1) A mathematical model was developed to simulate a multiple effect evaporator (MEE) system used in the sugar industry under fouling conditions.
2) Fouling reduces the overall heat transfer coefficient over time as deposits accumulate on heat transfer surfaces. To account for this, the model calculates fouling resistance using empirical correlations that depend on operating parameters and time.
3) The model was validated against industrial data and showed close agreement with trends in exit liquor concentration and heat transfer coefficients over a typical 10 day operating cycle. Accounting for fouling is important for accurately modeling MEE system performance.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
In order to study the WGS on an industrial scale at a low pressure, the modeling andsimulation of a WGS reactor operating at a pressure close to Patm and processing an industrial charge in the presence of a high temperature shift catalyst (Fe2O3/Cr2O3) were performed. The Profiles of the carbon monoxide conversion, temperature and pressure along the reactor were obtained. The effect of several operating parameters (inlet temperature, H2O/CO ratio) on the conversion of carbon monoxide along the reactor has been determined. The estimated catalytic mass to convert 60.5% of the carbon monoxide contained in the inlet is 170.76 t. The pressure drops in the reactor are not negligible and the maximum temperaturereached is without any harmful effect on the catalyst. The choice of an optimal inlet temperature and a high H2O/CO ratio improves the conversion of carbon monoxide.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Journals
Abstract Apparent molar compressibilities (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) of L-valine, L-leucine andL-phenylalanine in aqueous solution of KNO3 at different concentrations have been determined at the temperature 303.15K using a standard ultrasonic frequency of 2 MHz. The above parameters can be evaluated from precise density, ultrasonic velocity and time flow measurements using a specific gravity bottle, ultrasonic single frequency interferometer and Ostwald type capillary viscometer respectively. With the help of these results various ultrasonic derived parameters such as limiting apparent molar compressibilities (φko), limiting apparent molar volumes (φvo), and their constants (Sk, Sv), viscosity A & B-coefficients and the corresponding transfer parameters (Δφko, Δφvo and ΔB), have been evaluated. The results have been interpreted in the light of intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent. Keywords: Amino acid, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, transfer parameter, viscosity B-coefficients.
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Studies of Solvent Effect of Aquo-Methanol Solvent System on Kinetics and Act...IJEACS
The rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl cinamate was
measured over the temperature range of 20o C to 40 o C in watermethanol
mixture at different composition 30 to 70% (v/v).The
specific rate constant was calculated using second order reaction.
The influence of solvent variation on reaction rate was examined
in term of changes in the Activation parameter. Depletion of H*
and S* value with simultaneous increase in G* of the reaction
in media, reveals that the reaction is Enthalpy domination and
Entropy controlled. The Values of Iso-kinetic which is less than
300, clearly indicates that there is no appreciable interaction
between solvent and solute present in the reaction media, i.e.
reaction is not ion-dipole but ion-molecule type.
PRODUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL USING GASIFICATION BY SYNTHESIS OF FISCHER-TRO...IAEME Publication
The solid carbonaceous fuel is converted into combustible gas (energy) using limited amount of air it is called Gasification process the gases which evolve are known as “producer gas”. This is more suitable than the direct combustion of biomass gases. In this paper an updraft gasifier is construct and is used to carry out the experiment. updraft gasifier is one of the boiler. The waste material like coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles are used for the generation of producer gas. The sense of this paper is to study the effect of waste products (coconut shells, sugarcane waste, and wood particles) in form of biomass. The performance of the gasifier is evaluated in terms of zone temperature with different air velocity. By taking the different fuels and varying the air flow rate the temperature of the zones are analysed. The arrangement of tar is also seen in this apparatus. After analysis the maximum temperature give for coconut shell (waste) all three place as compare to other two .so coconut shell is the best suitable material for this gasifier.
In order to study the WGS on an industrial scale at a low pressure, the modeling andsimulation of a WGS reactor operating at a pressure close to Patm and processing an industrial charge in the presence of a high temperature shift catalyst (Fe2O3/Cr2O3) were performed. The Profiles of the carbon monoxide conversion, temperature and pressure along the reactor were obtained. The effect of several operating parameters (inlet temperature, H2O/CO ratio) on the conversion of carbon monoxide along the reactor has been determined. The estimated catalytic mass to convert 60.5% of the carbon monoxide contained in the inlet is 170.76 t. The pressure drops in the reactor are not negligible and the maximum temperaturereached is without any harmful effect on the catalyst. The choice of an optimal inlet temperature and a high H2O/CO ratio improves the conversion of carbon monoxide.
