Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to roam between networks while maintaining ongoing connections. It uses home and foreign agents to manage registration and tunnel packets sent to a mobile node's permanent home address to its current location. However, this can result in inefficient triangle routing. Mobile IP also faces challenges from security vulnerabilities and frequent location updates.
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by enabling hosts to be tracked without changing their IP address. It requires additional infrastructure such as home agents and foreign agents. Home agents intercept packets destined for mobile nodes and forward them to the node's current location. This allows mobile nodes to use a permanent home address while roaming between networks.
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by enabling hosts to be tracked without changing their IP address. It requires additional infrastructure such as home agents and foreign agents. Home agents intercept packets destined for mobile nodes and forward them to the node's current location. This allows mobile nodes to use a permanent home address while roaming between networks.
Mobile IP enables hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by allowing them to change their point of attachment between networks without changing their IP address. It uses a home agent and foreign agent to tunnel packets to a mobile node's care-of address when it is away from its home network. The registration process involves a mobile node registering its care-of address with its home agent when it moves to a new network. Security features like authentication and replay protection are included to protect the registration process.
Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to change location while maintaining the same IP address. It works by assigning mobile devices a permanent home address and registering a care-of address with their home agent when visiting foreign networks. The home agent intercepts packets destined for the mobile device's home address and tunnels them to its current care-of address. This allows the mobile device to stay connected to the internet as it moves between networks while keeping the same home address.
Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between networks. It uses a home agent and foreign agent to associate a device's permanent home IP address with its changing care-of address on visited networks. When a mobile node moves, it registers its new care-of address with its home agent so that packets can be forwarded to its current location. This process enables seamless internet connectivity regardless of location.
Mobile IP allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address, enabling continuous internet connectivity regardless of location. It works by assigning devices a permanent home IP address and registering a care-of address with a foreign agent when not in the home network, allowing the foreign agent to forward packets to the device's current location. Mobile IP supports security through authentication and aims to optimize routing efficiency.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to roam between networks while maintaining ongoing connections. It uses home and foreign agents to manage registration and tunnel packets sent to a mobile node's permanent home address to its current location. However, this can result in inefficient triangle routing. Mobile IP also faces challenges from security vulnerabilities and frequent location updates.
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by enabling hosts to be tracked without changing their IP address. It requires additional infrastructure such as home agents and foreign agents. Home agents intercept packets destined for mobile nodes and forward them to the node's current location. This allows mobile nodes to use a permanent home address while roaming between networks.
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by enabling hosts to be tracked without changing their IP address. It requires additional infrastructure such as home agents and foreign agents. Home agents intercept packets destined for mobile nodes and forward them to the node's current location. This allows mobile nodes to use a permanent home address while roaming between networks.
Mobile IP enables hosts to stay connected to the Internet regardless of location by allowing them to change their point of attachment between networks without changing their IP address. It uses a home agent and foreign agent to tunnel packets to a mobile node's care-of address when it is away from its home network. The registration process involves a mobile node registering its care-of address with its home agent when it moves to a new network. Security features like authentication and replay protection are included to protect the registration process.
Mobile IP is a protocol that allows mobile devices to change location while maintaining the same IP address. It works by assigning mobile devices a permanent home address and registering a care-of address with their home agent when visiting foreign networks. The home agent intercepts packets destined for the mobile device's home address and tunnels them to its current care-of address. This allows the mobile device to stay connected to the internet as it moves between networks while keeping the same home address.
Mobile IP allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet as they move between networks. It uses a home agent and foreign agent to associate a device's permanent home IP address with its changing care-of address on visited networks. When a mobile node moves, it registers its new care-of address with its home agent so that packets can be forwarded to its current location. This process enables seamless internet connectivity regardless of location.
Mobile IP allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address, enabling continuous internet connectivity regardless of location. It works by assigning devices a permanent home IP address and registering a care-of address with a foreign agent when not in the home network, allowing the foreign agent to forward packets to the device's current location. Mobile IP supports security through authentication and aims to optimize routing efficiency.
