Mobile communication allows people to communicate without physical connections using technologies like cellular networks. A cellular network uses radio transmitters and receivers in cells to connect mobile phones to each other and to wired telephone networks. The history of mobile phones began with two-way radios in the early 20th century, and modern cell phone networks were developed in the 1940s using cellular base stations. Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard that uses digital signals and has enabled many data applications on mobile phones.
The Evolution of Cellphones: From Brick Phones to SmartphonesPLAYBEATS2
This presentation traces the evolution of cellphones from their humble beginnings as bulky "brick" phones to the sleek and powerful smartphones we use today. We'll explore the major milestones in cellphone history, from the first commercial mobile phone call in 1983 to the launch of the iPhone in 2007 and beyond. Along the way, we'll examine the key features that have defined each generation of cellphones, including changes in design, size, battery life, and connectivity options. We'll also take a closer look at the impact that cellphones have had on society, from the way we communicate and work to the rise of social media and mobile gaming. Whether you're a tech enthusiast or just curious about how cellphones have evolved over time, this presentation is sure to offer some interesting insights and food for thought.
The Evolution of Cellphones: From Brick Phones to SmartphonesPLAYBEATS2
This presentation traces the evolution of cellphones from their humble beginnings as bulky "brick" phones to the sleek and powerful smartphones we use today. We'll explore the major milestones in cellphone history, from the first commercial mobile phone call in 1983 to the launch of the iPhone in 2007 and beyond. Along the way, we'll examine the key features that have defined each generation of cellphones, including changes in design, size, battery life, and connectivity options. We'll also take a closer look at the impact that cellphones have had on society, from the way we communicate and work to the rise of social media and mobile gaming. Whether you're a tech enthusiast or just curious about how cellphones have evolved over time, this presentation is sure to offer some interesting insights and food for thought.
Nowadays mobile phones have become a must for almost all people from all over the world. An opportunity to stay in touch with friends and family members, access to email and business associates are just a few of reasons for the boosting importance of cell phones. Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Today mobile phones are the best way to stay connected with others as well as provide the user with a sense of security. A conceptual study have been made to briefly discus what mobile telephony is, how it emerges and what technologies it use.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Nowadays mobile phones have become a must for almost all people from all over the world. An opportunity to stay in touch with friends and family members, access to email and business associates are just a few of reasons for the boosting importance of cell phones. Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Today mobile phones are the best way to stay connected with others as well as provide the user with a sense of security. A conceptual study have been made to briefly discus what mobile telephony is, how it emerges and what technologies it use.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. CONTENTS:
Introduction to Mobile Communication
Basics of Cell Phone
Inside the Cell Phone
History of Mobile Phone
How Mobile Phone Works
Cellular Mobile Communication
What is GSM ?
GSM Architecture
Applications
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
3. WHAT IS MOBILE COMMUNICATION
• Mobile Communication is the use of technology that allows us to
communicate with others in different locations without the use of
any physical connection (wires or cables). Mobile communication
makes our life easier, and it saves time and effort.
• A wireless form of communication in which voice and data
information is emitted, transmitted and received via microwaves.
• This type of communication allows individuals to converse with
one another and/or transmit and receive data while moving from
place to place.
4. WHAT IS MOBILE PHONE :
• The mobile phone or cell phone is a long-range, portable
electronic device used for mobile communication. In addition to
the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile
phones can support many additional services such as SMS for
text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the
Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video.
Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of
base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the
public switched telephone network (PSTN)
5. BASICS OF CELL PHONE :
• Cellular phone is a portable telephone that does not use a
wired connection.
• A cellular phone network uses a number of shortrange radio
transmitter-receivers to communicate.
• The wireless network is connected to the public telephone
system, another wireless carrier network or the Internet for
completing calls to another phone or to a computer.
6. INSIDE THE CELL PHONE :
• Parts of a Cell Phone :
• A microscopic microphone
• A speaker
• An LCD or plasma display
• A keyboard not unlike the one we saw in a TV
remote control
• An antenna
• A battery
• An amazing circuit board containing the guts of the
phone
7. HISTORY OF CELL PHONE :
• In the beginning, two-way radios (known
as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles
such as taxicabs, police cruisers,
ambulances, and the like,
• Users could not dial phone numbers
from their mobile radios in their vehicles.
• A large community of mobile radio users,
known as the mobilizers, popularized
the During the early 1940s, Motorola
developed a backpacked two-way radio,
the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a
large hand-held two-way radio for the
US military. This battery powered
8. HOW MOBILE PHONE WORKS :
• A cellular phone network uses a number of
short-range radio transmitter-receivers to
communicate simultaneously with many mobile
phones.
• Cellular technology is the leading
telecommunications technology because of its
high capacity, flexible deployment and cost-
effectiveness.
• Wireless network carriers use a system of areas
or "cells“ served by radio communications .The
signal footprint of each radio antenna defines
the location and size of its cell.
9. CELLULAR MOBILE COMMUNICATION:
• Mobile phones, particularly the smartphones that have become
our inseparable companions today, are relatively new.
• However, the history of mobile phones goes back to 1908 when a
US Patent was issued in Kentucky for a wireless telephone.
• Mobile phones were invented as early as the 1940s when
engineers working at AT&T developed cells for mobile phone base
stations.
• The very first mobile phones were not really mobile phones at all.
They were two-way radios that allowed people like taxi drivers
and the emergency services to communicate.
10. WHAT IS GSM ?
• Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second
generation cellular standard developed to cater
voice services and data delivery using digital
modulation .
• In GSM, the signalling and speech channels are
digital, therefore GSM is considered a 2G system.
This helps wide-spread implementation of data
communication applications. There are five
different cell sizes in a GSM network These are
macro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells.
11. GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
• A GSM network comprises of many
functional units. The GSM network
can be broadly divided into −
The Mobile Station (MS)
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
The Network Switching Subsystem
(NSS)
The Operation Support Subsystem
(OSS)
12. APPLICATIONS OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION:
• Transmission of music, news, road conditions,
weather reports, and other broadcast
information are received via digital audio
broadcasting (DAB) with 1.5Mbit/s.
• Vehicle data from buses, trucks, trains and high
speed train can be transmitted in advance
for maintenance.
• A mobile phone, security systems, television
remote control, computer-interface devices, Wi-
Fi, wireless power transfer and many projects
based on mobile communications are
applications of mobile communication.
13. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES :
Advantages:
• You can carry a mobile phone with you so you don't miss
important calls.
• If you are lost, you can call for directions.
• If you are in an accident, you can call the police or ambulance.
Disadvantages:
• Mobile phones can be expensive.
• They can damage your ear Sometimes the reception is poor in
some areas, limiting your connectivity .
• People use the phone while they are driving, and this can cause
problems.
14. CONCLUSION:
• Mobile phones have become an essential communication tool for almost
every individual worldwide to update with technologies.
• Mobile banking helps the customers to perform a lot of wide range of
transactions through mobile phones. To avail the facilities of mobile
banking, customers can ask either through SMS or by using WAP (Wireless
Application Protocol) technology, which allows online access of the web
using mobile device. This technology serves to check details on issue of new
cheque book, payment of bills, instruction to stop payment and other value-
added services. This system makes banking location independent. It
provides 24 hours banking facility to the customers with no time and
location constraints at banking environment.
• It is also a time saving facility and banks are beneficiary to earn good
amount of income and gain image in the market.