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ultrasonic study of some amino acids in aqueous salt solution of kno3 at 303....eSAT Journals
Abstract Apparent molar compressibilities (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) of L-valine, L-leucine andL-phenylalanine in aqueous solution of KNO3 at different concentrations have been determined at the temperature 303.15K using a standard ultrasonic frequency of 2 MHz. The above parameters can be evaluated from precise density, ultrasonic velocity and time flow measurements using a specific gravity bottle, ultrasonic single frequency interferometer and Ostwald type capillary viscometer respectively. With the help of these results various ultrasonic derived parameters such as limiting apparent molar compressibilities (φko), limiting apparent molar volumes (φvo), and their constants (Sk, Sv), viscosity A & B-coefficients and the corresponding transfer parameters (Δφko, Δφvo and ΔB), have been evaluated. The results have been interpreted in the light of intermolecular interactions between solute and solvent. Keywords: Amino acid, apparent molar compressibility, apparent molar volume, transfer parameter, viscosity B-coefficients.
Pyroligneous Liquor Produced at Different Heating Rates in Pyrolysis of Eucal...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of two different heating rates (2.67 °C/min, 0.67 °C/min), reaching 500 °C as final temperature in pyrolysis, on the chemical composition of the pyroligneous liquor produced. Three pyrolysis sessions were performed for each heating rate on Eucalyptus urograndis wood chips in an oven-muffle connected to a gas-collecting system. The gravimetric yield was calculated, and the chemical compounds of pyroligneous liquors were identified through gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Heating rates did not affect the gravimetric yield of final products. However, qualitative differences were observed in the chemical composition of pyroligneous liquors produced. The presence of 1-hidroxy 2-propanone, 4-methylphenol (p-cresol), and 5-hidroxymethyl 2-furaldehyde compounds was detected only in the pyroligneous liquor produced at the highest heating rate (2.67 °C/min).
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000527.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on open access journals of Agronomy please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Studies of Solvent Effect of Aquo-Methanol Solvent System on Kinetics and Act...IJEACS
The rate of alkaline hydrolysis of ethyl cinamate was
measured over the temperature range of 20o C to 40 o C in watermethanol
mixture at different composition 30 to 70% (v/v).The
specific rate constant was calculated using second order reaction.
The influence of solvent variation on reaction rate was examined
in term of changes in the Activation parameter. Depletion of H*
and S* value with simultaneous increase in G* of the reaction
in media, reveals that the reaction is Enthalpy domination and
Entropy controlled. The Values of Iso-kinetic which is less than
300, clearly indicates that there is no appreciable interaction
between solvent and solute present in the reaction media, i.e.
reaction is not ion-dipole but ion-molecule type.
Change Management is a term that is often loosely used and confused. It is an everyday specialization that deserves niche attention in the strategic framework of an organization.
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
Effect of Operating Temperatures on the Performance of a SOFC GT Hybrid Systemijtsrd
This article presents a steady state thermodynamic model of a solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine hybrid cycle which developed by using a simulation software, MATLAB®. The hybrid model integrates a zero dimensional level SOFC model with gas turbine. The hybrid system was used to study the effects of some operation parameter such as SOFC operating temperature, and current density on the specific work output, electrical efficiency, and exergy efficiency of a generic hybrid cycle. The results show that if the SOFC operating temperature, the power output, electrical efficiency, and exergy efficiency increase. The electrical efficiency of the hybrid system increase from 62 to 68 , and the exergy efficiency of the hybrid system increases from 60 to 66 when the operation temperature increases from 600°C to 750°C at a current density of 6000 A cm2. On the other hand, the system efficiency and exergy decreases with an increase in the current density. Abdulrazzak Akroot ""Effect of Operating Temperatures on the Performance of a SOFC/GT Hybrid System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23412.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23412/effect-of-operating-temperatures-on-the-performance-of-a-sofcgt-hybrid-system/abdulrazzak-akroot
Mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogasjournalBEEI
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are the most efficient devices for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. This is one of the main reasons why these fuel cells have received a lot of attention from the scientific community and from several developers who have invested in the use of this technology in various applications. Biogas is one of the products of anaerobic decomposition (absence of gaseous oxygen) of organic matter, which occurs due to the action of certain types of bacteria. Biogas is mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and its use in solid oxide fuel cells has been investigated since Biogas is a renewable biofuel. The aim of this paper was to perform mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogas. The results confirmed that the overall efficiency of the system is above 94% and the largest irreversibilities of the system are related to heat exchangers.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Preliminary Study on biogas production from POME by DBD plasmaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new technology to produce biogas using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system
from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated. The batch experiments were examined at applied
voltages of 15, 20 and 25 kV. The results showed that the highest yields of hydrogen and methane were
achieved at an applied voltage of 25 kV after 1 hour were 2.42 and 1.32 mL/mL of POME, respectively.
The biogas was composed of 65% hydrogen and 35% methane. In order to make the results of this study
applicable to biogas plants, the effects of flowrate and consumed energy are important parameters that
should be further investigated in a future study.
Change Management is a term that is often loosely used and confused. It is an everyday specialization that deserves niche attention in the strategic framework of an organization.