MOBILE INTERNET PROTOCOL AND TRANSPORT LAYER
Overview of Mobile IP – Features of Mobile IP – Key Mechanism in Mobile IP – route Optimization. Overview of TCP/IP – Architecture of TCP/IP- Adaptation of TCP Window – Improvement in TCP Performance.
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
This document discusses Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) and how it allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet without changing their IP address as they move between different networks. It covers key topics such as:
- The basics of Mobile IP including definitions of terms like home agent, foreign agent, and care-of-address.
- How Mobile IP works including the process of discovering the care-of-address, registering with foreign agents, and tunneling packets to the mobile node's current location.
- Adaptations made to transport protocols like TCP to improve performance over wireless networks.
Mobile IP allows nodes to change their point of attachment to the network while maintaining ongoing communications using the same IP address. It works by associating each mobile node with a home network and address, and registering the node's current location, or care-of address, with a home agent in the home network. When packets are sent to the mobile node's home address, the home agent intercepts them and tunnels them to the node's current care-of address via encapsulation. This allows the node to receive packets no matter where it is connected.
A review study of handover performance in mobile ipIJCNCJournal
The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses the mobility issues. In order to support un-interrupted
services and seamless mobility of nodes across the networks (and/or sub-networks) with permanent IP
addresses, handover is performed in mobile IP enabled networks. Handover in mobile IP is source cause of
performance degradation as it results in increased latency and packet loss during handover. Other issues
like scalability issues, ordered packet delivery issues, control plane management issues etc are also
adversely affected by it. The paper provides a constructive survey by classifying, discussing and comparing
different handover techniques that have been proposed so far, for enhancing the performance during
handovers. Finally some general solutions that have been used to solve handover related problems are
briefly discussed.
Mobile IP is an open standard that allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address. This ensures ongoing connections and applications are not dropped when switching networks. It works by assigning two IP addresses - a static home address and a care-of address that changes based on the device's current network location. When the device roams away from its home network, its traffic is encapsulated and tunneled through its home network to maintain connectivity using its home address. Mobile IP provides mobility across IP networks while cellular IP focuses on optimizing mobility within cellular networks.
Mobile IP is an open standard that allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address. This allows ongoing connections and applications to continue without being dropped when the device roams to a new network. Mobile IP works by assigning the device two IP addresses - a home address that stays the same and a care-of address that changes based on the new network point of attachment. Tunneling is used to forward packets to the device's current location. Mobile IPv6 improves upon Mobile IPv4 by simplifying the mobility management process and integrating support for route optimization.
Area: Internet Area
Working Group: Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)
Draft: MN Identifier Types for RFC 4283 Mobile Node Identifier Option (draft-ietf-dmm-4283mnids-01 )
RFC: Requirements for Distributed Mobility Management (rfc7333)
Fast Mobile IPv6 Handover Using Link and Location InformationCSCJournals
This document proposes an improved fast mobile IPv6 handover mechanism using link layer and location information. It introduces using GPS location data from foreign agents to predict handovers in advance. This allows the mobile node and foreign agents to more quickly detect connectivity loss and initiate handover. Simulations show the proposed mechanism reduces handover latency and packet loss compared to the standard mobile IPv6 handover process. Link layer signals and location data allow handovers to begin earlier, improving performance.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MOBILE IP ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING NS2cscpconf
This document summarizes previous work on integrating Mobile IP with mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to provide Internet connectivity. It discusses several proposals that implemented Mobile IP on different MANET routing protocols, including proactive protocols like DSDV and reactive protocols like AODV. The document then reviews related work that evaluated the performance of Mobile IP on MANETs using simulations. It concludes by stating that this thesis will further evaluate and compare the performance of Mobile IP implemented on AODV, AOMDV and DSDV routing protocols using the NS2 simulator.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment to the internet while maintaining ongoing communications. It includes the following key entities:
- Mobile nodes can move between home and foreign networks while keeping their IP address.
- Foreign agents provide services to visiting mobile nodes and advertise care-of addresses for tunneling packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- The home agent maintains a location registry with mobile nodes' care-of addresses and tunnels packets to their current points of attachment when away from home.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can be used by mobile nodes to obtain temporary IP addresses at foreign networks to use as their care-of addresses.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment to the internet while maintaining the same IP address. It uses home and foreign agents and a care-of address to transparently route packets to the mobile node's changing locations. The mobile node discovers agents through advertisements, registers its care-of address with its home agent, and packets are tunneled between the home and foreign agents to reach the mobile node.
