2. Course credit:
3 units lecture
2 units RLE
CONTACT HOURS FOR
LECTURE/WEEK:
3
HOURS/WEEK
CONTACT HOURS FOR
LAB/WEEK:
6
HOURS/WEEK
3. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course provides the
students with the overview of nursing as a science, an
art, and a profession. It deals with the concept of man
as a holistic being comprised of bio-psychosocio- and
spiritual dimension. It includes a discussion on the
different roles of a nurse emphasizing health
promotion, maintenance of health as well as
prevention of illness utilizing the nursing process. It
includes the basic nursing skills needed in the care of
individual clients.
4. COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1. Learn the concepts and theories basic to the art and
science of nursing.
2. Introduce concepts of client needs, safety, communication,
teaching/learning, critical thinking, ethical-legal, cultural
diversity, and nursing history.
3. Introduce psychomotor nursing skills needed to assist
individuals in meeting basic human needs.
4. Acquire skills necessary for maintaining microbial, physical,
and psychological safety are introduced along with skills
needed in therapeutic interventions.
5. Demonstrate competency in performing basic nursing skills
for individuals with common health alterations.
11. conceptualizes the
person in a holistic
perspective.
individual aspects of
parts act together to
form a unified being
as living systems
persons are in constant
interaction with their
environment
12. Science of Unitary
Human Beings
individual and
environment are
continuously
exchanging matter and
energy with each other
The life processes of
human beings evolve
irreversibly and
unidirectionally along
space continuum
13. The human being is a unified
whole possessing individual
integrity and manifesting
characteristics that are more
than and different from the
sum of parts.
14. defined in relation to their environment and the impact of the
environment upon them.
specifically. Human beings are not defined by Nightingale
15. Need Theory
emphasizes the importance of increasing patient’s
independence and focusing on the basic human
needs so that progress after hospitalization
would not be delayed.
28. WHAT TO DO:
Make a description of man
List down 5 capabilities of a man that may
be the same or different from animals.
Recall lessons from TFN general
knowledge.
Watch video presentation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nuDp-
fded8
29. HEALTH- was defined in terms of the
presence or absence of disease.
Florence Nigtingale’s definition:
A state of being well and using
every power of the individual
possesses to the fullest extent.
30. HEALTH
According to ANA:
Is a dynamic state of being in
which the developmental and
behavior potential individual is
realized to the fullest extent
possible.
According to WHO:
- a state of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease and infirmity.
31. HEALTH – is not something that an
individual achieves suddenly at a
specific time. It is an ongoing process- a
way of life- through which an individual
develops and encourages every aspect
of the body, mind and feelings to
interrelate harmoniously as much as
possible.
32. DIMENSIONS OF
HEALTH
PHYSICAL
- physical strength, endurance, and
energy to work towards your goal.
2. MENTAL
- ability to cope with the world in a
way that brings you to satisfaction
3. SOCIAL
- development of relationships with
others both with people in your
immediate surroundings and with the
larger community
33. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
1. SOCIAL - social and physical conditions in the
environment in which people are born, live, learn,
play work and age and the wider set of forces and
system sharpening the conditions of daily life.
- economic and social conditions that influence the
health of people and communities.
- set of factors that contribute to the social patterning
of health, disease and illness.
34. EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:
1. Exposure to crime, violence and social disorder, such
as the presence of trash
2. social support and interactions
3. exposure to mass media and emerging technologies,
such as the internet or cell phones
4. socioeconomic conditions, such as concentrated
poverty
5. quality schools
6. transportation options
public safety
7. residential segregation
35. EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL
DETERMINANTS:
1. natural enviroment, such as plants. weather, climate
change
2. built environement e.g. buildings or transportation
3. worksites, schools, recreational settings
4. housing, homes, neighborhood
5. exposure to toxic substances and other physical
hazards
6. physical barriers, esp. for PWDs
7. aesthetic elements e.g. good lighting, tree, benches
36. UPSTREAM DETERMINANTS
Refers to macro –level factors, such as
culture, housing, education, and
government policies.
MIDSTREAM FACTORS
- refers to social influences and
individual’s health behaviors and also
the nature of health system.
DOWNSTREAM FACTORS
- relate to biology and physiology at an
induvial level.
37. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:
HEALTH SERVICES
Access to health services and quality of health
services can impact health.
lack of access, limited access to health services
greatly impact an Individual’s health status.