Modelling of fouling in heat exchangers using the Artificial Neural Network A...AI Publications
In this paper, modelling by neural networks was used for obtaining a model for the calculation of fouling factors in heat exchangers. The heat exchangers used in this study are a series of four exchangers where a model was obtained for each exchanger after due estimation of its heat load. The basic theme of this paper is the investigation of fouling factors and the determination of relevant indicators followed by combining design and operation factors along with fouling factors in a mathematical model that may be used for the calculation of the fouling factor. The devised model was tested for reliability and its accuracy in predicting new values for the fouling factor was greater than 98% in view of the design of the model Furthermore, the number of elements related to the design and operation was reduced to four developed formulae (developed factors) to which were added later the four factors selected as indicators of the occurrence of fouling. Both were then used as network input, whereas the output was the value of the fouling factor. The importance of this modelling lies in the fact that it enables the operator to continually predict the value of the fouling factor in heat exchangers and it assists him in taking appropriate measures to alleviate fouling effects ensuring thereby continuous operation of the unit and prevention of emergency shut downs.
Effect of Operating Temperatures on the Performance of a SOFC GT Hybrid Systemijtsrd
This article presents a steady state thermodynamic model of a solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine hybrid cycle which developed by using a simulation software, MATLAB®. The hybrid model integrates a zero dimensional level SOFC model with gas turbine. The hybrid system was used to study the effects of some operation parameter such as SOFC operating temperature, and current density on the specific work output, electrical efficiency, and exergy efficiency of a generic hybrid cycle. The results show that if the SOFC operating temperature, the power output, electrical efficiency, and exergy efficiency increase. The electrical efficiency of the hybrid system increase from 62 to 68 , and the exergy efficiency of the hybrid system increases from 60 to 66 when the operation temperature increases from 600°C to 750°C at a current density of 6000 A cm2. On the other hand, the system efficiency and exergy decreases with an increase in the current density. Abdulrazzak Akroot ""Effect of Operating Temperatures on the Performance of a SOFC/GT Hybrid System"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23412.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23412/effect-of-operating-temperatures-on-the-performance-of-a-sofcgt-hybrid-system/abdulrazzak-akroot
Mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogasjournalBEEI
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are the most efficient devices for directly converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy. This is one of the main reasons why these fuel cells have received a lot of attention from the scientific community and from several developers who have invested in the use of this technology in various applications. Biogas is one of the products of anaerobic decomposition (absence of gaseous oxygen) of organic matter, which occurs due to the action of certain types of bacteria. Biogas is mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and its use in solid oxide fuel cells has been investigated since Biogas is a renewable biofuel. The aim of this paper was to perform mathematical modeling of a solid oxide fuel cell operating on biogas. The results confirmed that the overall efficiency of the system is above 94% and the largest irreversibilities of the system are related to heat exchangers.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Preliminary Study on biogas production from POME by DBD plasmaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new technology to produce biogas using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system
from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated. The batch experiments were examined at applied
voltages of 15, 20 and 25 kV. The results showed that the highest yields of hydrogen and methane were
achieved at an applied voltage of 25 kV after 1 hour were 2.42 and 1.32 mL/mL of POME, respectively.
The biogas was composed of 65% hydrogen and 35% methane. In order to make the results of this study
applicable to biogas plants, the effects of flowrate and consumed energy are important parameters that
should be further investigated in a future study.
Water Gas Shift Reaction Characteristics Using Syngas from Waste Gasification inventionjournals
The characteristics of a high temperature water gas shift reaction over a commercial Fe-based catalyst using syngas from waste gasification were investigated using lab equipment tests and found to be feasible for producing valuable chemical products. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio were observed using various values for the gas hourly space velocity(GHSV), steam/CO ratio, and temperature. The CO conversion and H2/CO ratio increased with increasing temperature, increasing steam/CO ratio and decreasing SV. The CO conversion values were 32.95% and 46.84% and the H2/CO ratios were 1.8 and 2.09 with temperatures of 350 C and 400C, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 2.4 and SV was 458 h-1 . The H2/CO ratio and CO conversion were 1.42 and 30.14%, respectively, when the steam/CO ratio was 1.45, and increased with an increase in the steam/CO ratio. The H2/CO ratio increased to 2.36 and the CO conversion increased to 51.70% when the steam/CO ratio was 3.44. However, the increase in the CO conversion was insignificant when the steam/CO ratio was greater than 2.9.
Biomass is considered as a potential source of energy production.Gasification can be employed to convert
dilute biomass energy source in to gaseous products holding concentrated form of energy. A steady state model for fluidized
bed biomass gasifier is developed based on reaction kinetics and hydrodynamic aspects of fluidization. The presence of
sorbent for absorption of carbon dioxide from the product gas is also incorporated in the model.The developed model
predicts the variation of syngas composition, temperature, pressure and velocity along the height of gasifier. Experiments
were carried out in a lab scale fluidized bed biomass gasifier and the results were used to validate the model.An increase of
50.35% in H2 mole fraction and a decrease of 50.88 % in CO2 mole fraction were observed when CaO was used as the
sorbent.
