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![Spatial variability of simulated discharge,
importance of Kharaa headwaters
Kharaa I
Bayan Gol
Bayan Gol I
Boroo
Gol
Tunkhelin
Gol
Kharaa II
Sugnugr Gol
Mandalin Gol
Zagdalin Gol
Kharaa III
0.83
0.97
0.69
0.58
0.88
0.90
1.02
1.34
2.18
2.45
specific runoff
[l s-1 km-2]
Identification of “water towers”
Specific discharges are highest in the
headwaters of the Kharaa, in the Khentii
mountains (Menzel et al., 2011)
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1961-19901971-20002001-20302011-20402021-20502031-20602041-20702051-20802061-20902071-2100
WaterAvailability[mm]
B1 CNCM3
B1 ECHAM5
B1 IPSL
WFD_Monthly
A2
CNCM3
A2
ECHAM5
A2
IPSL
Water availability change](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-7-320.jpg)
![Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology
and Inland Fisheries
TNTN loadsloads [t yr[t yr--11] in Kharaa] in Kharaa riverriver](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-14-320.jpg)
![Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology
and Inland Fisheries
Sown area, total grain yields and area weighted yields [dt ha-1] of
national wheat production in Mongolia from 1990 to 2012
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
20012002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Sownarea(1000ha)/TotalYield[kt]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
WeightedYield[dtha]
Total Yield [Kilotonnes] Sown Area (1000 ha ) Yield [dt ha]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-23-320.jpg)
![Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater
Ecology
and Inland Fisheries
Total demanded Nutrients 2013
(N, P, K) [t]
TOTAL 11700 t yrTOTAL 11700 t yr--11
DemandedDemanded nutrientsnutrients
forfor SEEDS 3260 t yrSEEDS 3260 t yr--11
FallowFallow 8440 t yr8440 t yr--11
RERE--USE 476 t yrUSE 476 t yr--11](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-24-320.jpg)
![Water consumption
[ Water L/kg Meat ]
200 –
1000 L
3900 L
4800 L
15500 L
KLA vs ASTAFASTAF--PRO:PRO: + 1,6 kg
Tomaten](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-32-320.jpg)
![Emissions of greenhouse gas
[ Emission of CO2 in kg/kg Meat ]
(Dänisches Ministerium für Ernährung,
Landwirtschaft und Fischerei)
1,8
3,1
3,6
19,4
Carbon Footprint: CO2-
Äquivalente von der Produktion
bis hin zum Supermarkt!
KLA vs ASTAFASTAF--PRO:PRO: ~ 0,2
+ 1,6 kg
Tomaten](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/momohofmann20150306berlin1-150419184033-conversion-gate01/85/Aktive-Mitwirkung-in-dem-Projekt-Integriertes-Wasserressourcenmanagement-in-Zentralasien-Dr-Jurgen-Hoffman-33-320.jpg)
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- 1. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Facing the water, nutrient cycling andFacing the water, nutrient cycling and food security challenge in Kharaa Riverfood security challenge in Kharaa River Basin MongoliaBasin Mongolia PD Dr.PD Dr. JJüürgenrgen HofmannHofmann IGB (Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and InlandIGB (Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries) BerlinFisheries) Berlin IWRM Summer SchoolIWRM Summer School 18.09.201418.09.2014 EE--mailmail:: j.hofmann@igbj.hofmann@igb--berlin.deberlin.de
- 2. German IWRM ResearchProgramme and our Role IWRMIWRM ShandongShandong • How can a science- based Integrated Water Resources Management in Mongolia as a pilot region for Central Asia be developed ? • How can regional water planning and manage- ment react on Global Change in a coherent way? • What are effective regional adaptation strategies and how can these be implemented? IWRM congress 2013
- 3. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Selenge river basin (459,000 km2) as International River Basin Ulan Ude Ulaanbaatar Khaara River basin 14,500 km2 Lake Baikal
- 4. 1. The KharaaCatchment: A Mongolian Model Region
- 5. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Case study Kharaa river Land use