Enhanced Mobile IP Handover Using Link Layer InformationCSCJournals
The main source of the problem in Mobile handover is the latency and packet loss introduced by the lengthy registration processes. The registration messages must traverse all the way to the home agent (HA) and back. In addition, the packets sent by the corresponding node (CNs) are lost until they receive the binding update (BU) indicating the new care-of-address (nCoA) of the mobile node (MN). To reduce the number of lost packets during this time, the MN can request the old access router (oAR) to forward all its incoming packets to the new access router (nAR) Mobile IP handovers can be improved through link layer information to reduce packet loss during handovers. It avoids link disruption during Mobile IP handovers and reduces packet loss. Therefore, link layer information allows an MN to predict the loss of connectivity more quickly than the L3 advertisement based algorithm. It is the best choice used to predict a breakdown wireless link before the link is broken. This facilitates the execution of the handover and eliminates the time to detect handover.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment from different networks in the internet while maintaining ongoing connections. It involves mobile nodes, home agents, foreign agents and correspondent nodes. When a mobile node detects it has moved to a new network, it registers its care-of-address with its home agent. The home agent intercepts all packets for the mobile node and tunnels them to its current location, allowing the mobile node to maintain its permanent home address as it roams. However, mobile IP can result in suboptimal triangular routing and other challenges around security and routing optimizations remain open research questions.
This document summarizes a research paper about providing secure and seamless access to IP applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses how traditional internet applications and driver assistance services could be enabled through a multi-hop vehicular communication network (VCN). However, establishing long-term bidirectional connections between vehicles and roadside access points is challenging due to asymmetric links in the mobile VCN. The paper proposes a protocol called MA-PMIP that uses multi-hop authentication and proxy mobile IP to address this issue. It describes the key establishment, registration, authentication, and revocation phases of MA-PMIP to securely maintain IP connectivity as vehicles move through the network. Mathematical models are also presented for generating shared
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet as they move from location to location. It works by assigning each mobile node a permanent home address and registering their current care-of address with their home agent. When packets are sent to the mobile node's home address, its home agent intercepts them and tunnels them to the node's current location. This allows the mobile node to receive packets while moving between different networks without changing its IP address. Key entities in Mobile IP include the mobile node, home agent, foreign agents, and correspondent nodes. The registration process establishes the binding between a mobile node's home and care-of addresses.
BULK BINDING UPDATE PROCEDURE FOR PMIPV6 BASED INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYS...cscpconf
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) consists of moving networks, where the network mobility
(NEMO) basic support is adopted as a mobility management protocol for moving networks.
Even though NEMO basic support (NBS) provides a basic mobility support for ITS systems, the
mobile routers (MR) need to participate in the mobility signaling. In the literature, network
based mobility management such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) based solutions are explored
for mobility management. However, the signaling overhead incurred due to this approach is still
need to be optimized. In this paper, we introduce a bulk binding update solution for the
registration of MR with local mobility anchor (LMA) in moving networks. The bulk binding
update procedure uses a group identifier for group of MRs during the periodic binding update
process which reduces the signaling overhead compared with the basic PMIPv6 based
approach. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach gives a better
performance in terms of signaling overhead and handover latency than NBS, and simplePIMPv6 based solutions.
Unit 2.design mobile computing architectureSwapnali Pawar
This document contains a question bank on designing mobile computing architecture. It includes 57 multiple choice and theory questions covering topics like characteristics of mobile communication, security concerns, middleware, mobile IP, and satellite communication. The questions address layers of communication systems, features of mobile networks, advantages of mobility, and concepts such as user/device mobility, home/foreign agents, registration, tunneling, and route optimization in mobile IP.
This document provides an overview of mobility management and key concepts in IP mobility. It discusses macro mobility protocols including Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6), as well as micro-mobility protocols like Cellular IP, HAWAII, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). The introduction defines IP mobility and the need for mobility support in IP given that the current IP address model assumes fixed locations. It also describes how Mobile IP allows devices to move between networks while keeping the same IP address.