Rh/CeO2 Thin Catalytic Layer Deposition on Alumina Foams: Catalytic Performan...CarmenMoncada10
The application of ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports is clearly expanding due to faster mass/heat transfer and higher contact efficiency than honeycomb monoliths and, mainly, packed beds. In this paper, alumina open-cell foams (OCFs) with different pore density (20, 30 and 40 ppi) were coated with Rh/CeO2 catalyst via a two steps synthesis method involving: (i) the solution combustion synthesis (SCS) to in-situ deposit the CeO2 carrier and (ii) the wet impregnation (WI) of the Rh active phase. The catalytic coatings were characterized in terms of morphology and adhesion properties by SEM/EDX analysis and ultrasounds test. Permeability and form coefficient were derived from pressure drop data. Catalytic performance was evaluated towards biogas Steam Reforming (SR) and Oxy-Steam Reforming (OSR) processes at atmospheric pressure by varying temperature (800–900 °C) and space velocity (35,000–140,000 NmL·g−1·h−1). Characteristics time analysis and dimensionless numbers were calculated to identify the controlling regime. Stability tests were performed for both SR and OSR over 200 h of time-on-stream (TOS) through consecutive start-up and shut-down cycles. As a result, homogenous, thin and high-resistance catalytic layers were in situ deposited on foam struts. All structured catalysts showed high activity, following the order 20 ppi < 30 ppi ≈ 40 ppi. External interphase (gas-solid) and external diffusion can be improved by reducing the pore diameter of the OCF structures. Anderson criterion revealed the absence of internal heat transfer resistances, as well as Damköhler and Weisz-Prater numbers excluded any internal mass transfer controlling regime, mainly due to thin coating thickness provided by the SCS method. Good stability was observed over 200 h of TOS for both SR and OSR processes.
Numerical Model and Experimental Validation of the Hydrodynamics in an Indust...IJERA Editor
This paper describes a development of a numerical model and experimental validation of the hydrodynamics in industrial-scale sewage sludge bubbling fluidized bed incinerator. The numerical model and simulations are performed using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. The complex geometry of the developed numerical model represents the actual industrial-scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor. The gassolid flow behaviour inside the bed was described using the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model. The momentum exchange coefficients between the gas phase and solid particles were described by the Syamlal and O’Brien drag model equations. The CFD transient simulations were run for 350 seconds at the optimum operating conditions of the used fluidized bed with bed temperature of 850°C. The experiments were carried out using quartz sand with three different particle sizes having a diameters ranging from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm and a density of 2650 kg/m³. The industrial-scale furnace was filled with bed material to a bed height of 0.85 m. The same operating parameters have been applied for both experimental and numerical studies. The hydrodynamics of the gas-solid industrial-scale bubbling fluidized bed at operating conditions are investigated in the CFD numerical model and simulations of this three-dimensional (3D) complex geometry. To estimate the prediction quality of the simulations based on the developed numerical model, the minimum fluidization gas velocity and pressure drop results obtained from the CFD simulations are validated with the experimental measurements. The generated simulation results of the pressure drop and minimum fluidization gas velocity of the industrial-scale sewage sludge incinerator based the Eulerian-Eulerian method and Syamlal and O’Brien drag model are in good agreement with the experimental measured data.
Similar to Modeling and simulation of mee system under fouling condition (20)
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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Modeling and simulation of mee system under fouling condition
1. Modeling and Simulation of MEE System under Fouling Condition
Divya Srivastava1*
, Bikash Mohanty2
, Ravindra Bhargava2
1
Chemical Engineering Department, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut- 250005, India
2
Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
Abstract
A generalized mathematical model has been
developed to study the effect of fouling in Multiple
Effect Evaporator (MEE) system used in Indian
sugar industry. The developed model has been solved
by globally convergent technique for one complete
cycle of operation. The model can handle
complexities such as exhaust steam inputs in more
than one effect, vapor bleeding from desired effects,
heat loss from each effect, variations in physical
properties, overall heat transfer coefficient (OHTC)
through external empirical correlations, and
condensate flashing. For the computation of OHTC
in the developed model, an empirical correlation, in
terms of fouling resistance (Rf) has been developed.
The result of the developed model has been validated
against industrial data for exit liquor concentration,
vapor body temperature and OHTC values. The
prediction shows close agreement with the industrial
data. Further, in order to improve the steam
economy of the MEE system, flash vapors have also
been incorporated in the developed model.
