The global HIV epidemic affected 36.7 million people in 2017, including 5.1 million in Asia and the Pacific region. In Nepal, there were an estimated 31,020 people living with HIV in 2017. While HIV prevalence in the general adult population remains below 1%, the epidemic in Nepal is considered concentrated among key populations such as people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. The government of Nepal has set targets to identify 90% of estimated HIV cases, treat 90% of identified cases, and retain 90% of people on antiretroviral therapy by 2020 in order to end the AIDS epidemic in the country by 2030.
HIV Epidemic in Nepal is concentrated among key populations like injecting drug users, sex workers, men who have sex with men, and labor migrants and their wives. As of 2015, there were approximately 39,281 people living with HIV in Nepal. The HIV prevalence rate among adults aged 15-49 is 0.20%. While heterosexual transmission is dominant, the national HIV response faces challenges in integrating services, ensuring participation of key populations, and improving strategic information and data quality. Recommendations include focusing services for key populations, adopting zero tolerance for discrimination, ensuring adequate responses for migration, and integrating HIV services into general healthcare.
India has seen a 57% reduction in its HIV count between 2001-2011, while Bangladesh and Sri Lanka saw increases of 25%. As of 2011, an estimated 2.1 million people in India were living with HIV. India's epidemic is heterogeneous and concentrated in certain states and sub-populations. Successful prevention efforts have led international figures to praise India's HIV/AIDS prevention model. However, more work remains as even a small increase in prevalence could mean over half a million new infections. The continuum of HIV care involves testing and counseling, treatment of opportunistic infections, anti-retroviral therapy initiation and monitoring, management of co-infections, and adherence support. WHO guidelines recommend treatment for all HIV-positive individuals
This document summarizes the key activities and findings of Nepal's National Tuberculosis Program. It outlines the program's vision, goals, and objectives to reduce TB incidence, mortality and transmission. It provides data on TB case notifications, treatment success rates, and drug-resistant TB detection and treatment outcomes. It also summarizes findings from Nepal's 2018-19 National TB Prevalence Survey, which found the TB burden is higher than previously estimated. The document concludes with achievements of the program and priorities for the way forward, including improving access to quality TB services and ensuring high-level political commitment.
current hiv situation in india and national aids control programme an overviewikramdr01
The document provides information about an orientation programme for doctors on the National AIDS Control Programme (NACO) in India. It will take place on December 26-27, 2013 at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur, India. The programme will provide an overview of the current HIV situation in India, NACO's objectives and approaches, national guidelines for detecting HIV, and NACO's comprehensive HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services.
This document summarizes the history and strategies of India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). It notes that HIV was first detected in India in 1986 among female sex workers in Chennai. In response, the government established an AIDS task force and initiated NACP in 1987 with World Bank support. NACP has since launched multiple phases (NACP I-IV) to expand targeted interventions for high-risk groups, increase testing and treatment, and reduce stigma. The current phase (NACP IV) aims to accelerate response efforts and integrate HIV services into the national health system from 2014-2017.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Masoud Dara, WHO Regional Office for Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
HIV Epidemic in Nepal is concentrated among key populations like injecting drug users, sex workers, men who have sex with men, and labor migrants and their wives. As of 2015, there were approximately 39,281 people living with HIV in Nepal. The HIV prevalence rate among adults aged 15-49 is 0.20%. While heterosexual transmission is dominant, the national HIV response faces challenges in integrating services, ensuring participation of key populations, and improving strategic information and data quality. Recommendations include focusing services for key populations, adopting zero tolerance for discrimination, ensuring adequate responses for migration, and integrating HIV services into general healthcare.
India has seen a 57% reduction in its HIV count between 2001-2011, while Bangladesh and Sri Lanka saw increases of 25%. As of 2011, an estimated 2.1 million people in India were living with HIV. India's epidemic is heterogeneous and concentrated in certain states and sub-populations. Successful prevention efforts have led international figures to praise India's HIV/AIDS prevention model. However, more work remains as even a small increase in prevalence could mean over half a million new infections. The continuum of HIV care involves testing and counseling, treatment of opportunistic infections, anti-retroviral therapy initiation and monitoring, management of co-infections, and adherence support. WHO guidelines recommend treatment for all HIV-positive individuals
This document summarizes the key activities and findings of Nepal's National Tuberculosis Program. It outlines the program's vision, goals, and objectives to reduce TB incidence, mortality and transmission. It provides data on TB case notifications, treatment success rates, and drug-resistant TB detection and treatment outcomes. It also summarizes findings from Nepal's 2018-19 National TB Prevalence Survey, which found the TB burden is higher than previously estimated. The document concludes with achievements of the program and priorities for the way forward, including improving access to quality TB services and ensuring high-level political commitment.