Introduction to Machine Learning
Association Analysis
Supervised (inductive) learning
Training data includes desired outputs
Classification
Regression/Prediction
Unsupervised learning
Training data does not include desired outputs
Semi-supervised learning
Training data includes a few desired outputs
Reinforcement learning
Rewards from sequence of actions
Time Series Analysis and Forecasting in PracticeDilum Bandara
This document discusses time series analysis and forecasting. It covers the components of time series including trends, seasonality, cyclical patterns and irregular components. It then describes several approaches to forecasting including qualitative judgmental methods, statistical time series models and explanatory causal models. Specific statistical time series forecasting techniques are explained such as simple and exponential smoothing, linear regression models, and Holt-Winters seasonal models. The importance of evaluating forecast accuracy is also highlighted.
UNIT IV MOBILE NETWORK AND TRANSPORT LAYERS
Mobile IP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol-Mobile Ad Hoc Routing Protocols–Multicast routing-TCP over Wireless Networks – Indirect TCP – Snooping TCP – Mobile TCP – Fast Retransmit / Fast Recovery – Transmission/Timeout Freezing-Selective Retransmission – Transaction Oriented TCP- TCP over 2.5 / 3G wireless Networks
This document discusses Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) and how it allows mobile devices to stay connected to the internet without changing their IP address as they move between different networks. It covers key topics such as:
- The basics of Mobile IP including definitions of terms like home agent, foreign agent, and care-of-address.
- How Mobile IP works including the process of discovering the care-of-address, registering with foreign agents, and tunneling packets to the mobile node's current location.
- Adaptations made to transport protocols like TCP to improve performance over wireless networks.
Mobile IP allows nodes to change their point of attachment to the network while maintaining ongoing communications using the same IP address. It works by associating each mobile node with a home network and address, and registering the node's current location, or care-of address, with a home agent in the home network. When packets are sent to the mobile node's home address, the home agent intercepts them and tunnels them to the node's current care-of address via encapsulation. This allows the node to receive packets no matter where it is connected.
A review study of handover performance in mobile ipIJCNCJournal
The Mobile Internet Protocol (Mobile IP) is an extension to the Internet Protocol proposed by the Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF) that addresses the mobility issues. In order to support un-interrupted
services and seamless mobility of nodes across the networks (and/or sub-networks) with permanent IP
addresses, handover is performed in mobile IP enabled networks. Handover in mobile IP is source cause of
performance degradation as it results in increased latency and packet loss during handover. Other issues
like scalability issues, ordered packet delivery issues, control plane management issues etc are also
adversely affected by it. The paper provides a constructive survey by classifying, discussing and comparing
different handover techniques that have been proposed so far, for enhancing the performance during
handovers. Finally some general solutions that have been used to solve handover related problems are
briefly discussed.
Mobile IP is an open standard that allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address. This ensures ongoing connections and applications are not dropped when switching networks. It works by assigning two IP addresses - a static home address and a care-of address that changes based on the device's current network location. When the device roams away from its home network, its traffic is encapsulated and tunneled through its home network to maintain connectivity using its home address. Mobile IP provides mobility across IP networks while cellular IP focuses on optimizing mobility within cellular networks.
Mobile IP is an open standard that allows devices to change networks while maintaining the same IP address. This allows ongoing connections and applications to continue without being dropped when the device roams to a new network. Mobile IP works by assigning the device two IP addresses - a home address that stays the same and a care-of address that changes based on the new network point of attachment. Tunneling is used to forward packets to the device's current location. Mobile IPv6 improves upon Mobile IPv4 by simplifying the mobility management process and integrating support for route optimization.