Keywords: Mathematical modeling, Globally
convergent method, Fouling resistance, Overall heat
transfer coefficient, Sugar industry, Multiple effect
evaporator
Nomenclature:
Enthalpy of evaporation (kJ/kg K)
A Area of effect (m2
)
α Fraction of vapor stream for vapor
bleed
β Boolean constant
BPR Boiling point rise (C)
Bx Concentration of sugar cane juice
(Bx)
Cp Specific heat capacity of sugarcane
juice (kJ/kg K)
CS,C Condensate flow rate from steam
(CS) and vapor (C) (kg/s)
Ff Feed flow rate (kg/s)
h Enthalpy of water at saturated
temperature (kJ/kg K)
hl Enthalpy of liquor at saturated
temperature (kJ/kg K)
Hs Enthalpy of vapor at superheated
temperature (kJ/kg K)
Hv Enthalpy of vapor at saturated
temperature (kJ/kg K)
L Mass flow rate of sugarcane juice
(kg/s)
Q Rate of heat transfer (kJ/s)
Qloss Heat loss (kJ/s)
Rf Fouling resistance, m2
C/kW
SHTS Superheated steam temperature
T Temperature (C)
Tf Film temperature
TL Temperature of liquor (C)
Ts Steam temperature
Tv Vapor body temperature (C)
U Overall heat transfer coefficient
(OHTC) (kW/m2
C)
V Mass flow rate of vapor due to
evaporation (kg/s)
VB Vapor bleed flow rate (kg/s)
VS Mass flow rate of exhaust steam
(kg/s)
SVS Scaled mass flow rate of exhaust
steam (kg/s)
STs Scaled steam temperature
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2. Subscript
i Effect number
max Maximum
in At inlet condition
1-7 Effect number
1. Introduction
Evaporators are vital part of many process industries
such as pulp and paper, sugar, caustic, food
processing, desalination and other allied industries.
The main aim of using Multiple Effect Evaporator
(MEE) system is to reduce energy consumption
required for evaporation. MEE system itself is a
complex system and its complexity further increases
if fouling phenomena is incorporated into it. Fouling
is the deposition of organic and inorganic materials,
present in the liquor, on the heat transfer surface,
which further increases thermal resistance and
reduces heat transfer coefficient. In all industrial
MEE system, the fouling of heat transfer surfaces is
a serious problem as it causes loss of production, and
also affects the quality of product. The present work
is focused on concentration of weak cane sugar juice
in MEE system under fouled condition. In general,
sugar industries employ feed forward arrangement
[1] and in India weak cane sugar juice is generally
concentrated from 13Bx to 60Bx in MEE system.
For economic production of sugar crystals, proper
design and operation of MEE system is necessary.
The cost of manufactured sugar depends mainly on
the steam economy of the MEE system. Steam
economy can be described as the ratio between total
amount of vapor generated and the total amount of
steam supplied. It has been found that different
researchers [2-9] have developed models for
simulation of MEE systems used in various chemical
industries. However, various researchers [10-15]
have studied simulation of MEE system used in
sugar industry but literature on simulation of MEE
systems used in sugar industry under fouling
condition is very rare. Further, it has also been
observed that investigators such as Mwaba 2003[16],
Mwaba et al. 2006 [17] and Yu 2003 [18] have tried
to study the fouling of heat transfer surfaces in sugar
industry. A scrutiny of literature suggests that, very
little or almost negligible work is done on simulation
of MEE system in sugar industry under fouled
condition. Therefore, in the present paper, an attempt
has been made to develop a mathematical model
which incorporates fouling phenomena in MEE
system used in Indian sugar industry.
1.1 Fouling of Heat Transfer Surfaces:
As stated above fouling is the deposition of organic
and inorganic materials on the heat transfer surfaces.
It is observed that, in cane sugar industry, major
deposit forming minerals are phosphates, sulphates,
carbonates, silicates and oxides [19-21]. Bruce 2002
[22] suggested that, these deposits accumulates on
heat transfer surface or evaporator surface and results
in the formation of deposits. Initially a particular
type of fouling takes place and then other types
dominate. Epstein 1983 [23] discussed various types
of fouling such as crystallization fouling, particulate
fouling, chemical reaction fouling, corrosion fouling
and biological fouling in detail. Further, he also
discussed that these fouling types are associated with
different events such as initiation, transport,
attachment, removal and aging. Sheikholeslami 2007
[24] studied these events associated with fouling in
sugar industry in detail and suggested that composite
fouling should be added as new fouling type and
growth as the new event. Further, it has been
suggested by Yu 2003 [18], Yu and Sheikholeslami
2009 [25] that composite fouling is the main
mechanism of fouling in cane sugar evaporators.
According to Sheikholeslami and Ng 2001 [26] and
Yu 2003 [18] composite fouling is a form of fouling
which involves more than one type of fouling species
or mechanism. These different fouling species
interact with each other to produce final deposit.