current hiv situation in india and national aids control programme an overviewikramdr01
The document provides information about an orientation programme for doctors on the National AIDS Control Programme (NACO) in India. It will take place on December 26-27, 2013 at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur, India. The programme will provide an overview of the current HIV situation in India, NACO's objectives and approaches, national guidelines for detecting HIV, and NACO's comprehensive HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services.
This document summarizes the history and strategies of India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). It notes that HIV was first detected in India in 1986 among female sex workers in Chennai. In response, the government established an AIDS task force and initiated NACP in 1987 with World Bank support. NACP has since launched multiple phases (NACP I-IV) to expand targeted interventions for high-risk groups, increase testing and treatment, and reduce stigma. The current phase (NACP IV) aims to accelerate response efforts and integrate HIV services into the national health system from 2014-2017.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Masoud Dara, WHO Regional Office for Europe
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
Dr. Immanuel Joshua outlines key priorities and goals for ending tuberculosis (TB) globally and in India by 2025. The goals include reducing TB deaths and incidence rates by 90% and 80% respectively compared to 2015, and achieving zero catastrophic expenditures due to TB. Treatment duration and costs vary depending on whether TB is drug-sensitive or drug-resistant. India has committed to ending TB five years ahead of the global 2030 goal through its TB Free India campaign launched in 2018.
This document summarizes key points from a clinical workshop on HIV and Hepatitis held in Nepal in November 2018. It discusses Nepal's goals of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 through strategies like increasing HIV testing and treatment. Testing and treatment access remains low for key populations like female sex workers, transgender individuals, and injecting drug users. The workshop covered improving screening, expanding access to pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment, and transitioning from preventing mother-to-child transmission to eliminating it.
Can we end the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Josip begovacPinHealth
1) In 2013, 136,235 new HIV infections were diagnosed in Europe, with 79,728 infections in Russia alone.
2) The concept of "ending AIDS" refers to bringing the HIV epidemic under control through strategies like widespread antiretroviral treatment and prevention of onward transmission.
3) Studies have shown pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 80% when used consistently before and after exposure to the virus.
Achieving HIV epidemic control - the importance of HIV prevention in womenHopkinsCFAR
CAPRISA hosts research units on HIV-TB pathogenesis and treatment as well as an HIV prevention centre of excellence. The document discusses achieving epidemic control of HIV and the importance of prevention, particularly among women. It notes that treatment alone cannot end AIDS and combination prevention including behavioral interventions, condoms, medical male circumcision, early treatment and PrEP can reduce transmission at a population level.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Annette Verster, WHO
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
The document summarizes the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control in India from 1962 to the present. It describes how the National TB Programme (NTP) was established in 1962 but only diagnosed 30% of estimated cases and treated 30% successfully. This led to the launch of the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1993, which was scaled up nationally from 1998 onwards and covered the entire country by 2006. The RNTCP implemented the DOTS strategy with a goal of reducing TB mortality and interrupting transmission through improved case detection and treatment success rates.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
This document summarizes the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in India. It discusses the four phases of NACP from 1992 to 2024, which aim to prevent new HIV infections and provide treatment. Key aspects of NACP include targeted interventions for high-risk groups, integrated counseling and testing centers, prevention of parent-to-child transmission, post-exposure prophylaxis, coordination with tuberculosis programs, and World Health Organization treatment guidelines. The document also outlines the structure of the National AIDS Control Organization.
The document summarizes HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia across multiple topics:
1) HIV incidence in adults is estimated at 0.06% annually, corresponding to around 7,000 new cases, though a lower estimate is 0.05% or 6,000 new cases using a different method. Incidence is highest in those aged 50-64.
2) Ethiopia has made progress toward global 90-90-90 targets, with an estimated 82% of people with HIV knowing their status, 74% on antiretroviral treatment, and 66% virally suppressed.
3) Key populations include female sex workers, prisoners, divorced/widowed urban women, and long-distance drivers.