- 6. 2. Monitoring Trendsin Climate, Land Use and Hydrology
- 7. Spatial variability ofsimulated discharge, importance of Kharaa headwaters Kharaa I Bayan Gol Bayan Gol I Boroo Gol Tunkhelin Gol Kharaa II Sugnugr Gol Mandalin Gol Zagdalin Gol Kharaa III 0.83 0.97 0.69 0.58 0.88 0.90 1.02 1.34 2.18 2.45 specific runoff [l s-1 km-2] Identification of “water towers” Specific discharges are highest in the headwaters of the Kharaa, in the Khentii mountains (Menzel et al., 2011) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 1961-19901971-20002001-20302011-20402021-20502031-20602041-20702051-20802061-20902071-2100 WaterAvailability[mm] B1 CNCM3 B1 ECHAM5 B1 IPSL WFD_Monthly A2 CNCM3 A2 ECHAM5 A2 IPSL Water availability change
- 8. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries AssessmentAssessment ofof recentrecent waterwater flowsflows Page Source: Falkenmerk, M. & Rockström, J. (2004). Balancing Water for Humans and Nature: The New Approach in Ecohydrology. Earthscan, 247. ~ 330 mm ( 4800 mio/m³) ~ 8 %
- 9. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries ЗамЗам нэгнэг бүрийнбүрийн хувьхувь нэмэрнэмэр
- 10. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Loads and Concentrations Ground- water Tiledrainage Surfacerun-off Erosion Atmos. deposition Urban systems Inter- flow Point sourcesCoste-Effectiveness- Analysis Retention Emissions into surface waters External framework Catchment characteristics In-stream processs Pathways MONERIS www.moneris.igb-berlin.de
- 11. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries KhentiiKhentii Mts.Mts. DARKHANDARKHAN UUrbanrban SourcesSources AgAgriculturericulture NNaturalatural BBackgroundackground AAtmospherictmospheric DDepositioneposition
- 12. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries 55 %55 % 15 %15 % 22 %22 % 8 %8 % TotalTotal EmissionsEmissions = 301 t N yr= 301 t N yr--11 (= 100 %)(= 100 %) AtmoAtmo.. DepDep.. UrbanUrban sourcessources Nat.Nat. backgroundbackground AgricultureAgriculture 0,2 kg/(0,2 kg/(ha*yrha*yr))
- 13. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Pressure on Water Quality
- 14. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries TNTN loadsloads [t yr[t yr--11] in Kharaa] in Kharaa riverriver
- 15. SANITATION model region –City of Darkhan– wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) Algae in april ! effluent WWTP measure: implementation of a feasible wastewater treatment
- 16. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries WhatWhat isis aa nutrientnutrient balancebalance?? INPUTINPUT OUTPUTOUTPUT
- 17. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Output (Гарах) Harvest withdrawal Input (Орох) 1) Atmospheric Deposition 2) Mineral Fertilizer Manure 3) Biological N-Fixation (Legumes) Surplus = Input minus Output Balance Scheme - Өнгөн хөрсөн дэх Азот
- 18. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries NitrogenNitrogen balancebalance NitrogenNitrogen balancebalance has ahas a significantsignificant deficitdeficit ofof --2020 kg(hakg(ha//yryr)) ININ OUTOUT
- 19. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries
- 20. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Nitrogen Imbalances (kg ha-1yr-1) -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 kgha -1 yr -1 Western Kenya Mongolia (Kharaa) Midwest U.S.A. EU 27 Germany Netherlands North China Agronomic NITROGEN inputs minus harvest removals N Vitousek et al. 2009: Nutrient Imblances in agricultural development. - Science Vol 324: 1519 *) *) *) *) Surplus Deficit
- 21. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries How to adjust the nutrient balance ?How to adjust the nutrient balance ? ININ ININ OUTOUT OUTOUT NN--DeficitDeficit (Kharaa)(Kharaa) NN-- SurplusSurplus EUEU NN-- EquilibriumEquilibrium ININ OUTOUT
- 22. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Scope and Background Nutrient supply security Food supply security Water supply security Kharaa 2021 = Planning horizon of Aimags