BARRIERS TO ACCESSING HEALTH SERVICES:
1. lack of availability
2. high cost
3. lack of insurance coverage
4. limited language access
38. These barriers to accessing
health lead to:
1. unmet health needs
2. delays in receiving appropriate care
3. inability to get preventive services
4. hospitalizations that could have been prevented
39. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:
INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
an action that has a specific frequency, duration and
purpose whether conscious or unconscious.
- is what we do or act
ex. individual quits smoking, he or she is risk of
developing heart disease
public health focuses on changing individual behavior (
e.g. substance abuse, diet, physical activity)
positive changes in individual behavior can reduce the
rates of chronic disease
41. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH:
BIOLOGY and GENETICS
older adults biologically prone to being poor in health
than adolescents due to physical cognitive effects of
aging.
sickle cell disease - common ex. of genetic determinant
an inherited disorder that affects the shape of red
blood cells (shape is like sickles or crescent moon, cells
becomes rigid and sticky, which slow or block blood
flow).
42. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS OF
HEALTH INEQUALITIES:
1. Poverty
2. unequal access to health care
3. lack of education
4. stigma and racism
43. FACTORS
AFFECTIN
G
HUMAN
HEALTH
1. Inherited influences
2. environmental influences
3. behavioral influences
HEALTH BEHAVIORS
- personal behavior patterns, actions, and
habits that people perform to stay healthy, in
order to restore health and improve health
status.
44. WELLNESS
- a state of well- being.
BASIC ASPECTS includes:
self responsilibilty
an ultimate goal
a dynamic, growing process
growing process
daily decision making in areas of nutrition
Stress management
Physical fitness
Preventive healthcare
Emotional health
Whole being of the individual
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
45. WELL-
BEING -a function of life opportunities and
achievements
Multidimensional, reflecting people’s
functioning… such as consumption
and personal security- and their
capabilities– the objective
conditions in which choices are
made and that shape people’s ability
to transform resources into given
ends, such as health. (WHO, 2013, p
89.)
46. COMPON
ENTS OF
WELLNES
S
1. PHYSICAL
Ability to carry out daily tasks
Achieve fitness
Maintain nutrition and proper body
fat
Avoid abusing drugs, alcohol, or
using tobacco products
Practices positive life style habits
47. 2. SOCIAL
• Ability to interact successfully with
people and within the environment
• Develop and maintain intimacy with
significant others
• Develop respect and tolerance for
those with different opinions and
beliefs
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
48. Components of wellness
3. EMOTIONAL
4. INTELLECTUAL
5. SPIRITUAL
6. OCCUPATIONAL
7. ENVIRONMENTAL
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
49. MODELS
OF
HEALTH
AND
WELLNES
S
Because Health is a complex
concept, various researchers develop
models or paradigms that gives
explanation s and relationship
between health and illness or injury.
Is helpful in assisting health
professionals in meeting the health
and wellness needs of individuals.
50. CLINICAL MODEL (M.B. Belloc &
L. Breslo, 1972)
- is the narrowest
interpretation of
health.
Individuals are
viewed as
physiologic systems
with related
functions, and
health is identified
by the absence of
signs and symptoms
of disease or injury.
The state of not
being sick
The opposite of
health is disease or
injury
51. ROLE
PERFORM
ANCE
MODEL
(Parsons
1958)
- an individual’s ability to fulfill
societal roles, to perform his or her
work.
Individuals who can fulfill their roles are
healthy even if they have health
problems.
Ex. A man works all day at his job
as expected is healthy even
though he has migraines.
52. ADAPTIVE
MODEL
- is a creative process; disease is failure in
adaptation, or maladaptation.
The aim of treatment is to restore the ability of the
individual to adapt, that is to cope.
According to this model, extreme good
health is flexible adaptation to the
environment and interaction with the
environment to maximum advantage.
Roy’s Adaptation Model- views the individual as an
adaptive system- focus is stability but with an
element of growth and change.
53. EUDEMONISTIC MODEL
- is the most
comprehensive,
holistic view of
health.
Health is the
actualization or
realization of one’s
potential
ACTUALIZATION-
is the apex of fully
developed
personality
Illness is seen as
the failure to
actualize or realize
one’s potential
54. AGENT-HOST
ENVIRONMENT MODEL
Also called Ecologic Model
Used primarily in predicting
illness rather than promoting
wellness, identification of
risk factors that results from
the interactions of agent,
host, and environment.