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по...hivlifeinfo
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по СПИДу (EACS)/Antiretroviral Treatment.The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Perspective.2017
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Global TB burden updates provide information on the TB situation globally and in India. Key points include:
- India accounts for over a quarter of the global TB burden, with an estimated 28 lakh incident cases in 2016 and 4.2 lakh deaths.
- WHO has revised their estimates of India's TB burden upwards based on new evidence, though the trend still shows a decline in incidence and mortality.
- India has achieved the MDG target of reducing prevalence and mortality by 50%, but a huge burden remains, especially among economically productive groups.
- The government of India's strategic vision is to achieve a TB-free India by 2025 through universal access to quality diagnosis and treatment.
NACP IV aims to halt and reverse the HIV epidemic in India from 2014-2019. Key strategies include intensifying prevention services for high-risk groups, increasing access to comprehensive care and treatment, expanding IEC services, building program capacities, and strengthening strategic information management systems. The goal is to reduce new HIV infections by 50% from the 2007 baseline. Prevention efforts will focus on high-risk groups like female sex workers, while care, support and treatment will be expanded through more ART centers and linkage to health services.
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
Hiv &ictc seminar by Dr. Mousumi Sarkarmrikara185
India's national adult HIV prevalence is estimated at 0.26%. The total number of people living with HIV in India is estimated to be 21.17 lakhs. India has one of the world's largest HIV surveillance systems which helps monitor trends, levels, and burden of HIV among different populations. This system includes sentinel surveillance at antenatal clinics, Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance among high-risk groups, sexually transmitted infection surveillance, AIDS case reporting, and death registration. The surveillance data is used to estimate disease distribution, identify groups for intervention, evaluate program effectiveness, and guide prevention efforts.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It was established in 1992 by the government of India, WHO and World Bank in response to high TB mortality in India. The goal is to reduce mortality and interrupt transmission of TB. The strategy includes achieving at least 85% cure rates for infectious cases and detecting at least 70% of estimated cases. Treatment is provided through the DOTS strategy of supervised treatment and medication. The RNTCP has been implemented in phases to expand DOTS coverage across India and coordinate efforts with the National AIDS Control Organization to address TB-HIV coinfection.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control programs in Nepal. It notes that TB affects thousands in Nepal each year and is the sixth leading cause of death. The National TB Program aims to diagnose 70% of new cases and cure 85% by preventing 30,000 deaths in the next five years. The program registers over 30,000 TB cases annually and follows the WHO End TB Strategy and DOTS treatment model to control the disease.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Dr. Immanuel Joshua outlines key priorities and goals for ending tuberculosis (TB) globally and in India by 2025. The goals include reducing TB deaths and incidence rates by 90% and 80% respectively compared to 2015, and achieving zero catastrophic expenditures due to TB. Treatment duration and costs vary depending on whether TB is drug-sensitive or drug-resistant. India has committed to ending TB five years ahead of the global 2030 goal through its TB Free India campaign launched in 2018.
This document summarizes key points from a clinical workshop on HIV and Hepatitis held in Nepal in November 2018. It discusses Nepal's goals of ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030 through strategies like increasing HIV testing and treatment. Testing and treatment access remains low for key populations like female sex workers, transgender individuals, and injecting drug users. The workshop covered improving screening, expanding access to pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral treatment, and transitioning from preventing mother-to-child transmission to eliminating it.
Can we end the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Josip begovacPinHealth
1) In 2013, 136,235 new HIV infections were diagnosed in Europe, with 79,728 infections in Russia alone.
2) The concept of "ending AIDS" refers to bringing the HIV epidemic under control through strategies like widespread antiretroviral treatment and prevention of onward transmission.
3) Studies have shown pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) using antiretroviral drugs can reduce the risk of HIV transmission by over 80% when used consistently before and after exposure to the virus.
Achieving HIV epidemic control - the importance of HIV prevention in womenHopkinsCFAR
CAPRISA hosts research units on HIV-TB pathogenesis and treatment as well as an HIV prevention centre of excellence. The document discusses achieving epidemic control of HIV and the importance of prevention, particularly among women. It notes that treatment alone cannot end AIDS and combination prevention including behavioral interventions, condoms, medical male circumcision, early treatment and PrEP can reduce transmission at a population level.
Fast-track the end of AIDS in the EU - practical evidence-based interventions.
Presentation by: Annette Verster, WHO
In a two-day meeting under the auspices of the Maltese Presidency of the Council of the European Union (30-31 January 2017), HIV experts from across the European Union discussed how to reverse this trend and how to prepare Europe to achieve the set target of ending AIDS by 2030.