2. Model development:
In the present work, a generalized steady state
mathematical model, developed by authors [27, 28]
is modified to transient state mathematical model to
incorporate the effect of fouling. This is done by
adding time, in terms of days as a variable parameter
in the developed model. It should be noted that
above stated model is capable of incorporating
steam input in more than one effect, vapor bleeding
from desired effect, heat loss from each effect,
variations in physical properties such as boiling
point rise (BPR), specific heat capacity and
computation of overall heat transfer coefficient
(OHTC) under clean condition. Details of this model
can be obtained in Srivastava 2011 and Srivastava et
al. 2013 [27, 28].
Model developed in the above referred paper is here
named as MEE-07 and it concentrates the cane sugar
juice or weak liquor from 13Bx to 55Bx in a seven
effect Rising film feed forward MEE system. The
first 2 effects (Effect no. 1 & 2) are Semikestner type
and all other effects (Effect no. 3-7) are of Robert
type evaporator. Exhaust steam of superheated nature
is introduced in two effects i.e. in effect no. 1 and
effect no. 3. Further, it is also observed that vapor
bleeding has been done from effect nos. 1, 2, 4, 5 and
6. These bled vapors are used in other parts of
industry such as crystallization unit, preheaters etc.
For the sake of clarity, schematic diagram of MEE-
07 is reproduced in Figure 1.
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3. Industrial data has been collected and empirical
correlation for the computation of OHTC (U) under
clean condition has been developed for two different
types of evaporator [27]. The two developed
dimensionless correlations have been reproduced
below and given as Eq. 1 and Eq. 2. Further, based
on the data collected, empirical correlations are also
developed for the computation of heat loss from each
effect.
For Semikestner type evaporator:
U
Umax
= 2.5665 ∗
Bx out
Bx max
1.4553 Tf
Tmax
−0.052 Ff
Fmax
0.0914
…(1)
For Robert type evaporator:
U
Umax
= 0.1909 ∗
Bx out
Bx max
−3.153 Tf
Tmax
−0.298 Ff
Fmax
0.0615
…(2)
Where, Umax = 5.71kW/m2
C; Bxmax = 56Bx; Tmax =
122C; Fmax = 100kg/s
2.1 Empirical correlation for OHTC of
MEE-07 under fouling condition
In order to study the effect of fouling, OHTC is
computed for one complete cycle of operation. For
this purpose, three different sets of industrial data
have been collected.
For the present MEE system, one complete cycle of
operation consist of 10 days. Fig. 2 shows the trend
of OHTC as a function of days for effect no. 1. It can
be observed that OHTC values decreases from day 1
to day 10. Other effects also follow the same trend.
On the first few days of the cycle, heat transfer
surface was clean, so OHTC value was maximum
and then falls gradually up to the last day of cycle
due to the increase in fouling resistance.
Sugar cane juice contains various organic and
inorganic matters which deposits on the heat transfer
surface of all effects. As a result, heat transfer
coefficient decreases gradually from day 1 to the last
day of cycle. The decrease in OHTC value with days
reduces the performance of MEE system which was
measured in terms of the drop in exit liquor
concentration and has been shown in fig. 3. After the
last day of cycle, the whole or partial MEE system
needs cleaning of the heat transfer surface to bring it
to day-1or initial condition.
Vapor stream
Liquid stream
Condensate out
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VB1 VB2 VB4 VB
5
VB6
Product
Feed
Steam
Steam
L1 L6L5L4L3L2
Vapor from
last effect
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of MEE-07
Fig. 2 OHTC profile from industry data for effect no. 1
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10
OHTC,kW/m2C
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
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4. Further, it has also been observed that, in order to
compensate the ill effects of fouling, the industry
increases the exhaust steam temperature by 1 or 2C
during the intermediate days of cycle of operation.
This increase in temperature results in the
improvement of the exit liquor concentration. Table
1 shows the trend of exhaust steam temperature
(superheated) used by industry.
Table 1: exhaust steam temperature profile
From Fig. 3, it can be seen that, when industry
increases exhaust steam temperature on intermediate
days i.e. on 5th
and 8th
day, a rise in exit liquor
concentration is achieved. The industry has adapted
this trend so as to increase exit liquor concentration
or to bring it at par with the initial exit liquor
concentration. However, it has been observed that
exit liquor concentration was instead decreasing with
days.
An analysis of fouling phenomena associated with
evaporators shows that once the steam temperature is
increased, vapor body temperature increases and
hence fouling resistance increases. Fouling resistance
increases in sigmoidal fashion and achieves an
asymptotic value [17] before the steam temperature
is increased again. In the present section, efforts have
been made, to predict the values of fouling resistance
(Rf) for different days of the operation of the cycle.
Fig. 4 shows the above behavior in effect no.1 of
MEE-07. All these behavior have added complexity
to the simulation.