Area: Internet Area
Working Group: Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)
Draft: MN Identifier Types for RFC 4283 Mobile Node Identifier Option (draft-ietf-dmm-4283mnids-01 )
RFC: Requirements for Distributed Mobility Management (rfc7333)
Fast Mobile IPv6 Handover Using Link and Location InformationCSCJournals
This document proposes an improved fast mobile IPv6 handover mechanism using link layer and location information. It introduces using GPS location data from foreign agents to predict handovers in advance. This allows the mobile node and foreign agents to more quickly detect connectivity loss and initiate handover. Simulations show the proposed mechanism reduces handover latency and packet loss compared to the standard mobile IPv6 handover process. Link layer signals and location data allow handovers to begin earlier, improving performance.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MOBILE IP ON MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS USING NS2cscpconf
This document summarizes previous work on integrating Mobile IP with mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to provide Internet connectivity. It discusses several proposals that implemented Mobile IP on different MANET routing protocols, including proactive protocols like DSDV and reactive protocols like AODV. The document then reviews related work that evaluated the performance of Mobile IP on MANETs using simulations. It concludes by stating that this thesis will further evaluate and compare the performance of Mobile IP implemented on AODV, AOMDV and DSDV routing protocols using the NS2 simulator.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment to the internet while maintaining ongoing communications. It includes the following key entities:
- Mobile nodes can move between home and foreign networks while keeping their IP address.
- Foreign agents provide services to visiting mobile nodes and advertise care-of addresses for tunneling packets to mobile nodes' current locations.
- The home agent maintains a location registry with mobile nodes' care-of addresses and tunnels packets to their current points of attachment when away from home.
- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) can be used by mobile nodes to obtain temporary IP addresses at foreign networks to use as their care-of addresses.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment to the internet while maintaining the same IP address. It uses home and foreign agents and a care-of address to transparently route packets to the mobile node's changing locations. The mobile node discovers agents through advertisements, registers its care-of address with its home agent, and packets are tunneled between the home and foreign agents to reach the mobile node.
Enhanced Mobile IP Handover Using Link Layer InformationCSCJournals
The main source of the problem in Mobile handover is the latency and packet loss introduced by the lengthy registration processes. The registration messages must traverse all the way to the home agent (HA) and back. In addition, the packets sent by the corresponding node (CNs) are lost until they receive the binding update (BU) indicating the new care-of-address (nCoA) of the mobile node (MN). To reduce the number of lost packets during this time, the MN can request the old access router (oAR) to forward all its incoming packets to the new access router (nAR) Mobile IP handovers can be improved through link layer information to reduce packet loss during handovers. It avoids link disruption during Mobile IP handovers and reduces packet loss. Therefore, link layer information allows an MN to predict the loss of connectivity more quickly than the L3 advertisement based algorithm. It is the best choice used to predict a breakdown wireless link before the link is broken. This facilitates the execution of the handover and eliminates the time to detect handover.
Mobile IP allows mobile nodes to change their point of attachment from different networks in the internet while maintaining ongoing connections. It involves mobile nodes, home agents, foreign agents and correspondent nodes. When a mobile node detects it has moved to a new network, it registers its care-of-address with its home agent. The home agent intercepts all packets for the mobile node and tunnels them to its current location, allowing the mobile node to maintain its permanent home address as it roams. However, mobile IP can result in suboptimal triangular routing and other challenges around security and routing optimizations remain open research questions.
This document summarizes a research paper about providing secure and seamless access to IP applications in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses how traditional internet applications and driver assistance services could be enabled through a multi-hop vehicular communication network (VCN). However, establishing long-term bidirectional connections between vehicles and roadside access points is challenging due to asymmetric links in the mobile VCN. The paper proposes a protocol called MA-PMIP that uses multi-hop authentication and proxy mobile IP to address this issue. It describes the key establishment, registration, authentication, and revocation phases of MA-PMIP to securely maintain IP connectivity as vehicles move through the network. Mathematical models are also presented for generating shared
Mobile IP allows hosts to stay connected to the Internet as they move from location to location. It works by assigning each mobile node a permanent home address and registering their current care-of address with their home agent. When packets are sent to the mobile node's home address, its home agent intercepts them and tunnels them to the node's current location. This allows the mobile node to receive packets while moving between different networks without changing its IP address. Key entities in Mobile IP include the mobile node, home agent, foreign agents, and correspondent nodes. The registration process establishes the binding between a mobile node's home and care-of addresses.