The document summarizes the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control in India from 1962 to the present. It describes how the National TB Programme (NTP) was established in 1962 but only diagnosed 30% of estimated cases and treated 30% successfully. This led to the launch of the Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1993, which was scaled up nationally from 1998 onwards and covered the entire country by 2006. The RNTCP implemented the DOTS strategy with a goal of reducing TB mortality and interrupting transmission through improved case detection and treatment success rates.
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
This document summarizes the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in India. It discusses the four phases of NACP from 1992 to 2024, which aim to prevent new HIV infections and provide treatment. Key aspects of NACP include targeted interventions for high-risk groups, integrated counseling and testing centers, prevention of parent-to-child transmission, post-exposure prophylaxis, coordination with tuberculosis programs, and World Health Organization treatment guidelines. The document also outlines the structure of the National AIDS Control Organization.
The document summarizes HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia across multiple topics:
1) HIV incidence in adults is estimated at 0.06% annually, corresponding to around 7,000 new cases, though a lower estimate is 0.05% or 6,000 new cases using a different method. Incidence is highest in those aged 50-64.
2) Ethiopia has made progress toward global 90-90-90 targets, with an estimated 82% of people with HIV knowing their status, 74% on antiretroviral treatment, and 66% virally suppressed.
3) Key populations include female sex workers, prisoners, divorced/widowed urban women, and long-distance drivers.
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по...hivlifeinfo
Антиретровирусное лечение – перспективы Европейского клинического общества по СПИДу (EACS)/Antiretroviral Treatment.The European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) Perspective.2017
October 7, 2019
On October 7, 2019, the Harvard Global Health Institute will host a one-day symposium to explore what enabled this visionary program, and to showcase how it has transformed not just the worldwide HIV/AIDS response but global health delivery more broadly.
There are many lessons learned in PEPFAR’s story - from what it took to build a supply chain where there was none, to establishing the use of generic antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) and leveraging human capacity. This event convened the early architects of PEPFAR as well as experts and implementers currently leading the charge. We took a historically informed look at what it will take to stop global transmission, and shared tools useful for others hoping to move the needle on vexing problems in global health.
For more information, visit our website at https://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/15-years-of-pepfar
Global TB burden updates provide information on the TB situation globally and in India. Key points include:
- India accounts for over a quarter of the global TB burden, with an estimated 28 lakh incident cases in 2016 and 4.2 lakh deaths.
- WHO has revised their estimates of India's TB burden upwards based on new evidence, though the trend still shows a decline in incidence and mortality.
- India has achieved the MDG target of reducing prevalence and mortality by 50%, but a huge burden remains, especially among economically productive groups.
- The government of India's strategic vision is to achieve a TB-free India by 2025 through universal access to quality diagnosis and treatment.
NACP IV aims to halt and reverse the HIV epidemic in India from 2014-2019. Key strategies include intensifying prevention services for high-risk groups, increasing access to comprehensive care and treatment, expanding IEC services, building program capacities, and strengthening strategic information management systems. The goal is to reduce new HIV infections by 50% from the 2007 baseline. Prevention efforts will focus on high-risk groups like female sex workers, while care, support and treatment will be expanded through more ART centers and linkage to health services.
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
Hiv &ictc seminar by Dr. Mousumi Sarkarmrikara185
India's national adult HIV prevalence is estimated at 0.26%. The total number of people living with HIV in India is estimated to be 21.17 lakhs. India has one of the world's largest HIV surveillance systems which helps monitor trends, levels, and burden of HIV among different populations. This system includes sentinel surveillance at antenatal clinics, Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance among high-risk groups, sexually transmitted infection surveillance, AIDS case reporting, and death registration. The surveillance data is used to estimate disease distribution, identify groups for intervention, evaluate program effectiveness, and guide prevention efforts.
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It was established in 1992 by the government of India, WHO and World Bank in response to high TB mortality in India. The goal is to reduce mortality and interrupt transmission of TB. The strategy includes achieving at least 85% cure rates for infectious cases and detecting at least 70% of estimated cases. Treatment is provided through the DOTS strategy of supervised treatment and medication. The RNTCP has been implemented in phases to expand DOTS coverage across India and coordinate efforts with the National AIDS Control Organization to address TB-HIV coinfection.