Because each of the agent-
host environment factors
constantly interacts with the
others, health is an
everchanging state.
When variables are in
balanced, heath is
maintained, when variables
not in balance, disease
occurs.
56. INTERNAL
VARIABLE
S
1. BIOLOGICAL DIMENSION
Genetic makeup, sex, age, and
developmental level
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSION
Emotional factors which include mind-
body interactions and self concept
3. COGNITIVE DIMENSION
Intellectual factors which include lifestyle
choices, spiritual and religious beliefs
58. EXTERNAL VARIABLES
ENVIRONMENT
Geographical location
determines climate which
affects health
Environmental hazards-
sulfur dioxides, nitrogen
dioxides, radiation,
pesticides, chemicals to
control weeds and plant
diseases
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
59. EXTERNAL VARIABLES
STANDARDS OF LIVING
Reflecting occupation,
income, and education
Hygiene, food habits and
the ability to seek
healthcare advice and
follow health regimens vary
by income level
60. EXTERNAL VARIABLES
FAMILY AND
CULTURAL BELIEFS
Family passes on
patterns of daily living
of lifestyles to
offsprings.
CULTURE
Influences how the
individual perceives,
experiences, and
copes with health and
illness.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
61. EXTERNAL VARIABLES
SOCIAL SUPPORT
NETWORKS
-family, friends or
confidant and job
satisfaction can
facilitate healthy
behaviors.
Support persons can
provide the
motivation for an ill
individual yo become
well again.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
62. ILLNESS AND DISEASE
ILLNESS
- is a highly personal state in
which the individual’s
physical. Emotional and
intellectual, social, and
developmental, or spiritual
functioning is thought to be
diminished.
- is not synonymous with
disease and may not be
related to disease.
An individual can feel ill and
yet have n o discernible
disease.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
63. DISEASE
An alteration in body
functions resulting in a
reduction of capacities or a
shortening of the normal
lifespan.
ETIOLOGY
Causation of a disease or
condition
Identification of all causal
factors that act together to
bring about the particular
disease.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
64. Ways to classify illness and
disease
ACUTE ILLNESS
Characterized by symptoms
of relatively of short
duration.
Symptoms often appear
abruptly and subsides
quickly, may or may not
require interventions by
healthcare professionals
EX. COLDS
Following an acute illness,
individuals may return to
their normal level of
wellness.
CHRONIC ILLNESS
- one that last for an
extended period, usually 6
months or longer or often
for the individual’s life
Have a slow oset and often
have periods of remission,
when the symptoms
disappear and
exacerbation, when the
symptoms reappear.
EXS. Arthritis, heart and
lung diseases, diabetes
mellitus
65. ILLNESS BEHAVIOR
A coping mechanism, involves
the ways individuals, describe,
monitors, and interpret their
symptoms; take remedial
actions, and use the healthcare
system.
66. 4 ASPECTS OF A SICK ROLE AS
DESCRIBED BY PARSONS (1979)
RIGHTS
1. Clients are not held responsible for
their condition. Even if the illness was
partilly caused by a client’s behavior, the
individual is not capable of reversing the
condition on his or her own.
2. Clients are excused from certain social
roles and tasks.
Ex. An ill parent may nlot be expected to
prepare meals for the family.
obligations
3. Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly
as possible.
4. Clients or families are obliged to seek
competent help.
Ex. The ill Client should contact the primary care
provider rather than relying solely on his or her
own ideas of how to recover.
67. FIVE STAGES OF ILLNESS as
described by suchman (1965)
STAGE 1. SYMPTOM EXPERIENCES
The individual comes to believe something is
wrong.
3 aspects: physical experience of symptoms,
cognitive aspect, emotional response
The unwell individual consults others about
the symptoms or feelings, validating with
support people that the symptoms are real.
The individual may try home remedies
If self-management is ineffective, the individual
enters the next stage.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
68. STAGE 2. ASSUMPTION
OF THE SICK ROLE
Accepts the sick role and seek
confirmation from family and
friends.
Often continue with treatment and
delay contact with healthcare
professionals as long as possible.
May excuse from normal duties and
role expectations
Emotional response such as
withdrawal, anxiety fear and
depression are common depending
on the severity of the illness
When symptoms persist, the
individual is motivated to seek help.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
69. STAGE 3. MEDICAL CARE
CONTACT
-sick client seek the advice of a
health professionals
3 TYPES OF INFORMATION
BEING ASKED:
Validation of real illness
Explanation of the symptoms in
understandable manner
Reassurance that they will be
alright or prediction of what the
outcome will be.