BULK BINDING UPDATE PROCEDURE FOR PMIPV6 BASED INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYS...cscpconf
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) consists of moving networks, where the network mobility
(NEMO) basic support is adopted as a mobility management protocol for moving networks.
Even though NEMO basic support (NBS) provides a basic mobility support for ITS systems, the
mobile routers (MR) need to participate in the mobility signaling. In the literature, network
based mobility management such as Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) based solutions are explored
for mobility management. However, the signaling overhead incurred due to this approach is still
need to be optimized. In this paper, we introduce a bulk binding update solution for the
registration of MR with local mobility anchor (LMA) in moving networks. The bulk binding
update procedure uses a group identifier for group of MRs during the periodic binding update
process which reduces the signaling overhead compared with the basic PMIPv6 based
approach. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach gives a better
performance in terms of signaling overhead and handover latency than NBS, and simplePIMPv6 based solutions.
Unit 2.design mobile computing architectureSwapnali Pawar
This document contains a question bank on designing mobile computing architecture. It includes 57 multiple choice and theory questions covering topics like characteristics of mobile communication, security concerns, middleware, mobile IP, and satellite communication. The questions address layers of communication systems, features of mobile networks, advantages of mobility, and concepts such as user/device mobility, home/foreign agents, registration, tunneling, and route optimization in mobile IP.
This document provides an overview of mobility management and key concepts in IP mobility. It discusses macro mobility protocols including Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) and Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6), as well as micro-mobility protocols like Cellular IP, HAWAII, and Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6). The introduction defines IP mobility and the need for mobility support in IP given that the current IP address model assumes fixed locations. It also describes how Mobile IP allows devices to move between networks while keeping the same IP address.
Introduction to Machine Learning
Association Analysis
Supervised (inductive) learning
Training data includes desired outputs
Classification
Regression/Prediction
Unsupervised learning
Training data does not include desired outputs
Semi-supervised learning
Training data includes a few desired outputs
Reinforcement learning
Rewards from sequence of actions
Time Series Analysis and Forecasting in PracticeDilum Bandara
This document discusses time series analysis and forecasting. It covers the components of time series including trends, seasonality, cyclical patterns and irregular components. It then describes several approaches to forecasting including qualitative judgmental methods, statistical time series models and explanatory causal models. Specific statistical time series forecasting techniques are explained such as simple and exponential smoothing, linear regression models, and Holt-Winters seasonal models. The importance of evaluating forecast accuracy is also highlighted.
Introduction to Dimension Reduction with PCADilum Bandara
Dimension reduction techniques simplify complex datasets by identifying underlying patterns or structures in the data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a common dimension reduction method that defines new axes (principal components) to maximize variance in the data. PCA examines correlations between these principal components and the original variables to identify sets of highly correlated variables and reduce them to a few representative components. Eigenvalues measure the amount of variance explained by each principal component, and scree plots can help determine how many components to retain by balancing information loss and simplification of the data.
Introduction to Descriptive & Predictive AnalyticsDilum Bandara
This document provides an introduction to descriptive and predictive analytics. It discusses key concepts including descriptive analytics which uses data aggregation and mining to provide insights into past data, predictive analytics which uses statistical models and forecasts to understand the future, and prescriptive analytics which uses optimization and simulation to advise on possible outcomes. The document also reviews basic statistical concepts such as measures of location, dispersion, shape, and association that are important for data analytics. These concepts include mean, median, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and correlation.
Hard to Paralelize Problems: Matrix-Vector and Matrix-MatrixDilum Bandara
The document discusses several problems that are hard to parallelize, including matrix-vector multiplication and matrix-matrix multiplication. It describes 1D and 2D assignment approaches to parallelizing matrix-vector multiplication across multiple processors. 1D assignment distributes the rows of the matrix and vector across processors, while 2D assignment distributes them in a 2D grid. It also outlines map-reduce approaches to parallelizing vector-matrix and matrix-matrix multiplication, breaking the problems into mapping and reducing stages.