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control programs in Nepal. It notes that TB affects thousands in Nepal each year and is the sixth leading cause of death. The National TB Program aims to diagnose 70% of new cases and cure 85% by preventing 30,000 deaths in the next five years. The program registers over 30,000 TB cases annually and follows the WHO End TB Strategy and DOTS treatment model to control the disease.
Similar to 1.HIV Background and Epidemiology - Copy (2).ppt (20)
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
low birth weight presentation. Low birth weight (LBW) infant is defined as the one whose birth weight is less than 2500g irrespective of their gestational age. Premature birth and low birth weight(LBW) is still a serious problem in newborn. Causing high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. The nursing care provide to low birth weight babies is crucial in promoting their overall health and development. Through careful assessment, diagnosis,, planning, and evaluation plays a vital role in ensuring these vulnerable infants receive the specialize care they need. In India every third of the infant weight less than 2500g.
Birth period, socioeconomical status, nutritional and intrauterine environment are the factors influencing low birth weight
Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
1. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
HIV AND AIDS BACKGROUND AND
EPIDEMIOLOGY
2. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Global Scenario of HIV-2017
Global
Asia and
pacific Region
Nepal
People living
with HIV 36.7 million
5.1 million 31,020
New HIV
Infections (total) 1.8 million
300,000
835
AIDS-related
deaths 1. million 180,000 1,306
3. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
About 5,700 new HIV infections (adults and children) a day
in 2015
About 66% are in Sub Saharan Africa
About 400 are among children under 15 years of age
About 5,300 are among adults aged 15 years and older,
of whom:
-almost 47% are among women
-about 35% are among young people (15-24)
Source UNAIDS 2016
Global Statistics
5. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Global estimation for HIV (UNAIDS, 2017)
Adults and children
living with HIV
Adults and children
newly infected with HIV
Adult & child
deaths due to AIDS
Eastern and southern
Africa
19.4 million
[17.8 million–21.1 million]
790 000
[710 000–870 000]
420 000
[350 000–510 000]
Western and central Africa 6.1 million
[4.9 million–7.6 million
370 000
[270 000–490 000]
310 000
[220 00–400 000]
Middle East and North
Africa
230 000
[160 000–380 000]
18 000
[11 000–39 000]
11 000
[7700–19 000]
Asia and the Pacific 5.1 million
[3.9 million–7.2 million]
270 000
[190 000–370 000]
170 000
[130 000–220 000]
Latin America 1.8 million
[1.4 million–2.1 million]
97 000
[79 000–120 000]
36 000
[28 000–45 000]
Caribbean 310 000
[280 000–350 000]
18 000
[15 000–22 000]
9400
[7300–12 000]
Eastern Europe and central
Asia
1.6 million
[1.4 million–1.7 million]
190 000
[160 000–220 000]
40 000
[32 000–49 000]
Western and central
Europe and
North America
2.1 million
[2.0 million–2.3 million]
73 000
[68 000–78 000]
18 000
[15 000–20 000]
TOTAL 36.7 million
[30.8 million–42.9 million]
1.8 million
[1.6 million–2.1 million]
1.0 million
[830 000–1.2 million]
7. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Current Situation of HIV and AIDS in
Nepal (NCASC, 2016)
• The first HIV infection was detected in 1988 in Nepal.
• Since then HIV epidemic has evolve from low- to
concentrated among Key affected populations
– People with Injecting drugs (PWID)
– Female sex workers (FSW)
– Clients of female sex workers
– Men who have sex with men (MSM)
– Labor migrants
• Heterosexual transmission is dominant
• HIV prevalence in general population is <1%.
8. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
State of HIV Epidemics
1) Low Level Epidemics
• HIV <5% in all sub population with high risk behaviour
2) Concentrated Epidemics
• HIV >5% among in any subpopulation with high risk
behaviour and < 1% among women attending antenatal
clinic
3) Generalized Epidemics
• HIV > 1% among women attending antenatal clinic (in
general population)
9. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Concentrated Epidemic
• HIV prevalence >5% among in any sub population
with high risk behaviour & <1% among women
attending antenatal clinic
Current HIV Situation in Nepal
10. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Situation of HIV Epidemic in Nepal 2017
Total Estimated PLHIV 31,020
HIV Prevalence (15-49) 0.15
Male living with HIV 19,020 (61.3%)
Female living with HIV 12,000 (38.7%)
Children living with HIV (out of total infections) 1,192 (3.8%)
HIV Prevalence (15-24) 0.02
New HIV infections 835
Mother Needing eVT services 304
AIDS-related Deaths 1,306
11. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
HIV prevalence among adult aged 15-49
years
0.18
0.12
0.15
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Percent
Male Female Total
12. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Trends of Estimated Prevalence, New
Infection and Deaths (1985 – 2020)
1,306
835
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Number
of
new
infection
and
deaths
Estimated deaths Estimated new infections
13. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
ARV Services in all districts
15,260
on ARV
By Dec, 2017)
14. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
PMTCT(eVT) services in all districts
382,827
pregnant women
testedfor
HIV
(July 15, 2016 to
July 15, 2017)
15. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Provincial Situation
Province HIV Testing and Counseling PMTCT On ART
Tested Positive Tested Positive
Province 1 31780 207 53646 27 1197
Province 2 14245 273 32724 17 1428
Province 3 39043 630 100340 45 4082
Province 4 4530 108 45189 20 1807
Province 5 45104 346 81521 13 2772
Province 6 682 9 16899 0 434
Province 7 40844 208 52568 6 2824
Nepal 176228 1781 382,827 128 14544
Source: NCASC,
2017
16. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
31020
19720
15260 15260
7998
7184
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Estimated Number
of PLHIV
Number of alive
PLHIV and know
their status
PLHIV Received
ART
Retension on ART
(12 months)
Viral Load Test Viral Load
Suppression
#
of
PLHIVs
Treatment Cascade of HIV in Nepal 2017
Source: National Center for AIDS and STD
Control (NCASC), 2017
Expansion of viral
load services/access
36%
Need for
expanding ART
enrollment
Retention on ART
program for 12
month and more
51%
PLHIVs are
yet to initiate
ART
Need for
expanding HIV
Testing Coverage
PLHIVs are yet
to have viral
load test and
suppressed
90% 90%
HIVision
2020
64% 49%
23%
PLHIVs are yet
to be
identified to
reach 90
percent
77 %
90%
17. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Services Package Target Populations
Comprehensive HIV prevention package for key
populations at higher risk and general population:
Targeted interventions: IEC, BCC, Condom
programming, Harm reduction (NSE, OST)
HIV testing and counseling
STI diagnosis and treatment
PWIDs
SWs and their clients
MSM/TG
Labour migrants and spouses
TB patients (high risk)
General population
PMTCT ANC attendees
ART , management of OIs, including TB-HIV co-
infection, and infection control
PLHIV
Care and Support (CHBC, CCC, social protection) Infected and affected by HIV
Stigma and discrimination reduction All
Capacity development Health care providers (public &
private)
Social protection, human rights, impact mitigation All (specifically among key
populations at higher risk and
PLHIV)
18. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
26 DBS sample
collecting sites for EID
Services
30 CD4 Machines in 28
sites
15 OST sites in 10
Districts
3 Viral Load
testing sites in 3
sites (NPHL, Seti
Zonal Hospital and Bir
Hospital)
TB/HIV service
through 68 ART
sites in 59
districts
Other Services
25 ART
Dispensing
Centers to support
in treatment
adherence
19. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Incidence Meter:
Towards End of HIV Epidemic
Source UNAIDS 2016
20. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
National HIV Strategic Plan 2016-2021
• Ending the AIDS epidemic, as a public health threat in
Nepal, by 2030
Vision
• Identify, recommend and test 90% of estimated
population
• Treat 90% of those diagnosed as HIV positive
• Retain 90% of those on ART
• Eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and keep mothers
alive and well
• Eliminate congenital syphilis
• Reduce 75% of new HIV infections
Targets
21. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Key Priority Actions for Ending AIDS
in Nepal
• Strengthen IRRTTR (Identify, Reach, Recommend, Test,
Treat and Retain)
• Scale up HIV testing and treatment for key populations
(TTR and TaSP)
– Community Based Testing approach
• Focus on major sources of new infection
• Scale up evidence-based prevention interventions for
key affected populations
• Integrate and decentralise HIV service delivery systems
• 90-90-90 by 2020
22. National Centre for AIDS
and STD Control
Key Priority Actions for Ending AIDS
in Nepal
• Massive scale up of HIV testing among pregnant
women (reached at least up to birthing center)
• Early DNA-PCR test among exposed baby for early
detection of HIV among infant
• Early enrollment in treatment both mother and
born baby
• Scale up treatment centers and
• Easy access for the EID test
• Elimination of vertical transmission of HIV by 2021