Module 1-OVERVIEW OF HIV AIDS
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Globally, there are 36.9 million people living with HIV. The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS on a global scale and in South Africa. It discusses targets to end the HIV pandemic by 2030, including the 90-90-90 strategy to diagnose 90% of HIV positive persons, provide antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 90%, and achieve viral suppression for 90%. The document also covers the HIV life cycle, prevention, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis methods such as ELISA and rapid tests, and the importance of HIV testing services following the 5 C principles.
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The document discusses anti-retroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS. It provides information on diagnosing HIV, clinical assessment of patients, treatment regimens and monitoring. It discusses treatment for special groups like pregnant women, infants, children and those with HIV-TB co-infection. The goals of anti-retroviral therapy are to improve survival, quality of life, reduce viral load and increase CD4 count while limiting toxicity. The National AIDS Control Program aims to achieve zero new infections, deaths and discrimination related to HIV/AIDS in India by 2030.
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по...
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The document discusses HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. It outlines several key objectives: creating awareness of the seriousness of the disease; ensuring people are equipped with knowledge to protect themselves; and reducing transmission through blood and blood products. It then provides details on infrastructure and services in place, including testing and treatment centers. It discusses the history and origins of HIV, current statistics on global and national prevalence, and risk factors. Finally, it covers transmission methods, vulnerable groups, symptoms, testing options, myths and challenges. The overall aim is to educate about HIV/AIDS prevention and management in Pakistan.
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This document summarizes key information from an HIV & Global Health Rounds presentation on updates from the 2020 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI 2020). The presentation covered the global HIV epidemic, contraception and prevention, treatment as prevention, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and HIV vaccines. Highlights included findings from the ECHO contraceptive study showing no increased HIV risk from various contraceptives, modest reductions in HIV incidence from universal test and treat trials, long-term efficacy and safety data from the DISCOVER PrEP trial, and the failure of the HVTN 702 vaccine trial to show efficacy.
Incidence Testing in HIV
Michael Tang, MD
Infectious Disease Fellow
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health
Department of Medicine
University of California, San Diego
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This document provides an overview of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak that began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It describes the clinical presentation and management of 2019-nCoV, compares it to other coronaviruses like SARS and MERS, and outlines current WHO guidance on case definitions, investigations and infection control.
Can we end the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Josip begovac
1) In 2013, 136,235 new HIV infections were diagnosed in Europe, with 79,728 infections in Russia alone.
2) The concept of "ending AIDS" refers to bringing the HIV epidemic under control through strategies like widespread antiretroviral treatment and prevention of onward transmission.
3) Studies have shown pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 80% when used consistently before and after exposure to the virus.
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The global HIV epidemic affected 36.7 million people in 2017, including 5.1 million in Asia and the Pacific region. In Nepal, there were an estimated 31,020 people living with HIV in 2017. While HIV prevalence in the general adult population remains below 1%, the epidemic in Nepal is considered concentrated among key populations such as people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. The government of Nepal has set targets to identify 90% of estimated HIV cases, treat 90% of identified cases, and retain 90% of people on antiretroviral therapy by 2020 in order to end the AIDS epidemic in the country by 2030.
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This document provides guidelines on when to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adults and adolescents living with HIV. It recommends that all HIV-infected individuals start ART as soon as possible for their health and to prevent transmission. A clinical assessment should be performed to determine conditions that will help select an appropriate ART regimen. ART eligibility is based on WHO clinical staging, CD4 count, viral load, and public health considerations. First-line regimens generally consist of two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor or integrase strand transfer inhibitor. Important factors for countries adapting WHO guidelines include accessibility, quality of care, equity, efficiency and sustainability. Immune reconstitution
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current hiv situation in india and national aids control programme an overview
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The document provides an overview of an Electronic Vaccine Data System (EVDS) that has been developed to collect and provide patient, health establishment, vaccine, and safety information for monitoring vaccine uptake, coverage, and effectiveness studies. The EVDS will leverage existing systems and must support the collection of demographic information, doses received, health establishment, vaccine details, and adverse event reporting. It will allow for preregistration of health care workers and other recipients, with data prepopulated from existing databases. Vaccinators must be able to see dose details. The system will also link to laboratories to monitor effectiveness and include adverse event monitoring and reminder functions. Training objectives are listed to instruct vaccinators and administrators on using the system.
