Modern Latin America can be divided into three categories: 1. The first world includes Chile, which uses free trade to engage with global powers like the US. 2. The second world struggles with political and economic instability, like Argentina, Venezuela, and Columbia. Argentina has declined despite past prosperity, while Venezuela relies too heavily on oil. 3. The third world remains undeveloped, though some such as Columbia have potential to connect South America globally if they can address issues like poverty, drugs, and political divisions.

1. Modern Latin America
Joshua M. Holloway

2. Octavio Paz Lozano
• Mexican Writer, Poet, and Diplomat
• March 31st, 1914—April 19th, 1998
• Received the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature
• Key member of the Mexican surrealists and
existentialists poets
• Published 1st poems at age 17
• Dropped law school to go live amongst peasants
and wrote his poem “between the sun and
flower”(1941)

3. Maria de los
Remedios Varo
Unago
• December 16th, 1908—October 8th,
1963
• A woman surrealist painter; rare
• Influenced by her fascinations
with sacred geometry, alchemy,
and I-Ching
• Paintings had feminist motives
and often had androgynous

4. Manual Rosas
• Dominated Argentina from 1829 to
1851
• Ruled as a dictator
• Was against change in Argentina—socially,
economically, and politically—and tried everything
to stop it
• Merciless armies; 20,000 people in Port Buenos
Aires died from poisonings, beheadings,
strangulation, etc.
• Caudillo: toughest of the tough;
all other caudillo’s joined his side

5. “Stealing of the fleet”
• May 1845: British and French ministers feared a
Rosas victory
• British and French forces seized a corvette, two brigs,
and two schooners under Rosas Command
• Led by Adm. Samuel Hood Inglefield & Adm. Pierre
Jean Honorat Laine
• Forced rebel sailors sign documents stating to take no
more part in any war against them and then forced
them to abandon ship

6. Gauchos in the plains
Enemies of Friends of
• Saw them as Christian • Saw them as rugged
savages individualists who cherished
• Skulls for furniture, raw freedom
meat diet, and working • Darwin: as long as there is a
their horses to death little water, these men
would penetrate to the end
of the world

7. Unitarian League
• Led by Unitarian Gen. Jose M. Paz—one-armed
veteran and tactitian
• Fought many battles constantly, often with
outnumbered armies, and eventually controlled
nine inner provinces of Argentina
• Unitarian League grew at a rapid
pace
• Eventually was caught, Unitarian
League couldn’t resist anymore

8. Argentine Downgrade
(the second world)
• Argentina prospered for many decades in the
mid-nineteenth century; by 1920, it was the
seventh-richest nation
• Globalization created new metrics for judging
international hierarchy
• Argentina has become a geopolitical welfare
case, barely recovering from meltdown
• Depends on agricultural exports to China

9. Chile(the second world)
• Only South American country that stands a
chance of joining the first world in the coming
decade
• Uses free trade with America, unlike Argentina
• The “England” of South America; keeps its
distance from continental affairs and seeks allies
from a distance
• Chile even makes bold moves with their voting of
president Michelle Bachelet, a divorced single
mother, ex-revolutionary, torture victim

10. Venezuela (the second world)
• Having oil made the difference between
Venezuela being a third-world country and a
thriving first world country
• Oligarchs’ oil developments thrust the country
to first world, and the children came to be the
continents doctors and lawyers
• Let agricultural needs suffer and the economy
went tumbling down
• Gas is cheaper than water

11. Columbia (the second world)
• Only South American country that touches
both Pacific and Caribbean oceans
• If South America is going to connect with the
rest of the world, it will be through Columbia
• Must overcome obstacles such as, diversity of
three radical political parties, drug trafficking,
and skewed poverty vs. urban rich levels