technical problems
9)Improper body gesture and posture
10)Time
-
20. Business presentations and public
speaking
4
4
4
Business presentation is a formal talk
addressed to one or more people and
‘presents’ ideas and information in
more clear and structured way.
Public speaking is speaking formally to
a group of listeners.
They differ from each other on points
like aim of speaker, type of audience,
expectations of audience, amount of
information, level of interaction.
21. Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations
4
7 Steps for Preparing Effective Oral Presentations
are:
Determine the purpose.
Analyze the audience and occasion.
Select the main idea for the message.
Research the topic.
Organize the data and write the draft.
Create visual aids.
Rehearse the talk.
22. –
•
•
•
–
–
–
Determine the purpose:
In general, a communication is done for three
purposes:
To Inform or Instruct – the core goal is to clarify, secure
understanding or explain a process.
To Persuade – with a view to get the idea accepted by the
receiver.
To entertain – with an objective of completing the formality and
speaking to the occasion.
Analyze the audience and occasion
As in writing, a knowledge of the audience is
significant for communicating effectively.
The communicator has more idea about the
internal audience.
While communicating to the outside audience,
collect information about size, age group, interests,
goals, occupations, etc. to help organize of the
23. 4
–
–
–
4
–
–
Select the main idea for the message:
Select the main theme or the core ideas
that you want to present.
Collect additional information in support
of the core ideas.
Be ready to alter the initial structure of
presentation.
Research the topic:
You will need more information to support
your main theme or core ideas.
Research more data from relevant sources
and incorporate them in to your
presentation.
24. 4
–
•
•
•
4
–
–
Organize the data and write the draft
After collecting reasonable amount of information,
organize the data in three parts:
Introduction (Porch, Aim, Layout)
Body (Text, Discussion)
Conclusion or Summary
Create visual aids:
Not all the presentations require visuals.
Consider the following question to
determine if the visual aid is needed:
Would a
visual aid add to the understanding of the message?
25. 4
–
–
–
•
•
•
Rehearse the talk:
Rehearsal helps the communicator become
more familiar with the material and provides
an opportunity to revise the message, if
needed.
One should rehearse the speech at least
twice or thrice.
Always keep in mind the following:
Always imagine the audience in front of you.
Anticipate questions from the audience.
Stop at the allotted time.
26.
27. Kinds of Oral Presentations
–
–
–
–
Oral communication lies between informative
speaking on one end of the continuum and
persuasion on the other end.
Short talks may range from 1 to 10 minutes;
long presentation may take somewhere around
10 minutes to 1 hour.
However, 25 to 30 minutes is ideal time for an
oral presentation.
The longer the presentation, the higher the risk
of losing an audience’s attention.
28. Ways of Delivering the Oral Message
–
•
-
•
-
•
-
•
Delivery of oral messages has 4 options:
Extemporaneous –
Speaker delivers the speech using only an outline or cue cards
or notes. Most preferred by both the audience and the
speaker. It enables you to move with ease, maintain eye
contact, to establish rapport.
Reading –
Going through the speech verbatim. Major political figures and
others who do not want to make a mistake read a manuscript.
Memorization –
Risk of forgetting precise words.
Impromptu -
- Speaking without or with little preparation.
29. Features of a good
presentation
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Contents matching the audience
Language matching the audience
Brevity
Smooth sequence
Signs of preparation and mastery
Lively delivery
Appropriate humour
30. How to deliver your presentation/
Ways of delivering oral presentation
4
4
4
4
4
4
Reading aloud
Speaking from memory
Speaking from notes
Voice, postures and gestures
Eye contact
Appropriate clothes
31. How to support your
presentation visually
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
White board
Charts
OHP
Computers and multi media
Models and real objects
Word pictures
How to use visuals: some guidelines
32. Strategies for an Effective Oral Delivery
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
•
Voice is one’s personal signature and trademark.
It is that part of yourself that adds human element to your
words.
One can give extra life to the delivery using five variables:
Pitch
Rate (Pace)
Volume
Vocal Quality
Pronunciation
33. 4
–
–
–
4
–
–
–
–
Pitch:
It refers to the highness or lowness of the voice. It must be varied
during oral presentation.
