The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Editor's Notes
The terms “exercise” and “physical activity’’ will both be used in this module – they are to be taken as meaning the same thing.
Note to the educator: Ask participants to list the health benefits of regular exercise.
Split the participants into small groups and ask them to discuss these questions, then give feedback to the whole group.
Physical activity has benefits for all people with or without diabetes.
Larson, E.B. Wang, L., Bowen, J.D. et al. (2006) Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Annals of Internal Medicine, 144(2),73-81.
Several recently reported trials show that type 2 diabetes can be prevented and delayed, at least in the short term.
The Da Qing study in China followed people for 6 years. Subjects were randomised to three groups:
Diet intervention
Exercise intervention
Combined diet and exercise
After 6 years, the “diet’’ group showed a risk reduction of 31%. The “exercise’’ group showed a greater risk reduction (46%). There was no additive effect of diet and exercise, with the “diet and exercise’’ group showing a similar risk reduction (42%) to that of the “exercise’’ group alone.
In the Finnish study, 522 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were randomised to a control group or a group who had a diet and exercise intervention. They were followed for 3.2 years. There was a 58% reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the “diet and exercise’’ group.
Pan, X., Li, G., Hu, Y., et al. (1997). Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: The Da Qing IGT
and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 20(4): 537-44.
Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. (2001). Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired
glucose tolerance. N Eng J Med, 344: 1343-50.
The Diabetes Prevention Program also studied people with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). In this study, people were randomised to one of three groups:
Placebo
Metformin
Diet and exercise
The incidence of type 2 diabetes in the metformin group was reduced by 31%. By comparison, the incidence of type 2 diabetes in the “diet and exercise’’ group was 58% - a similar risk reduction to that seen in the Finnish study.
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. (2002). The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). Diabetes Care, 23(12): 2165-71.
Exercise combined with diet also helps to modify body composition known to be associated with insulin resistance.
The combined results of many studies show the importance of working at the community level to reduce obesity by providing low caloric and fat products while at the same time increasing opportunities for increased physical activity and raising the perceived value of exercise. A number of countries have national initiatives in place.
Note to the educator: Refer to your own country’s initiatives and provide examples to support this slide.
Types of exercise can be classified into two groups: aerobic and anaerobic.
Aerobic exercise uses large muscle groups that require oxygen for sustained periods. For people who are fit this might be going for a run; for people who are not fit it might be walking 100 paces.
Resistance (anaerobic) exercise uses large muscles that do not require oxygen for short periods of exercise.
Ask the participants to give examples of aerobic and anaerobic activities.
Most guidelines recommend exercise (including aerobic and/or resistance training) several times a week.
Recommendations about the amount and kind of exercise differ throughout the world.
The IDF Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes recommend 30-45 minutes a day, 3-5 days a week.
Some countries also recommend resistance exercise at least 3 times a week. Resistance training does not necessarily require expensive equipment. Weights used can be as simple as a can of soup or a packet of grain. Progressive resistance training has shown benefits when people progress to three sets of approximately eight resistance type exercises at moderately high intensity (eight repetitions at the maximum weight that can be lifted eight times). In resistance training, it is better to use repetitive light weights than heavy weights.
Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. (2008). Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 32(suppl 1).
International Diabetes Federation. (2005) Global Guideline for type 2 diabetes. Brussels: IDF
Brisk walking is probably the most common form of aerobic exercise.
The type, frequency, duration and intensity of exercise should be adjusted according to individual fitness levels. In general, training should be modulated to achieve an energy expenditure of 1000-2000 calories/week and 150-500 calories/session.
Each exercise session should include a 5- to 10 minute pre-exercise warm-up and a 5- to 10 minute post-exercise cool down of low-intensity aerobic activity (walking, cycling) and slow, rhythmic, and stretching exercise (calisthenics) to prepare the skeletal muscles, heart and lungs for a progressive increase in exercise intensity and to gradually bring the heart rate down following the activity.
Sedentary individuals should start slowly. They can start by increasing daily physical activity (using stairs instead of elevators, for example) plus daily short sessions of between 5 to 10 minutes.
