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- 2. Social and Political Issues Casteism Superstition Low Status of Women Child Marriage Orthodoxy Sati Missing Nationalism Illiteracy Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 3. Raja Ram Mohan Roy q He started the ‘AtmiyaSabha’ in 1815. q In 1828, Raja Rammohun Roy founded Brahmo Sabha which was later renamed ‘Brahma Samaj‘. Brahmos were basically opposed to idolatry and superstitious practices and rituals, in fact to the entire Brahmanical system. The Brahmo tradition of Raja Rammohun Roy was carried forward after 1843 by Devendranath Tagore and after 1866 by Keshub Chandra Sen. He wrote Gift to Monotheists and translated the Vedas and the five Upanishads into Bengali to prove his conviction that ancient Hindu texts support monotheism. In percepts of Jesus(1820), he tried to separate the moral and philosophical message of the New Testament. q Major Role in Abolition of Sati. Due to his efforts British Government under the Viceroyship of Lord William Bentick passed Abolition of Sati act 1829 to ban Sati practice q Samvad Kaumudi was the most important journal brought out by him. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 4. Debendranath Tagore Debendranath Tagore, father of Rabindranath Tagore founded the TatvabodhiniSabha in 1839 to propagate Rammohun Roy’s ideas. The Tatvabodhini Sabha and its organ the Tatvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematic study of India’s past in Bengali language and helped spread rational outlook. He gave a new life to Brahmo Samaj and a definite form and shape to the theist movement, when he joined the samaj in 1843. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 5. Young Bengal Movement This movement was started by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio in Calcutta in the 1820s. Derozio was an Anglo-Indian college teacher in Calcutta, and he encouraged radical thinking among his students. He criticised the prevailing religious practices of orthodox Hinduism. He also inspired free-thinking and propagated the spirit of liberty, equality and freedom. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 6. The Prarthana Samaj In 1867, the Prarthana Samaj was started by MG Ranade in Maharashtra with the aim of reforming Hinduism and preaching the worship of one God. Mahadev Govind Ranade and R.G. Bhandarkar were the two great leaders of the Samaj. The Prarthana Samaj did in Maharashtra what the Brahmo Samaj did in Bengal. It attacked the caste system and the priestly domination. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 7. Sri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa 1840 started Pramhansa Mandli. He was against Caste system,orthodoxy. He believed in the Philosophical System of Hinduism Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 8. Swami Vivekananda Narendra Nath Dutta, better known as Swami Vivekananda, was the most illustrious disciple of Sri Ramakrishna At the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago (1893), Vivekananda spoke about Hindu religion at length. Founded Ramkrishna Mission and Matth (Hq-Belur). Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 9. Dayanand Saraswati Swami Dayanand Saraswati (1824-1883) who founded the Arya Samaj in 1875. This society strove against idolatry, polytheism, rituals, priesthood, animal sacrifice, child marriage and the caste system. It also encourages the dissemination of western scientific knowledge. Started Shuddhi Movement. After his death, his followers had established the Dayanand Anglo Vedic Schools first in Lahore and then in other parts of India Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 10. Theosophical Society Founded by Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott in New York. It promoted the concept of universal brotherhood, as expounded in the Upanishads and Vedas. Hq at Adyar in 1879. Annie Besant came to India as the representative of Theosophical Society in 1893. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 11. Jyotibha Phule and Savitri bai Phule Satya Shodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotirao Govindrao Phule on 24 September 1873 in present-day Maharashtra. It campaigned against idolatry and the caste system. It advocated rational thinking and rejected the priesthood. Jyotirao Phule is said to have used the term ‘Dalit’ for the oppressed castes. Wrote ‘Gulam Giri’ Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 12. Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan The most important socio-religious movement among the Muslims came to be known as the Aligarh Movement. Syed Ahmad advised Muslims to embrace Western education and take up government service. Through his initiative was established the Mohammedan Oriental College in 1875 which later developed into the Aligarh Muslim University. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 13. EARLY POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 14. East India Association Founded in: 1866 Place: London Founded by: Dadabhai Naoroji Poona Sarvajanik Sabha Founded in: 1876 Place: Pune Founded by: Mahadev Govind Ranade, Indian Association Founded in: 1876 Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta) Founded by: Surendranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose Landholders Society Founded in: 1836 Place: Kolkata (formerly named: Calcutta) Founded by: Dwarkanath Tagore Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 15. Formation of Indian National Congress The word ‘Congress’ was taken from the American Constitution. Indian National Congress (INC) was formed by A.O Hume in the year 1885 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 16. Reasons behind the creation of Indian National Congress (INC) Safety Valve Theory:There is a theory that Hume formed the Congress with the idea that it would prove to be a ‘safety valve’ for releasing the growing discontent of the Indians. To this end, he convinced Lord Dufferin not to obstruct the formation of the Congress. Organization for expression of Indian Demands:Modern Indian historians dispute the idea of ‘safety valve’. In their opinion the Indian National Congress represented the urge of the politically conscious Indians to set up a national body to express the political and economic demands of the Indians. Historian Bipan Chandra observes early Congress leaders used Hume as a catalyst to bring together. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 17. Sessions of the Indian National Congress First Session of INC in 1885: A.O. Hume organized the first session of the Indian National Congress in December 1885 at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay. The first session drew 72 delegates from all Indian provinces. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee presided over the first session. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 18. Important Sessions of Indian National Congress Second Session: held at Calcutta in 1886. President: Dadabhai Naoroji Third Session: held at Madras in 1887. President: Syed Badruddin Tyabji, first muslim President. Fourth Session: held at Allahabad in 1888. President: George Yule, first English President. 1896: Calcutta. President: Rahimtullah Sayani.National Song ‘Vande Mataram’ sung for the first time by Rabindranath Tagore. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 19. 1905: Benaras. President: Gopal Krishan Gokhale. Formal proclamation of Swadeshi movement against government 1906: Calcutta. President: Dadabhai Naoroji. Adopted four resolutions on: Swaraj (Self Government), Boycott Movement, Swadeshi & National Education 1907: Surat. President: Rash Bihari Ghosh. Split in Congress- Moderates & Extremist 1911: Calcutta. President: B.N. Dhar.First time recital of Jan-Gan-Man in Congress session Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 20. 1916: Lucknow. President: A.C. Majumdar Unity between two factions-Moderates and Extremists of Congress Lucknow Pact signed between Congress and Muslim League to build political consensus 1917: Calcutta. President: Annie Besant, First Woman President of Congress 1924: Belgaum. President: M.K. Gandhi.Only Session presided over by Mahatma Gandhi 1925: Kanpur. President: Sarojini Naidu, First Indian Woman President Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 21. 1929: Lahore. President: Jawahar Lal Nehru.Passed the resolution on ‘Poorna Swaraj.’ 1938: Haripura. President: Subhas Chandra Bose 1939: Tripuri. President: Rajendra Prasad Subhas Chandra Bose was re-elected but had to resign Rajendra Prasad was appointed in his place Subhash Chandra Bose formed Forward Bloc 1946: Meerut. President: J.B Kripalani Last session before independence J.B Kriplani was the president of INC at independence. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 23. The Moderate Phase (1885-1905) The main objective of the Moderates was to achieve self-government within the British Empire. They followed a middle path and not an extreme path against British Empire. They believed in patience and reconciliation rather than in violence and confrontation. They relied on constitutional and peaceful methods in order to achieve their aim. Direct Struggle was not on there List. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 24. The major demands of the Moderates were Expansion and reform of legislative councils. Greater opportunities for Indians in higher posts by holding the ICS examination simultaneously in England and in India. Separation of the judiciary from the executive. More powers for the local bodies. Reduction of land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust landlords. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 25. Contributions of Moderate Nationalists The moderates led by Dadabhai Naoroji, R.C. Dutt, Dinshaw Wacha and others, analysed the political economy of British rule in India, and put forward the “drain theory” to explain British exploitation of India. Moderates were able to create an all-India public opinion that British rule in India was the major cause of India’s poverty and economic backwardness. They criticized Oppressive and tyrannical bureaucracy and an expensive and time- consuming judicial system. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 26. Acievements of the Moderates The Indian Council Act 1892 was the result of their demand. The concept of Swaraj which was highlighted in Banaras and Calcutta Session in 1905 and 1906, continued to be a guiding factor of Congress up to 1929, Lahore session. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 27. Dadabhai Naoroji He was dubbed the "Grand Old Man of India.“ He was the first Indian to be elected to the British House of Commons. Authored the book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India,' which focused on India's economic drain as a result of British policies. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 28. Womesh Chandra Bannerjee The first president of the Indian National Congress (INC). Lawyer by profession and the first Indian to serve as Standing Counsel. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 29. Subramania Aiyer He founded the newspaper 'The Hindu,' in which he criticized British imperialism. In addition, he founded the Tamil newspaper 'Swadesamitran.‘ Madras Mahajana Sabha was co-founded by him. Hicky's Bengal Gazette Hicky's Bengal Gazette was the first English-language newspaper published on the Indian subcontinent. It was founded in Calcutta, capital of British India at the time, by Irishman James Augustus Hicky in 1780. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 30. Gopal Krishna Gokhale He was known as Mahatma Gandhi's political mentor. The Servants of India Society was founded by him. 1905,Presided the Benaras Session of INC. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 31. Surendranath Banerjee Also known as 'Rashtraguru' and 'Indian Burke.‘ The Indian National Association was founded by him and it later merged with the INC. Banerjee was cleared for the Indian Civil Service but was fired due to racial discrimination. The Bengalee newspaper was founded by him. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 32. Extremists Mode of Struggle Passive resistance The concept of passive resistance was given by Aurobindo Ghosh. Mass Agitation Self reliance. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 33. Causes for the rise of Extremists 1. Due to the mendicancy of the moderates. 2. The international influence a) The defeat of Russia by Japan in 1904-05. b) In 1896, Ethiopia defeated Italy. The emergence of radical leaders Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 34. Bal Gangadhar Tilak He started patriotic cum historical cult as the central symbol of nationalism. In 1894 he started Ganpati Shivaji festival. In 1896 he started no revenue campaign In 1896 he boycotted against the Cotton Excise tax and therefore he gave the concept of swadeshi. Vincent Chirol said ‘he is the father of Indian unrest’. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 35. Immediate cause → Reactionary rule of Lord Curzon Calcutta Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body Universities Act (1904) reduced the elected members in the University bodies & reduced the autonomy of the universities and made them government departments Sedition Act and the Official Secrets Act (1904) reduced the freedoms of people & press. His worst measure was the Partition of Bengal (1905) Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 36. Partition of Bengal Partition of Bengal in 1905 provided a spark for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement. The official reason given for the decision was that Bengal with a population of 78 million (about a quarter of the population of British India) had become too big to be administered. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 37. Curzon’s real motives were – To break the growing strength of Bengali nationalism since Bengal was the base of Indian nationalism. To divide the Hindus and Muslims in Bengal. To show the enormous power of the British Government in doing whatever it liked Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 38. Declaration of Swaraj & Beginning of Swadeshi Movement The Swadeshi Movement had its genesis, in the anti-partition movement which was started to oppose the British decision to partition Bengal. The Indian National Congress, meeting in 1905 under the presidency of Gokhale, resolved to condemn the partition of Bengal and the reactionary policies of Curzon support the anti-partition and Swadeshi Movement of Bengal Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 39. Surat Split, 1907 Ø The Moderate Congressmen were unhappy as they wanted Swaraj to be achieved through constitutional methods. Ø The Moderate-Extremist dispute over techniques led to a split in the Congress at the Surat session in 1907(led by Rash Bihari Ghosh), popularly known as the famous Surat Split. Ø Extremists came out of the Congress led by Tilak and others Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 40. Swadeshi Movement (Vandemataram movement) It was both a political and economic movement Involved programmes like the boycott of government service, courts, schools and colleges and of foreign goods Promotion of Swadeshi goods Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 41. Government Measures The cry of Bande Mataram was forbidden by government Extremist leaders Lal, Bal, Pal & Aurobindo Ghosh were imprisoned and deported. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 42. Formation of the Muslim League (1906) Muslim delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational Conference. Taking advantage of this occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation to look after the Muslim interests. The proposal was accepted & All-India Muslim League was finally set up on December 30, 1906. Like the Indian National Congress, they conducted annual sessions and put their demands to the British government. Their 1st achievement was the separate electorates for Muslims in the Minto-Morley reforms. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 43. Decline of Swadeshi Movement The movement was rendered leaderless with most of the leaders either arrested or deported by 1908 Aurobindo-Ghosh and Bipin Chandra Pal retired from active politics. Internal squabbles among leaders, magnified by the Surat split (1907), did much harm to the movement. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 45. Lord Hardinge II Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911). Coronation durbar of King George V held in Delhi (1911) Annulment of Bengal Partition. Establishment of the Hindu Mahasabha (1915) by Madan Mohan Malaviya. In 1916, Lord Hardinge laid the foundation of the Banaras Hindu University. Madan Mohan Malaviya was the Founder-Chancellor of this university Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 46. First World War & Nationalist Response In the First World War (1914-1919), Britain allied with France, Russia, USA, Italy and Japan against Germany, Austria, Hungary and Turkey. The nationalist response to British participation in the War was three-fold – the Moderates supported the empire in the War as a matter of duty; the extremists, including Tilak (who was released in June 1914), supported the war efforts in the mistaken belief that Britain would repay India’s loyalty with gratitude in the form of self-government; the revolutionaries decided to utilize the opportunity to wage a war and liberate the country. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 48. Home Rule League Movement 1916 Annie Besant, the Irish theosophist, had decided of a movement for Home Rule on the lines of the Irish Home Rule Leagues Tilak was ready to assume leadership after his release in 1914, and reassured Government of his loyalty and to the Moderates that he wanted, like the Irish Home Rulers, a reform of the administration and not an overthrow of the Government By early 1915, Annie Besant had launched a campaign to demand self-government for India after the war on the lines of white colonies She campaigned through her newspapers, New India & Commonweal, and through public meetings and conferences Two Home Rule Leagues were established, one by B G Tilak at Poona in April 1916 and the other by Mrs. Annie Besant at Madras in September 1916 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 49. In 1917, Annie Besant & her associates were arrested which invited nationwide protest → Subramaniya Aiyar renounced his knighthood. Government decided to placate the nationalists by declaring its intention to grant self-government to Indians, as contained in Montagu’s August 1917 declaration. This August Declaration led to the end of the Home Rule Movement. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 50. The Lucknow Pact (1916) The divided Congress became united. An understanding for joint action against the British was reached between the Congress and Muslim League and it was called the Lucknow Pact Marked an important step in the Hindu-Muslim unity. INC accepted separate electorates of Muslims Muslims – Angry due to annulment of partition + Denial of Aligarh University as umbrella university + Turkey repercussions in WW1 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 51. Montague-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919 – Government of India Act of 1919 Diarchy was introduced in the provinces. Provincial subjects were divided into “Reserved Subjects” such as police, jails, land revenue, irrigation and forests and “Transferred Subjects” such as education, local self-government, public health, sanitation, agriculture and industries. The Reserved subjects were to be administered by the Governor and his Executive Council. The Transferred subjects were to be administered by the Governor and his ministers. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 52. Emergence of Gandhi in Africa Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar in the princely state of Kathiawar in Gujarat. Having studied law in England, he returned to India in 1891 He failed as a practicing lawyer both at Rajkot and in Bombay In 1893, he proceeded to Natal, South Africa in relation with a case involving his client, Dada Abdullah. In South Africa, he witnessed apartheid (Racial discrimination against Blacks) to which Asians who had gone to South Africa as labourers were subjected. He decided to stay in South Africa to organise the Indian workers to enable them to fight for their rights. He stayed there till 1914 after which he returned to India in Jan 1915. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 53. o unite different sections of Indians, he set up Natal Indian Congress and started a paper ‘Indian opinion’. The second phase, which began in 1906, was characterised by the use of the method of passive resistance or civil disobedience Gandhi named it Satyagraha: Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906) Campaign against Restrictions on Indian Migration. Setting up of Tolstoy Farm: The Tolstoy Farm was meant to house the families of the Satyagrahis and to give them a way to sustain themselves. Campaign against Poll Tax A poll tax of three pounds was imposed on all ex-indentured Indians (Staying in South Africa after expiry of their contracts). Invalidation of Indian Marriages Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 54. Eventually, through a series of negotiations involving Gandhi, Lord Hardinge, C.F. Andrews and General Smuts, an agreement was reached by which the Government of South Africa conceded the major Indian demands relating to the poll tax, the registration certificates and marriages solemnised according to Indian rites, and promised to treat the issue of Indian immigration in a sympathetic manner. In 1915, Lord Hardinge awarded Kesar-e-Hind medal for his services in Zulu and Boer wars but later he returned these medals for NCM in connection with Khilafat movement to Viceroy Chelmsford in 1920. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 55. Emergence of Gandhi in India Champaran Satyagraha (1917):Gandhi was requested by Rajkumar Shukla to look into the problems of the indigo planters, of Champaran in Bihar. The European planters had been forcing peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 of the total land (called tinkathia system). Kheda Satyagraha (1918):Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat.According to Revenue Code, if the yield was less than 1/4th of the normal produce, the farmers were entitled to remission.The authorities refused to grant remission.Gandhi supported the peasants cause and asked them to withhold revenue.The authorities, not willing to openly concede the peasants demands, issued secret instructions that only those who could afford to pay should pay.Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 56. Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918):Gandhi now intervened in a dispute between mill owners of Ahmedabad and the workers over the issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus.Gandhi asked the workers to go on a strike and demand a 35 % increase in wages.The employers were willing to concede a 20 % bonus only.Gandhi advised the workers to remain non-violent while on strike.He undertook a fast unto death to strengthen the worker’s resolve.Mill owners finally agreed to give the workers a 35 % increase in wages. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 57. Satyagraha against Rowlatt Act – First Mass Strike Rowlatt Act, 1919 § Also known as Black Act § Was mainly aimed to look into the militant Nationalist activities. § Any person could be arrested on the basis of suspicion. § No appeal or petition could be filed against such arrests max for 2 years Gandhi called for a nationwide protest in Feb 1919. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 58. Jalliawalla Bagh Massacre April 13, 1919 In Punjab, there was an unprecedented support to the Rowlatt Satyagraha. Facing a violent situation, Government handed over the administration to the military authorities under General Dyer. General Dyer banned all public meetings and detained the political leaders. On Baisakhi day, a large, crowd of people mostly from neighbouring villages, unaware of the prohibitory orders in the city, had gathered in this small park to protest against the arrest of their leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal The Army surrounded the gathering under orders from General Dyer They blocked the only exit point and opened fire on the unarmed crowd This resulted in nationwide protest against this massacre & Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood as a protest. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 59. Khilafat Movement, 1919 Chief cause → Defeat of Turkey in the First World War & harsh terms of the Treaty of Sevres (1920) Treaty terms was felt by the Muslims as a great insult to them Whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the world. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari, Saifuddin Kitchlew, and the Ali brothers were the prominent leaders of this movement. Subsequently, the Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 60. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) Non-Cooperation Movement was a sequel to the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Khilafat Movement It was approved by the INC at the Nagpur session in December, 1920. Special Features of NCM Movement began with Mahatma Gandhi renouncing the titles, given by the British Surrender of titles and honorary positions along with resignation of membership from the local bodies Boycott of elections held under the provisions of the 1919 Act Legislatures were boycotted, No leader of the Congress came forward to contest the elections for the Legislatures. Boycott of government functions, courts, government schools and colleges, & of foreign goods Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 61. 1921, mass demonstrations were held against the Prince of Wales during his tour of India. But the whole movement was abruptly called off on 11th February 1922 by Gandhi following the Chauri Chaura incident in the Gorakpur district of UP (22 policemen burnt) In March 1922 Gandhi was arrested and sentenced to six years in jail (NCM) but released from prison on health grounds in February 1924 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 62. Swarajists and No Changers After Gandhi’s arrest (March 1922), there was disintegration, disorganisation and demoralisation among nationalist ranks. Swarajists One section led by C R Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils so that the nationalists could enter them to expose the basic weaknesses of these assemblies and use these councils as an arena of political struggle. No Changers The ‘No-changers’ opposed council entry They advocated concentration on constructive work, and continuation of boycott and noncooperation. This school of thought led by Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalachari & M.A. Ansari came to be known as the ‘No-changers’. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 63. Major Achievements of Swarajists In the November 1923 elections, the Swarajists had managed to win 42 out of 141 elected seats and a clear majority in the provincial assembly of Central Provinces. A noteworthy achievement was the defeat of the Public Safety Bill in 1928 which was aimed at empowering the Government to deport undesirable and subversive foreigners Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 64. Constructive Work by No-Changers Ashrams sprang up where young, men and women worked, among tribals and lower castes (especially in Kheda and Bardoli areas of Gujarat), and popularised charkha and khadi. National schools and colleges were set up where students were trained in a non- colonial ideological framework. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 65. Two separate strands of revolutionary terrorist groups emerged during this period one operated in Punjab-UP-Bihar the other in Bengal Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 66. Revolutionary Terrorism in Punjab-UP-Bihar The revolutionary terrorist activity in this region was dominated by the Hindustan Republican Association/Army or HRA The HRA was founded in October 1924 in Kanpur by Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee and Sachin Sanyal It was aimed to organise an armed revolution to overthrow the colonial government. Later renamed Hindustan Socialist Republican Association or HSRA Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 67. Kakori Train Robbery (August 1925) The most important “action” of the HRA was the Kakori train robbery. The men held up the 8-Down train at Kakori, an obscure village near Lucknow, and looted its official railway cash. Government crackdown after the Kakori robbery led to arrests of many. Kakori Train Robbery Of whom 17 were jailed, four transported for life and four— Bismil, Ashfaqullah, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri—were hanged. Hence, Kakori proved to be a setback. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 68. Saunders’ Murder (Lahore, December 1928) Just when the HSRA revolutionaries had begun to move away from individual heroic action and terrorism, the, death of Sher-i-Punjab Lala Lajpat Rai due to lathi blows received during a lathi- charge on an anti-Simon Commission procession (October 1928) led them once again to take to individual assassination. Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru shot dead Saunders, the police official responsible for the lathicharge in Lahore. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 69. Bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly (April 1929) The HSRA leadership now decided to let the people know about its changed objectives and the need for a revolution by the masses. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on April 8, 1929 against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and Trade Disputes Bill aimed at curtailing civil liberties of citizens in general and workers in particular. The bombs had been deliberately made harmless and were aimed at making ‘the deaf hear’. The objective was to get arrested and to use the trial court as a forum for propaganda so that people would become familiar with their movement and ideology. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 70. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were tried in the Lahore conspiracy case. In jail, these revolutionaries protested against the horrible conditions through a fast, and demanded honourable and decent treatment as political prisoners. Jatin Das became the first martyr on the 64th day of his fast. Azad was involved in a bid to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Delhi in December 1929. Azad was killed in a police encounter in a park in Allahabad in February 1931. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged on March 23, 1931. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 71. Revolutionary Terrorism in Bengal After Das’s death (1925), the Bengal Congress broke up into two factions One led by M. Sengupta (Anushilan group joined forces with him) the other led by Subhash Bose (Yugantar group backed him) Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 72. Chittagong Armoury Raid (April 1930) Surya Sen decided to organise an armed rebellion along with his associates to show that it was possible to challenge the armed might of the mighty British Empire. They had planned to occupy two main armouries in Chittagong to seize and supply arms to the revolutionaries They also aimed to destroy telephone and telegraph lines and to dislocate the railway link of Chittagong with the rest of Bengal. The raid was conducted in April 1930 and involved 65 activists under the banner of Indian Republican Army— Chittagong Branch. The raid was quite successful; Sen hoisted the national flag, took salute and proclaimed a provisional revolutionary government. Surya Sen was arrested in February 1933 and hanged in January 1934, Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 73. Anti Simon Commission Upsurge There was a chorus of protest by all Indians against the appointment of an all-white, seven-member Indian Statutory Commission, popularly known as the Simon Commission (after the name of its chairman Sir John Simon), on November 8, 1927. The commission was to recommend to the Government whether India was ready for further constitutional reforms and on what lines What angered the Indians most was the exclusion of Indians from the commission The Congress session in Madras (December 1927) meeting under the presidency of M A Ansari decided to boycott the commission “at every stage and in every form”. The commission landed in Bombay on February 3, 1928. On that day, a countrywide hartal was organised and mass rallies held. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 74. Wherever the commission went, there were black flag demonstrations, hartals and slogans of ‘Simon Go Back’. The police came down heavily on demonstrators; there were lathicharges not sparing even the senior leaders. Lala Lajpat Rai received severe blows on his chest in October 1928 which proved fatal and he died on November 17, 1928. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 75. Report of the Simon Commission was published in May 1930 It stated that the constitutional experiment with Diarchy was unsuccessful In its place the report recommended the establishment of autonomous government This report also became the basis for enacting the Government of India Act of 1935 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 76. Nehru Report As an answer to Lord Birkenhead’s challenge, an All Parties Conference met in February 1928 and appointed a subcommittee under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution. This was the first major attempt by Indians to draft a constitutional framework for the country. The report was finalised by August 1928. The recommendations of the Nehru Committee were unanimous except in one respect—while the majority favoured the “dominion status” as the basis of the Constitution, a section of it wanted “complete independence” as the basis, with the majority section giving the latter section, liberty of action. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 77. Lahore Congress Session and Purna Swaraj Jawaharlal Nehru, who had done more than anyone else to popularise the concept of Purna swaraj, was nominated the president for the Lahore session of the Congress (December 1929). The following major decisions were taken at the Lahore session- Complete independence declared as the aim of the Congress; January 26, 1930 fixed as the first Independence Day, to be celebrated everywhere. December 31, 1929, at midnight on the banks of River Ravi, the newly adopted tricolour flag of freedom was hoisted amidst slogans of Inquilab Zindabad. On January 26, 1930, the declaration of purna swaraj was publicly issued Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 78. Civil Disobedience movement With no positive response forthcoming from the Government on these demands, the Congress Working Committee invested Gandhi with full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). Dandi March (March 12 – April 6, 1930) Gandhi, along with a band of 78 members of Sabarmati Ashram, was to march from his headquarters in Ahmedabad through the villages of Gujarat for 240 miles. The historic march, marking, the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement, began on March 12, and Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a handful of salt at Dandi on April 6. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 79. First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931) This was the first ever conference arranged between the British and the Indians as equals. While the Congress and most business leaders boycotted the First RTC, the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Liberals and princes attended it. Virtually every delegate reiterated that a constitutional discussion to which the Congress was not a party was meaningless. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for (SC/ST) Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 80. Gandhi – Irwin Pact On January 25, 1931 Gandhi and all other members of the CWC were released unconditionally. The congress working committee authorised Gandhi to initiate discussions with the viceroy which leaded to the famous Gandhi-Irwin Pact or Delhi Pact. Irwin on behalf of the Government agreed on – Immediate release of all political prisoners not convicted of violence; Remission of all fines not yet collected; Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 81. The viceroy, however, turned down two of Gandhi’s demands— Public inquiry into police excesses, and Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades death sentence to life sentence Gandhi on behalf of the Congress agreed— to suspend the civil disobedience movement, and to participate in the next RTC Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 82. Second Round Table Conference The Second Round Table Conference, which the Congress had agreed to attend under the Delhi Pact, was held in London in December 1931 Mahatma Gandhi participated in the Conference but returned to India disappointed No agreement could be reached on the demand of complete independence and on the communal question Result 1932, the Civil-Disobedience Movement was resumed Government arrested Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel Re-imposed the ban on the Congress party Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 83. Third Round Table Conference, 1932 Congress did not take part in it 1933, British Gov. issued a White Paper, which became the basis for the enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935 Finally in-April 1934, Gandhi decided to withdraw the civil disobedience movement. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 84. Communal Awards The Communal Award was announced by the British Prime Minister, Ramsay MacDonald, in August 1932. This was yet another expression of British policy of divide and rule. The Muslims, Sikhs and Christians had already been recognised as minorities. The Communal Award declared the depressed classes also to be minorities, and entitled them to separate electorates’. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 85. Gandhi’s Reaction to Communal Awards The effort to separate the depressed classes from the rest of the Hindus by treating them as separate political entities was vehemently opposed by all the nationalists. Gandhi saw the Communal Award as an attack on Indian unity and nationalism. Once the depressed classes were treated as a separate political entity, he argued, the question to abolishing untouchability would get undermined He said that separate electorates would ensure that the untouchables remained untouchables in perpetuity Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 86. Poona Pact Finally, an agreement was reached between Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi, Known as the Poona Pact Accordingly, seats reserved for the depressed classes were increased from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures and 18 % of the total in the central legislature. In every province out of the educational grant an adequate sum shall be ear-marked for providing educational facilities to the members of Depressed Classes. The Poona Pact was accepted by the Government as an amendment to the Communal Award. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 87. The Government of India Act, 1935 Government of India Act of 1935 was passed on the basis of – the report of the Simon Commission the outcome of the Round Table Conferences the White Paper issued by the British Government in 1933 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 88. The Second World War and Nationalists Response In 1937 elections were held under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935 Congress Ministries were formed in seven states of India. On 1 September 1939, 2nd World War broke out The British Government without consulting the people of India involved the country in the war. The Congress vehemently opposed it. As a mark of protest the Congress Ministries resigned in all the seven Provinces on 12 December 1939 The Muslim League celebrated this day as the Deliverance Day In March 1940 the Muslim League demanded the creation of Pakistan. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 89. August offer During the course of the 2nd World War, in order to secure the cooperation of the Indians, the British Government made an announcement on 8 August 1940, which came to be known as the ‘August Offer’, which proposed – Dominion status as the objective for India. Expansion of viceroy’s executive council & setting up of a constituent assembly after the war consisting of Indians to decide their constitution according to their social, economic and political conceptions subject to fulfilment of the obligation of the Government regarding defence, minority rights, treaties with states & all India services No future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities. The Congress rejected the August Offer Nehru said, “Dominion status concept is dead as a door nail” Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 90. Individual Satyagrahas Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the 1st to offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced to three months imprisonment. Jawaharlal Nehru was the 2nd Satyagrahi and imprisoned for four months. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 91. Cripps Mission In March 1942, a mission headed by Stafford Cripps was sent to India with constitutional proposals to seek Indian support for the war. Main Proposals An Indian Union with a dominion status would be set up; It would be free to decide its relations with the Commonwealth and free to participate in the United Nations and other international bodies. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 92. Quit India Movement (1942 – 44) Gandhi called Cripps proposals as a “Post-dated Cheque” & in Bombay session of Indian National Congress framed a resolution with following key provisions – An immediate end to British rule in India. Commitment of free India to defend itself against all types of Fascism & imperialism. A provisional Government of India after British withdrawal. A civil disobedience movement against British rule. Gandhi ji started Quit India Movement Do or Die We shall either free India or, die in the attempt; we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 93. Indian National Army The idea of the Indian National Army (INA) was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British Indian Army, when he decided not to join the retreating British Army and instead turned to the Japanese for help. The Japanese handed over the Indian prisoners of war (POWs) to Mohan Singh who tried to recruit them into an Indian National Army. In1942, After the fall of Singapore, Mohan Singh further got 45,000 POWs into his sphere of influence. 