Gems cholesterol reference
This document provides references for information related to heart health. It lists organizations like the Heart and Stroke Foundation South Africa and resources from Mayo Clinic on maintaining a healthy heart. The document expresses gratitude to readers at its conclusion.
Gems cholesterol module 9
Cholesterol screenings are available once per year at no additional cost for all beneficiaries aged 20 years and older as part of preventative benefits. Screenings can be accessed through onsite events scheduled by managers or via tariff codes at clinics and pharmacies.
Gems cholesterol module 8
Statins are the primary medication used to lower cholesterol and work by blocking cholesterol production in the liver. Other medications include bile acid sequestrants which bind bile acids in the digestive system, forcing the liver to use cholesterol to make more bile acids, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors which limit the absorption of dietary cholesterol. For people who cannot tolerate statins or who have very high cholesterol levels, newer injectable PCSK9 inhibitors can help lower LDL cholesterol. Additional medications may be prescribed for high triglycerides including fibrates to reduce triglyceride production and niacin, though it has risks. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements can also help lower triglycerides when prescribed by a doctor.
Gems cholesterol module 7
Normal cholesterol levels are: total cholesterol less than 5 mmol/L, LDL cholesterol less than 3 mmol/L, HDL cholesterol more than 1.2 mmol/L for women or 1.0 mmol/L for men, and fasting triglyceride levels less than 1.7 mmol/L. The document provides guidelines for normal cholesterol levels, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
Gems cholesterol module 5
People can reduce their cholesterol and maintain a healthy level through lifestyle changes like eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising regularly for 30 minutes most days, avoiding smoking and limiting alcohol, losing weight and managing stress. Making these lifestyle changes will decrease the risk of heart disease and heart attack.
Gems cholesterol module 6
A blood test called a lipid panel checks four measures of cholesterol and fats: total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. For the most accurate results, patients should fast for 8 to 12 hours before the blood sample is taken, drinking only water during that time. The lipid panel screening provides key health information about cholesterol and fat levels in the blood.
Gems cholesterol module 4
High cholesterol can lead to a build-up of plaque in the arteries called atherosclerosis, which narrows and hardens arteries. This plaque can reduce blood flow and lead to complications like chest pain if the coronary arteries are affected, a heart attack if blood flow to the heart is completely blocked, or a stroke if a blood clot blocks blood flow to the brain.
Gems cholesterol module 2
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Gems cholesterol module 3
Eating saturated and trans fats found in animal products and processed foods, as well as foods high in cholesterol like red meat and full-fat dairy, can raise cholesterol levels. Lack of exercise and obesity increase risk of high cholesterol, while exercise boosts good cholesterol and improves cholesterol particles. Smoking damages blood vessels and may lower good cholesterol, putting one at risk. Age, diabetes, and high blood sugar also increase cholesterol risks as the body changes over time.
Gems cholesterol module 2
Inactivity, obesity, and an unhealthy diet can cause high cholesterol and low HDL cholesterol as these are factors within an individual's control. Genetic makeup may contribute to high cholesterol beyond one's control by making cells less efficient at removing LDL cholesterol or causing the liver to overproduce cholesterol.
Gems cholesterol introduction
Cholesterol is essential for the body's functions but too much can increase heart disease risk. There are two types - LDL or "bad" cholesterol which raises risk when too high, and HDL or "good" cholesterol which helps remove LDL. High cholesterol can be inherited but is often caused by unhealthy lifestyle choices like diet and exercise habits, making it preventable and treatable through diet, exercise, and sometimes medication.
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To be able to address all customers, within your own environment, on the roles and functions of each service provider within the GEMS network.
Gems TB reference
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The World Health Organization provides resources on TB prevention, testing, treatment and care that focus on a patient-centered approach integrating HIV and TB services.
Gems TB module 7
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of TB caused by bacteria that do not respond to the two most powerful first-line anti-TB drugs. It develops when TB medicines are used inappropriately or treatment is stopped prematurely. MDR-TB can be treated with second-line drugs over two years, but these are more expensive and toxic. Some cases become extensively drug-resistant TB which leaves few treatment options. All African countries except Seychelles have reported cases of MDR-TB, and 13 have reported extensively drug-resistant TB, but the diagnosis and treatment gap remains large.
Gems TB module 6
34% of people living with HIV in the African Region were infected with TB in 2016. HIV greatly increases the risk of developing active TB disease, and the two diseases form a lethal combination that accelerates the other's progression. In 2016, 320,000 people in Africa died from HIV-associated TB. WHO recommends a 12 part approach including prevention and treatment actions to reduce deaths from the deadly combination of HIV and TB.