Emphasize the importance of words or sentences by changing the pitch
of the voice.
Like we use underline, or boldface or italics, in writing a message, use
different tone to emphasize parts of the speech.
Rate (Pace):
A speaker would speak about 80 to 160 words in a minute.
In a casual conversation, it ranges from 80 to 250 words per minute.
Slow rate conveys dullness. A fast speaker also causes discomfort.
A key word related to rate ispause. It is like “oral white space”. Use it
effectively as it let the speaker collect thoughts, take time to move to a
visual.
34. 4
–
–
–
4
–
–
–
Volume:
Volume should be sufficiently raised to ensure that your voice reaches
everyone in the audience. It refers to the loudness or softness of your
voice.
Contrast in emphasis involves using a louder or softer volume on
certain words, ideas or certain part of the talk.
Control breathing.
Vocal Quality:
It is hard to describe one’s voice quality. However, one can use
metaphors to compare the voice with another known quantity – such
as
husky, harsh, mellow, effeminate, ringing, muffled , and so on…….
One cannot do anything about the voice quality as it is largely inherited.
Your mouth, tongue, lips, teeth and nose, all affect that.
35. 4
–
–
–
–
Pronunciation:
One is expected to be correct in pronunciation while making
business presentation.
For many words, the pronunciation varies from region to region
due to variation in regional accent.
Some people have tendency to add or omit sound while speaking
several words – such as “
athalete” instead of “athlete”; or “gonna”
instead of “going to”.
Additional pronunciation problems need to be mentioned;
Jargon: A danger lies in using in-group pronunciation outside the
group.
Varied regional accents: Common standard throughout the state,
to understand it quickly.
Added or omitted sounds: Speaker should avoid to add
interjections between words or sentences, such as
uhh, hmm,
y’know, ok etc as it break up the flow or words for the listener
.
36. Strategies for an Effective Nonverbal Delivery
–
–
4
–
–
–
–
–
The speaker’s posture, movement, gesture, facial
expression, and attire all convey external nonverbal cues.
Nonverbal symbols of communication are capable of
enhancing or reducing the effectiveness of oral
communication.
A communicator needs to take care of:
Posture
Movement
Gestures
Facial expression
Appearance
37. 4
–
–
–
4
–
•
•
•
•
–
Posture:
Delivering a message standing erect, straight, and unbending suggests
confidence, rapport with the audience.
Your outward appearance mirrors your inner mood.
A speaker draped over podium with shoulders sagging, gives a feeling
of depression, lack of control.
Movement:
Movement is necessary to
Hold attention
Get rid of nervousness
Suggest transition
Increase emphasis
Moving towards and away from the audience
during the presentation helps grab their attention.
38. –
•
•
•
•
One must keep in mind the following regarding the use of gestures:
Vary gestures. Do not repeat the same action. It is boring
to the audience.
Avoid continuous gestures. Overuse of gestures can
weaken the emphasis.
Watch timings. The gestures must be times well with the
words.
Adapt gestures. A small gesture may not be visible to a
large audience.
39. 4
–
–
–
–
–
Facial expression:
Facial expressions could convey primary emotional states.
Facial expression includes eye contact.
Speakers who bury their heads in notes or who speak to
the screen, lose a sense of directness with the audience.
Eye contact with the listeners convey respect and goodwill.
You must not only feel but show interest in your ideas.
40. 4
–
–
Appearance:
Appearance during different occasions such as
interviews, meetings, sales conference, social gatherings,
conveys a definite message.
There are no rigid rules as to what should be worn where,
but one needs to be very judicious about the choice of
attire according to the situation.
41. Strategies for reducing stage
fright
4
4
4
-
-
Being at ease in front of an audience is difficult for
many people.
In traditional ranking, speaking before an audience is
rated the most fearful thing.
Signs of discomfort:
The signs of discomfort are universally experienced.
The increased heart rate, dry mouth, sweating palms,
knocking knees, flat face, etc.
All are internal and may not be visible to the
audience.