Client may accept or deny the
diagnosis
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
70. Client becomes dependent on
professional help
Client accepts dependence
on the primary care provider
Other client have minimal
dependence and do
everything [possible to
attain independence.
Others may try to maintain
independence to the
detriment of their recovery.
71. STAGE 4. DEPENDENT CLIENT ROLE
The client is expected to relinquish the
dependent role and resume former
roles and responsibilities.
Clients with acute illness- time of an ill
client is short, recovery is rapid.
Clients with long term illness, must
adjust to their lifestyle and recovery is
more difficult.
With permanent disability, final stage
may require therapy to learn major
adjustments in functioning.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
72. EFFECTS OF ILLNESS
1. IMPACT ON THE CLEINT
- ill clients may experience
behavioral and emotional
changes, changes in self
concept and body image, and
lifestyle changes, diet,
activity, exercise, rest and
sleep patterns.
Ill clients are also vulnerable
to loss of autonomy, the state
of being independent and
self directed without outside
control.
2. IMPACT OF THE FAMILY
• role changes
• Task reassignments and
increase demands on time
• Increased stress due to
anxiety about the outcome of
the illness for the conflict and
the unaccustomed
responsibilities
• Financial problems
• Loneliness as a result of
separation and pending loss
• change in social customs
73. What to
do:
Go over your list of Man’s abilities and
capabilities and reflect on what you
have written
Watch this video.
https://youtube/WfGMYdalCIU
list down 3 after effects of what man
had done in the natural world
post this in your notebook for a future
discussion with your group
What health conditions do people
with your health profile most
frequently experience?
Are you under or over weight?
74. WHAT TO
DO:
Join your group for an experiential
sharing of the time you feel you are
healthiest; things or situations that
give you stress; worst disease you
have experienced.
Choose 1 healthy lifestyle habit that
you would like to adapt or improve.
What habit do you want to change or
improve and why did you choose that
habit?
75. EVALUATE
WHAT TO DO:
Narrative Realization:
In your class notebook share your
insights and learnings about health,
wellness, illness, and stress.
I used to think that health, wellness,
illness and stress...
Now i realized that ...
76. END OF SLIDES
Psalms 139:14
I praise you because I am fearfully and
wonderfully made; your woks are
wonderful, I know that full well.
78. LESSON II. CONCEPT
OF NURSING; BASIC
ROLES TO NURSING
PRACTICE
INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
Discuss and understand the
Basic Roles to Nursing
Practice.
Students will become
professional role model
who promotes a positive
public image of Nursing.
79. ENGAGE
ART OF NURSING
-is the caring, compassion,
understanding,
communicating, and loving
for patients.
SCIENCE OF NURSING
- is the pathophysiology,
disease process, and
techniques learned during the
education and applied during
patient care.
80. NURSE
- applies the art and science of nursing
when she is able to use the scientific
knowledge learned from school.
Nursing and caring are grounded in a
relational understanding, unity, and
connection between the professional
nurse and the patient.
The nurse maintains the concept, art,
and act of caring as the moral center of
nursing profession.
81. keeping the care involves:
the application of art and sciences , scientific research
conscious commitment to the art of caring as an
identity of nursing
purposeful efforts to include caring behaviors during
each nurse patient interaction.
82. EXPLORE
nowadays, nurse is no longer seen as a caregiver or
mother figure.
is no longer seen as subordinated to the doctor
NOW, the nurse is seen as part of a collaborative,
healthcare professional group that questions
physician’s order and advocates for the patient when
necessary.
83. (Castledine 2010)
“The art of nursing was known to care for the sick,
bringing back to health, and the science of nursing was
more related to the aspect of cleanliness and
nourishment.”
- has changed and has becoming more medicine and
evidenced based practice.
Art of Nursing is unique to each nurse
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96. WHAT TO
DO:
In your notebook:
Describe the
expanded roles of
nurses and their
functions based
on your own
understanding.
97. EXTEND
WHAT TO DO:
Activity by Group:
Choose 3 different Roles of
Nurses and try to act it out in
class.
98. What to do: Based on the different
fields of Nursing, looked for 2
Different Nurses working in Different
fields and asked them the following
questions:
1. Why did you chose this field?
2. What are the strengths of your
chosen field and why it differ from the
others.
3. What best experience can you share
to the Nursing students.