2 July 1943, Subhash Chandra Bose reached Singapore and gave the rousing war cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’ Was made the President of Indian Independence League and soon became the supreme commander of the Indian National Army Here he gave the slogan of Jai Hind Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 94. INA’s three Brigades were the Subhas Brigade, Gandhi Brigade and Nehru Brigade. The women’s wing of the army was named after Rani Laxmibai. INA marched towards Imphal after registering its victory over Kohima but after Japan’s surrender in 1945, INA failed in its efforts. Under such circumstances, Subhash went to Taiwan & further on his way to Tokyo he died on 18 August 1945 in a plane crash. Trial of the soldiers of INA was held at Red Fort in Delhi. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Bhulabhai Desai, Kailash Nath Katju, Asaf Ali and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the case on behalf of the soldiers. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 95. Subhash Chandra Bose Popularly known as Netaji, was born on Jan 23, 1897 at Cuttack. He passed the Indian Civil Services Examination in 1920, but left it on the Gandhiji’s call of Non – Cooperation Movement. He founded the Independence for India League with Jawahar Lai Nehru. In 1938, he was elected the President of the INC at its Haripura session and in 1939, he was elected President of its Tripuri session. But he had to resign from Tripuri due to differences with Gandhiji. He founded the Forward Block in 1939. In 1941, he escaped to Berlin and met Hitler. In 1943, he took charge of Indian National Army in Singapore and set up the Indian Provisional Government there. He gave the war cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’. He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the Father of the Nation He gave the slogan of ‘Jai Hind’ He wrote his autobiography ‘The Indian Struggle’ He supposedly died in a plane crash on Aug 18, 1945 Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 96. Rajgopalachari Formula Muslim League to endorse Congress demand for independence. League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at centre. Rajagopalachari, the veteran Congress leader, prepared a formula for Congress- League cooperation, accepted to Gandhi. It was a tacit acceptance of the League’s demand for Pakistan. Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR Plan. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 97. Jinnah’s Objections Jinnah wanted the Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population. He also opposed the idea of a common centre. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 98. Wavell Plan A conference was convened by the viceroy, Lord Wavell; at Shimla in June 1945 Aimed to reconstruct the governor general’s executive council pending the preparation of a new constitution. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 99. Cabinet Mission (1946) On 15 March, 1946 Lord Atlee (PM of England) made a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination and the framing of a Constitution for India were conceded. Consequently, 3 members of the British Cabinet – Pattrick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A V Alexander – were sent to India, known as the Cabinet Mission. Main features of Cabinet Mission were – Provisions for three groups of provinces to possess their separate constitutions. Proposed the formation of a Union of India, comprising both the British India and the Princely States. Union would remain in charge of only foreign affairs, defense and communications leaving the residuary powers to be vested in the provinces. Proposed setting up an Interim Government, which would remain in office till a new government was elected on the basis of the new Constitution framed by the Constituent Assembly Rejection of the demand for a full-fledged Pakistan Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 100. Both the Muslim League and the Congress accepted the plan Consequently, elections were held in July 1946 for the formation of a Constituent Assembly. Congress secured 205 out of 214 General seats. The Muslim League got 73 out of 78 Muslim seats. An Interim Government was formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 101. Mountbatten Plan (1947) On 20 February l947, Prime Minister Atlee announced in the House of Commons the definite intention To affect the transference of that power Atlee decided to send Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India. Lord Mountbatten armed with vast powers became India’s Viceroy on 24 March 1947. Partition of India and the creation of Pakistan appeared inevitable to him. After extensive consultation Lord Mountbatten put forth the plan of partition of India on 3 June 1947. The Congress and the Muslim League ultimately approved the Mountbatten Plan. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 102. Indian Independence Act 1947 British Government accorded formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by enacting the Indian Independence Act on 18 July 1947. The salient features of this Act were – Partition of the country into India and Pakistan would come into effect from 15 August 1947. British Government would transfer all powers to these two Dominions. A Boundary Commission would demarcate the boundaries of the provinces of the Punjab and Bengal. Act provided for the transfer of power to the Constituent Assemblies of the two Dominions, which will have full authority to frame their respective Constitutions. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P
- 103. Radcliff Boundary Commission drew the boundary line separating India and Pakistan. On 15th August 1947 India, and on the 14th August Pakistan came into existence as two independent states. Lord Mountbatten was made the first Governor General of Independent India, whereas Mohammad Ali Jinnah became the first Governor General of Pakistan. Toprankers.com tr-5K2I1H6J9A0F5H tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P tr-5R2T1R6Q9R0O5P