Further, it is also observed that the effect of
increasing exhaust steam temperature is observed
only up to the first four effects i.e. effect nos. 1 to 4
and last three effects i.e. effect nos. 5 to 7 does not
show any changes. To tackle the above difficulty it
was thought logical to model Rf with days of
operation rather than OHTC for effect no.1 to 4
using a sigmoidal function and it has been given by
Eq. 3, whereas, for effect nos. 5 to 7 conventional
functional relationship has been used and it has been
given by Eq. 4. Moreover, Eq. 3 consists of three
constants a, b and c which is functions of steam
temperature (Ts), and are computed by Eqs. 3a to 3c
respectively.
𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑥
=
𝑎
1+𝑒𝑥𝑝
−
𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 −𝑐
𝑏
…(3)
Where,
𝑎 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑎3 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
+ 𝑎4 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
…(3a)
𝑏 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑏3 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
+ 𝑏4 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
… (3𝑏)
𝑐 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 𝑐3 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2
+ 𝑐4 ∗
𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
3
…(3c)
Eq. 4 is the conventional form of equation for
computation of Rf in terms of concentration, film
temperature, feed flow rate and time which has been
expressed in days. Rf values, thus computed from
Eqs. 3and 4 for different effects were now added to
clean OHTC values obtained from Eqs. 1 and 2. In
this way, OHTC values for different days of
operation can be obtained.
Rf
Rfmax
= a ∗ daysb
∗
Bx out
Bx max
c Tf
Tmax
d Ff
Fmax
e
…(4)
Days of
operating cycle
1 5 8
Exhaust steam
temperature (In
effect no. 1)
125C 130C 130C
Exhaust steam
temperature (In
effect no. 3)
120C 122C 125C
Fig. 3 Exit liquor concentration obtained from industrial data
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Exitconcentration,0Bx
50
52
54
56
Fig. 4 Fouling phenomena observed in effect no. 1 of MEE-07
Days
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Foulingresistance,Rf,m20
C/kW
0.0040
0.0060
0.0080
0.0100
0.0120
on 5th day exhaust steam
temperature is changed
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5. 2.2 Mathematical model under fouling
condition:
In the present work, model developed under clean
condition (MEE-07) is modified to incorporate the
effect of fouling. The incorporation of fouling
converts the model from steady state to transient
state. The time duration for study is one cycle of
operation and it is 10 days. Based on mass and
energy balance over an effect (ith
effect) of a MEE
system, it is observed that two non-linear equations
are required to describe an effect [28]. These
generalized equations were reproduced here and are
given by Eq. 5 and Eq. 6. As in present system, there
are 7 effects and each effect is represented by two
non linear equations, therefore the present model
consists of 14 non linear equations. It should be
noted that these equations are in scaled form and the
details of method of scaling is given in Srivastava et
al. 2013 [28].
g i = (βi
SVsi−1Lin λi−1 + 1 − βi
1 − αi−1
SLi−2Lin − SLi−1Lin λi−1 + SLi−1Lin CPi−1
STvi−1Ts + BPRi−1 − SLiLin Cpi STviTs + BPRi
− SLi−1Lin − SLiLin Hvi − Qlossi)/ Linλs …(5)
g i + 1 = (UiA1 STi−1Ts STviTs + BPRi −
βi
SVsi−1Lin λi−1 − 1 − βi
1 − αi−1
SLi−2Lin − SLi−1Lin λi−1)/ Lin λs …(6)
The governing equations were now solved for all the
days of cycle of operation. While solving the set of
equations for 10 days it has been kept in mind that
for each day the heat transfer coefficient of all the
seven effects of the MEE system changes due to
fouling. The variables involved in these governing
equations are categorized as specified and unknown
variables and were given below:
Unknown variable: Vs1, Vs2, Tv1, Tv2, Tv3, Tv4,
Tv5, Tv6, L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6
Specified variable: Lin, Cin, TLin, TS1,TS2, TV7, A1,
A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, α7, Lout,
U1, U2, U3, U4, U5, U6, U7,Ts, SHTS1, SHTS2
To meet the above objectives, the values of OHTC as
a function of days of operation and effects of the
MEE system are supplied through Eq. 3 and 4. All
the input variables for each day of operation were
collected from industry and are supplied to computer
code through a data file.
A computer program is developed using FORTRAN
for simulation of the system. Microsoft Developer
Studio is used to compile and run computer code.
Main program utilizes thirteen subroutines and two
functions. The set of non linear equations were
solved using globally convergent method.
2.3 Solution Technique:
Globally convergent method has been used for
solving set of non linear algebraic equations. It is a
modified form of Newton’s method. The main
drawback with the Newton’s method is that, if the
initial guess supplied is not close enough to the root,
then it may fail to converge. A global method is the
one that converges to a solution irrespective of the
starting point taken. Newton’s method is modified by
adding a globally convergent strategy [29], so that
with each iteration some progress can be made in
achieving solution. The initial guess values for each
day of operation were taken from industry data. It
should be noted that solver does not pose any
convergence problem. Moreover, to check whether
convergence was achieved or not, several
convergence criteria such as change in function
values and variable values were considered along
with overall heat balance around all effects.