Introduction to Map-Reduce Programming with HadoopDilum Bandara
This document provides an overview of MapReduce programming with Hadoop, including descriptions of HDFS architecture, examples of common MapReduce algorithms (word count, mean, sorting, inverted index, distributed grep), and how to write MapReduce clients and customize parts of the MapReduce job like input/output formats, partitioners, and distributed caching of files.
This document discusses embarrassingly parallel problems and the MapReduce programming model. It provides examples of MapReduce functions and how they work. Key points include:
- Embarrassingly parallel problems can be easily split into independent parts that can be solved simultaneously without much communication. MapReduce is well-suited for these types of problems.
- MapReduce involves two functions - map and reduce. Map processes a key-value pair to generate intermediate key-value pairs, while reduce merges all intermediate values associated with the same intermediate key.
- Implementations like Hadoop handle distributed execution, parallelization, data partitioning, and fault tolerance. Users just provide map and reduce functions.
Data-Level Parallelism in MicroprocessorsDilum Bandara
1. The document discusses data-level parallelism and summarizes vector architectures, SIMD instruction sets, and graphics processing units (GPUs). 2. It describes vector architectures like VMIPS that can perform operations on sets of data elements via vector registers. 3. It also explains how SIMD extensions like SSE exploit fine-grained data parallelism and how GPUs are optimized for data-parallel applications through a multithreaded SIMD execution model.
Instruction Level Parallelism – Hardware Techniques such as Branch prediction (Static and Dynamic Branch Prediction).
Tomasulo Algorithm and Multithreading.
CPU Pipelining and Hazards - An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Pipelining is a technique used in computer architecture to overlap the execution of instructions to increase throughput. It works by breaking down instruction execution into a series of steps and allowing subsequent instructions to begin execution before previous ones complete. This allows multiple instructions to be in various stages of completion simultaneously. Pipelining improves performance but introduces hazards such as structural, data, and control hazards that can reduce the ideal speedup if not addressed properly. Control hazards due to branches are particularly challenging to handle efficiently.
Advanced Computer Architecture – An IntroductionDilum Bandara
Introduction to advanced computer architecture, including classes of computers,
Instruction set architecture, Trends, Technology, Power and energy
Cost
Principles of computer design
Building a Raspberry Pi Robot with Dot NET 8, Blazor and SignalRPeter Gallagher
In this session delivered at NDC Oslo 2024, I talk about how you can control a 3D printed Robot Arm with a Raspberry Pi, .NET 8, Blazor and SignalR.
I also show how you can use a Unity app on an Meta Quest 3 to control the arm VR too.
You can find the GitHub repo and workshop instructions here;
https://bit.ly/dotnetrobotgithub
3. Why?
Everything is becoming mobile
IP wasn’t designed with mobility in mind
Goals
Users
Transparent roaming
Software level
Simplicity in implementation
Network level
Minimum routing updates & low overhead
Allow nodes to operate with on one IP address, instead of a
spool of addresses 3
4. Mobility Management – Tasks
Location management
Establishing connections to MN
Search & update
Search cost vs. update cost
Granularity vs. search cost
Handoff management
Maintaining network connectivity
Routing packets/connection
Deciding when to handoff
Selecting new AP
Acquiring resources such as channels
Informing old AP 4
5. Location Management
Location Registers (LR)
Location management using a single LR
Home Location Register (HLR)
HLR maintains mobility binding
Last known cell for each mobile node
5
6. Location Management Using a Single
LR
6
Source: Adelstein et al., Fundamentals of Mobile and
Pervasive Computing, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005
7. Location Management Using a Single
LR (Cont.)
7
Source: Adelstein et al., Fundamentals of Mobile and
Pervasive Computing, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005
8. Location Management Using a Single
LR (Cont.)
8
Source: Adelstein et al., Fundamentals of Mobile and
Pervasive Computing, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005
9. Location Management Using a Single
LR (Cont.)
9
Source: Adelstein et al., Fundamentals of Mobile and
Pervasive Computing, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2005
10. Location Management (Cont.)
Single HLR
Single point of failure
Single bottleneck
Distributed HLR
How to distribute location information?
Degree of replication?
Registration Area (RA) based location management
One LR for one RA
Organization of location registers?