42. 4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
There are some strategies for decreasing speaking Fear:
In true sense, it is mind over matter, confidence above all,
feeling that you know the subject better than anyone do.
Know your subject well.
Rehearse your talk several times.
Pre-check any equipment you will need during talk.
Take an object with you.
Breathe deeply and slowly before speaking.
Move during speech.
43. 10 Steps to Effective
Listening
Step 1: Face the speaker and
maintain eye contact.
Step 2: Be attentive, but relaxed.
Step 3: Keep an open mind.
Step 4: Listen to the words and try to
picture what the speaker is saying.
Step 5: Don’t interrupt and don’t
impose your “solutions.”
44. 10 Steps to Effective
Listening
Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to
ask clarifying questions.
Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure
understanding.
Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is
feeling.
Step 9: Give the speaker regular
feedback.
Step 10: Pay attention to
what
isn’t said—to nonverbal cues.
46. Speech - Introduction
4
1.
2.
3.
4.
How to structure your
talk?
Introduction
An indication of
structure (major points
or divisions) of your talk
TheBody of your talk
(major points or
arguments)
Conclusion
47.
48. Tips for Speakers
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Be more concerned about your audience than
getting nervous or concerned of what you would
speak.
Speak with your whole body
Eye contact
Remember theoh-ah effect
Slow down
Vary your tone
Emphasize key words
No run-up
Be able to put your whole speech in one sentence
Get your message across early, often and
frequently finish with it.
49. Speeches of Introduction
4
4
–
–
–
–
Should be a complete speech and have
a clear introduction, body, and
conclusion
For an introduction, think of a hook that
will make your audience interested in
the upcoming speaker.
Quote
What if scenario
Imagine scenario
Question
50. 4
–
–
–
4
–
4
4
The body of your introductory speech should
be devoted to
telling the audience about the speaker’s topic,
why the speaker is qualified, and
why the audience should listen
Next, you need to tell the audience why the
speaker is a credible speaker on the topic.
Has the speaker written books or articles on the
subject? Has the speaker had special life events
that make him or her qualified?
Lastly, you need to briefly explain to the
audience why they should care about the
upcoming speech.
The final part of a good introduction is the
conclusion, which is generally designed to
51. Speeches of Presentation
4
4
4
Speech of presentation is a brief
speech given to accompany a prize or
honor.
When preparing a speech of
presentation, it’s always important to
ask how long the speech should be.
Once you know the time limit, then you
can set out to create the speech itself.
52. Speeches of Acceptance
4
4
1.
2.
3.
The speech of acceptance is a speech
given by the recipient of a prize or
honor.
There are three typical components of
a speech of acceptance:
thank the givers of the award or honor,
thank those who helped you achieve
your goal, and
put the award or honor into perspective.
53. Speeches of Dedication
4
4
–
A speech of dedication is delivered when a
new store opens, a building is named after
someone, a plaque is placed on a wall, a new
library is completed, and so on.
These speeches are designed to highlight the
importance of the project and possibly those
to whom the project has been dedicated.
Eg. Maybe your great-uncle has died and left your
college tons of money, so the college has decided
to rename one of the dorms after your great-uncle.
In this case, you may be asked to speak at the
dedication.
54. Speeches of Farewell
4
4
4
4
4
Someone to say good-bye to one part of his or
her life as he or she is moving on to the next
part of life.
When preparing a speech of farewell, the goal
should be to thank the people in your current
position and let them know how much you
appreciate them as you make the move to your
next position in life.
A farewell speech is a time to commemorate
and think about the good times you’ve had.
You should avoid negativity during this speech.
Lastly, you want to make sure that you end on
a high note.
55. 4
4
4
4
Generally this type of speech is not spontaneous.
You will have
some forewarning and time to
consider what you want to say and who you want
to mention.
Cover these three content areas and you'll be fine.
WHO are you thanking?
Note their names in ranking order- the most
important first
WHAT are you thanking them for?
Be specific rather than general. Naming what you
are grateful for gives your thanks more meaning.
WHAT did their gift of time, expertise,
encouragement ... mean to you?
Be specific. This is your chance to compliment or
praise. Take it.
Speeches of Thank you