3. Results and Discussion:
Before using the model for simulation, it is necessary
to test the validity of developed model. For this
purpose, results obtained through simulation were
validated against three sets of industrial data.
Various parameters such as concentration profile,
vapor body temperature and OHTC values of all
effects obtained from the model were compared with
that of industry data. Figure 5 and 6 shows the
comparison between simulation results and industrial
data for exit liquor concentration and vapor body
temperature respectively. Predictions for exit liquor
concentration and vapor body temperature were
within an error band of ± 0.8% and ± 0.3%
respectively.
Similarly industrial OHTC and predicted OHTC
values were compared and it is observed that the
predictions are within a maximum error band of
±15%.
Fig. 5 Comparison of final concentration obtained from
industry for all 3 sets with that predicted by the
model for one cycle of operation
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Finalconcentration,0Bx
48
50
52
54
56
58
Industry data (set 1)
Model prediction (set1)
Industry data (set 2)
Model prediction (set2)
Industry data (set 3)
Model prediction (set3)
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6. From the above discussion it is clear that developed
model is capable of predicting industry data within a
acceptable error band. After testing the reliability of
the developed model, it is then further used for the
betterment of the MEE system.
3.1 Simulation of MEE system with
condensate flash
It is a well known fact that fouling deteriorates the
heat transfer coefficient of an effect and erodes the
evaporation capacity of the MEE system. The
consumption of exhaust steam in the system
decreases which results in decrease in final
concentration of the liquor and the whole MEE
system works under poor steam economy. Further, it
is also observed that industry does not make use of
flash vapors. In this section an attempt has been
made to increase steam economy by incorporating
primary and secondary flash vapors. Primary and
secondary flash tanks are added in MEE-07 and the
governing equations, based on mass and energy
balance, which includes primary and secondary flash
vapors were developed and used in the computer
code. The governing equations, for all the seven
effects with condensate flash vapors were now
solved for each day of cycle of operation and steam
economy has been computed. While computing
steam economy, it has been kept in mind, that the
final concentration of the liquor is maintained equal
to that of without flash vapors. Fig. 7 shows the
comparison between steam economy of the MEE
system computed by model with and without flash
vapors.
From the figure (Fig. 7) it has been clear that one
gets an improved steam economy throughout the
period of the cycle. The minimum and maximum
increase in steam economy is of the order of 8.55%
for 1st
day and 8.18% for 10th
day respectively.
4. Conclusion
In the present work, a generalized steady state
model, developed by authors for simulation of MEE
system used in Indian sugar industry is converted to
transient state model to study the effect of fouling.
One complete cycle of operation of this industry
consists of 10 days. The developed model is capable
of handling various complexities of sugar industry
such as exhaust steam (saturated/superheated) inputs
in more than one effect, vapor bleeding from desired
effects, heat loss from each effect, and variations in
boiling point rise as well as specific heat capacity,
heat transfer coefficient through external empirical
correlations, and condensate flashing under clean as
well as fouling condition. The developed model
predicts exit liquor concentration and vapor body
temperature of all effects within an error band of
±0.8% and ±0.3% respectively. Further, an empirical
correlation has been developed for the prediction of
OHTC of all effects for each day of operation. The
model predicts the OHTC values for one complete
cycle of operation for all effects within a maximum
error band of ±15%. Based on the accuracy of the
results obtained, it can be concluded that developed
model can be used for simulation of MEE system.
Further, flash vapors are also incorporated in the
MEE system to increase the steam economy of the
system and simulation results show a minimum and
Fig. 6(a) Comparison of vapor body temperature obtained from
industry with that predicted by the model for effect no. 1
to 4 for one cycle of operation
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Vaporbodytemperature,0C
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Effect no. 1 Industry data
Effect no. 1 Model prediction
Effect no. 2 Industry data
Effect no. 2 Model prediction
Effect no. 3 Industry data
Effect no. 3 Model prediction
Effect no. 4 Industry data
Effect no. 4 Model prediction
Fig. 6(b) Comparison of vapor body temperature obtained from
industry with that predicted by the model for
effect no. 5 to 7 for one cycle of operation
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Vaporbodytemperature,0C
20
40
60
80
100
Effect no. 5 Industry data
Effect no. 5 Model prediction
Effect no. 6 Industry data
Effect no. 6 Model prediction
Effect no. 7 Industry data
Effect no. 7 Model prediction
Fig. 7 Variation of steam economy of MEE system
during the complete cycle with and without flash
Days
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
SteamEconomy
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
Steam economy without flash
Steam economy with flash
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7. maximum increase in steam economy of 8.18% and
8.55% respectively.
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ISSN: 2278-0181
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