Rate of progression:
Initial conditioning of 4 to 6 weeks; if a person has not been physically active, it may take them 4 to 6 weeks to become conditioned
The improvement phase may last 4 to 5 months; over this time the person gradually builds up the level of activity to their goal time and intensity
Maintenance thereafter
For the initial exercise prescription in relation with the fitness level, together with the appropriate screening of the person (medical history, physical examination), it is important to determine the exercise habits using a valid and appropriate assessment tool, such as a physical activity questionnaire, to rank individuals from the least to the most active.
Discuss the tips to help people start physical activity.
While these are recommendations, goals should be individualised and set realistically.
Setting realistic goals is important to achieve success.
Goals should be specific, measureable, achievable, realistic and timed.
Suggest everyday activities to start with;
When going shopping, park at the far end of the parking lot
Walk instead of going by car
Cleaning the house when in a good mood
Dancing around the house
Walking up one flight of stairs instead of taking the elevator
People who have not been recently physically active and are intending to start exercising should see a health care professional in order to identify the their risks associated with exercise and how to manage these risks.
As healthcare providers we need to ensure that people who undertake physical activity are aware of safety precautions.
They should be reminded to drink adequate water to avoid becoming dehydrated, especially if exercising in a hot climate
They should be reminded to check their footwear; feet should be protected from the environment
Shoes and socks should keep the feet as dry as possible and not cause reddened areas or blisters
People with diabetes who take any kind of blood glucose-lowering medicine should be advised to wear some form of identification; in case of a hypoglycaemic episode while exercising, a bracelet or some identification indicating the person has diabetes might result in faster and more appropriate help being given.
If a person has regular exercise partners, they should be made aware of the signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia and how to treat it
If blood glucose is >14mmol/L (252mg/dl), strenuous exercise is not recommended as it may cause the blood glucose to increase. If there is not enough insulin in circulation, the liver will respond to exercise by releasing more glucose. In type 1 diabetes, it may also lead to accelerate fat catabolism and ketone formation.
If ketones are present, the person should NOT exercise.
To reduce the risk of hypoglycaemia, people on oral agents or insulin should eat before exercising if the blood glucose is <6mmol/L (108mg/dl).
More food may be needed during the exercise.
Special precautions need to be taken when treating hypoglycaemia would prove difficult; physical activity under water is an example. People at risk of hypoglycaemia should plan very carefully when undertaking activities of this kind.
American Diabetes Association. (2008) Medical management for type 1 diabetes. Alexandria VA: ADA.
American Diabetes Association. (2008) Medical management for type 2 diabetes. Alexandria VA: ADA.
There are risks associated with unplanned physical activity. The primary risk is hypoglycaemia. Therefore, as much as possible, physical activity should be planned for and proactive changes made to insulin dose or carbohydrate intake.
People need to monitor their blood glucose frequently after exercising because of the risk of delayed hypoglycaemia. They may also need to decrease insulin or increase their bedtime snack to prevent a hypoglycaemic event overnight.
Sometimes people may be surprised by hypoglycaemia. This is because an activity may not have been perceived as physical activity but rather activities of daily living, such as cleaning the house or sexual activity.
Hyperglycaemia may occur after brief, very intense exercise due to increased glucose production that exceeds increases in glucose disposal.
Blood glucose levels need to be closely monitored before, during and after exercising and insulin doses adjusted accordingly.
People should not exercise if ketones are present as exercise will exacerbate fat catabolism and ketone formation. There is also a high risk of severe dehydration.
The risk of hypoglycaemia is reduced in type 2 diabetes. However, people on insulin secretagogues or insulin therapy may need to adjust their medication prior to prolonged and excessive exercise and should always carry a source of glucose.
People with cardiac history should consult their physician before undertaking an exercise program. Considerations also need to be given to other co-morbidities such as arthritis and diabetic complications.
People with peripheral neuropathy should not undertake weight-bearing exercise or any exercise that might abruptly change the blood pressure. They should be advised to undertake non-weight-bearing exercise such as riding a stationary/exercise bike, swimming etc.
Exercise that increases blood pressure, and therefore renal perfusion, is contraindicated in people with nephropathy.
Caution needs to be taken to avoid a bleed or retinal detachment in people with significant diabetic retinopathy.
Following photocoagulation people should be advised to avoid exercising for three weeks.
Source: Joslin Am Coll Sports Med