Gems TB module 5
The document discusses two types of tests that can detect tuberculosis (TB) infection: the Mantoux tuberculin skin test and the TB blood test. The Mantoux test involves injecting tuberculin fluid into the arm and checking for a reaction 2-3 days later. The TB blood test measures the immune system's response to the TB germs.
Gems TB module 4
1. The document discusses treating exposure and infection from tuberculosis (TB). If exposed to someone with latent TB infection, testing is not needed as the person cannot spread the infection. However, testing is recommended if exposed to someone with active TB disease or symptoms of TB.
2. A positive TB infection test only indicates exposure to the bacteria, not active TB disease, which requires further tests like a chest x-ray and sputum sample. Treatment for latent TB infection may be recommended for those at higher risk of developing active TB disease, such as people with HIV or recent exposure.
3. Active TB disease is treated with multiple drugs over 6-12 months, and it is important to take the full course as prescribed
Gems TB module 3
Tuberculosis is spread through the air from one person to another. When someone with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings, they expel infectious respiratory fluids into the air. If another person inhales these fluids, they may become infected with the TB bacteria.
Gems TB module 2
TB germs are spread through the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. These germs can remain in the air for several hours and be breathed in, causing a latent TB infection. People with latent TB have TB germs in their body but are not sick, while those with active TB disease are sick from multiplying germs destroying tissue and usually have symptoms. Treatment is prescribed to those with latent TB to prevent future disease and those with active TB disease to cure the illness and stop spread.
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B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径，但认证只是个体行为，不是所有留学生都操作，所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的，他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单，就有了使用价值。
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如果你回国在学历认证方面有以下难题请联系我们我们将竭诚为你解决认证瓶颈
1所有材料真实但资料不全无法提供完全齐整的原件。【如：成绩单丶毕业证丶回国证明等材料中有遗失的。】
2获得真实的国外最终学历学位但国外本科学历就读经历存在问题或缺陷。【如：国外本科是教育部不承认的或者是联合办学项目教育部没有备案的或者外本科没有正常毕业的。】
3学分转移联合办学等情况复杂不知道怎么整理材料的。时间紧迫自己不清楚递交流程的。
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5旧金山大学成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
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Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdf
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Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024 with Policy Makers, Academic Innovation C...
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)
Module 1-OVERVIEW OF HIV AIDS
- 1. Working towards a healthier you OVERVIEW OF HIV AIDS 1
- 2. 1 2 2
- 3. 1 3 Overview of HIV – Global Scale of the Problem 3 36.9 million people living with HIV 75 % of people with HIV know their status HIV testing reached its limit 21.7 million people receiving ART Key Facts: WHO targets to end HIV pandemic: New guidelines to increase ART coverage New set targets for 2020 & 90-90-90 strategy End AIDS epidemic by 2030
- 4. 1 4 Overview of HIV – South Africa 4
- 6. 1 6 Where Are We NOW? 6 Adoption of the "treat all" recommendation among adults and adolescents living with HIV, October 2016
- 7. 1 7 HIV Life Cycle : How HIV Infects A Cell 7
- 8. 1 8 HIV- Prevention, Transmission and Symptoms 8
- 9. 1 9 HIV Diagnosis 9 Purpose of the test For diagnosis of HIV infection Surveillance of HIV Infection in the population Screening of blood and blood products Serological methods: antibody/anti gen-based test Enzyme Immunosorbe nt Assay (ELISA) Western Blot Viral detection methods PCR Window Period “Period of time between the onset of infection with HIV and the appearance of detectable antibodies” Depends on -Sensitivity of the test kit (ability to detect low levels of antibodies) -Duration of the body takes to produces antibodies (5-7 days) after infection -The level of antibodies produced (low levels during early infection) - Elisa 40 different kits available High sensitivity – 99.7% Rapid Test Developed in the late ‘80’s Be performed in less than 20 min Positive result is indicated by the appearance of a dot or line Examples – Determine/Un igold Confirmatory tests All positive tests should be confirmed with another test
- 10. 1 10 HIV Testing Services 10 All HIV testing services must follow the 5 Cs principles recommended by WHO: Informed Consent Confidentiality Counselling Correct Test Results Connection (linkage to care, treatment and other services)