Flat or hierarchical
10
12. Deciding When to Handoff
Factors to consider
Signal strength &
quality
Load on current AP/
base station
Availability of resources
in AP / base station
Mobility patterns
MN controlled vs.
network controlled
Soft handoff vs. hard
handoff 12
Source: http://telecommunicationengineeringconcepts.
blogspot.com/2012/05/gsm-handoverhandoff.html
13. Location Management In GSM
13
Source: www.freepatentsonline.com/7171219.html
• A separate VLR is maintained for each RA
14. Mobile IP
Developed to transparently deal with problems of mobile
users
Enables hosts to stay connected to Internet
regardless of their location
Enables hosts to be tracked without needing to
change their IP address
Requires no changes to software of non-mobile
hosts/routers
Requires addition of some infrastructure
Requires no modifications to IP addresses or IP
address format
Supports security
14
15. Mobile IP Operation – Extensions to
IPv4
15
Source: http://searchunifiedcommunications.techtarget.com/feature/Mobile-IP-networks-An-overview
16. Terminology
Mobile Node (MN)
Home Address
Permanent address assigned to MN
Home Agent (HA)
Router located on home network of MN
Does mobility binding of MN’s IP with its COA
Forwards packets to appropriate network when MN is away
Care-of Address (CoA)
Address which identifies MN’s current location
Sent by FA to HA when MN attaches
Foreign Agent (FA)
Router that is used to send/receive data to/from HA
Forward’s MN’s registration request 16
18. Agent Discovery & Registration
HA’s & FA’s broadcast their presence to network
they are attached
Beacon messages via ICMP Router Discovery
Protocol (IRDP)
MN’s listen for advertisement & then initiate
registration
When MN is away, it registers its COA with its HA
Typically through the FA with strongest signal
Registration control messages are sent via UDP to a
well-known port
18
20. Agent Discovery & Registration
(Cont.)
After receiving registration request from a MN,
HA acknowledges & registration is complete
HA intercepts all packets destined for MN
HA masquerades as MN
There is a specific lifetime for service before a MN
must re-register
There is also a de-registration process with HA if MN
returns home
20
HA FA
21. Tunneling
When MN is in a different network
HA encapsulates all packets addressed to MN &
forwards them to FA
IP tunneling
FA decapsulates all packets addressed to MN &
forwards them via hardware address
Learned as part of registration process
MN can perform FA functions if it acquires an (public) IP
address, e.g., via DHCP
Bidirectional communications require tunneling
in each direction
21
23. Problems with Mobile IP
“Triangle” routing
What if MN is in same sub-network as the node to
which it is communicating & HA is on other side of the
world?
It would be nice if we could directly route packets
Solution – Let Correspondent Node (CN) know COA
of MN
Then CN can create its own tunnel to MN
CN must be equipped with software to enable it to learn COA
Initiated by HA who notifies CN via “binding update”
23
25. Problems with Mobile IP (Cont.)
Single HA model is fragile
Solution – have multiple HA
Frequent reports to HA if MN is moving
Possible solution – support of FA clustering
Security
Connection hijacking, snooping…
25
26. Security in Mobile IP
Authentication can be performed by all parties
Only authentication between MN & HA is required
Keyed MD5 is the default
Replay protection
Timestamps are mandatory
Random numbers on request reply packets are
optional
HA & FA don’t have to share any security
information
26
27. Mobility in IPv6
Route optimization is a fundamental part of
Mobile IPv6
Mobile IPv4 is an optional set of extensions that may
not be supported by all nodes
FAs aren’t required in Mobile IPv6
MNs can function in any location without services of
any special router in that location
No tunneling
Mobility Header – IPv6 extension header
27
29. Mobility in IPv6 (Cont.)
Route optimization provided to avoid “triangular
routing” problem
Return routability procedure to secure binding
updates
Fast handover
Use hierarchical mobile IP
Security
Nodes are expected to employ strong authentication
& encryption
29
31. Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIP)
Network-based
mobility management
for hosts
Host changes point-
of-attachment without
changing its IP
address
Network is
responsible for
mobility management
31
MAG – Mobile Access Gateway
Source: www.cisco.com/web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_13-3/133_pmipv6.html