- 23. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Sown area, total grain yields and area weighted yields [dt ha-1] of national wheat production in Mongolia from 1990 to 2012 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20012002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Sownarea(1000ha)/TotalYield[kt] 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 WeightedYield[dtha] Total Yield [Kilotonnes] Sown Area (1000 ha ) Yield [dt ha]
- 24. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Total demanded Nutrients 2013 (N, P, K) [t] TOTAL 11700 t yrTOTAL 11700 t yr--11 DemandedDemanded nutrientsnutrients forfor SEEDS 3260 t yrSEEDS 3260 t yr--11 FallowFallow 8440 t yr8440 t yr--11 RERE--USE 476 t yrUSE 476 t yr--11
- 25. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries HowHow muchmuch NN isis excretedexcreted byby inhabitantsinhabitants ?? InhabitantsInhabitants ofof KharaaKharaa riverriver basinbasin withoutwithout DarkhanDarkhan InhabitantsInhabitants ofof DarkhanDarkhan withwith connectionconnection to WWTPto WWTP InhabitantsInhabitants ofof DarkhanDarkhan withoutwithout connectionconnection to WWTPto WWTP TOTAL 476 t N yrTOTAL 476 t N yr--11
- 26. Modular Urban WaterManagement Concept for Darkhan city
- 27. AquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquaculture ++++++++ HydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponicsHydroponics ========AquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponicsAquaponics ++++ ProductionProductionProductionProduction vonvonvonvon TilapiaTilapiaTilapiaTilapia withoutwithoutwithoutwithout fertilizerfertilizerfertilizerfertilizer + (+ (+ (+ (nearlynearlynearlynearly)))) freefreefreefree ofofofof emissionsemissionsemissionsemissions ++++ ReReReRe----useuseuseuse ofofofof waterwaterwaterwater http://www.igb-berlin.de/astafpro-862.html AQUAPONICSAQUAPONICSAQUAPONICSAQUAPONICS ++++
- 28. SmallSmallSmallSmall scalescalescalescale:::: aquacultureaquacultureaquacultureaquaculture TargetTargetTargetTargetTargetTargetTargetTarget:::::::: DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentofofofof sustainablesustainablesustainablesustainable ecoecoecoeco----technologytechnologytechnologytechnology totototo combinecombinecombinecombine aquacultureaquacultureaquacultureaquaculture andandandand productionproductionproductionproduction ofofofof vegetablesvegetablesvegetablesvegetables;;;; minimizingminimizingminimizingminimizing emissionsemissionsemissionsemissions andandandand waterwaterwaterwater consumptionconsumptionconsumptionconsumption.... AquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquacultureAquaculture ((((((((FishFishFishFishFishFishFishFish) +) +) +) +) +) +) +) + HydroponikHydroponikHydroponikHydroponikHydroponikHydroponikHydroponikHydroponik ((((((((VegetableVegetableVegetableVegetableVegetableVegetableVegetableVegetable) =) =) =) =) =) =) =) = AquaponikAquaponikAquaponikAquaponikAquaponikAquaponikAquaponikAquaponik ProductionProductionProductionProduction ofofofof TilapiaTilapiaTilapiaTilapia ((((OreochromisOreochromisOreochromisOreochromis niloticusniloticusniloticusniloticus) +) +) +) + TomatoesTomatoesTomatoesTomatoes
- 29. mech. Filter Biofilter Sediment- discharge nutrient- container Add. fertilizer Fresh water Einwege- Ventil Note:Note: Waterconsumption ca. 25% of volume/day ! “Separation“ of Aquaculture and Hydroponics Fish Fish Fish Plants AquacultureAquaculture HydroponicsHydroponics NEW:NEW: Combined production of tomatoes and fish (Aquaponics) in greenhouses without emissions Plants Pfants Plants Pfants Pfants
- 30. Biofilter NH4/NH3, Phosphor CO2 Wasserdampf Wasser Speisefische Tomaten Biogasanlage Schlamm, Abfälle Strom,Wärme Photovoltaikanlage Sonne Fischfutter Kühlfalle Frischwasser (< 3 %/d) „„GrGrüünene““ ÖÖkoko--TilapieTilapie!! RecondensationRecondensation ofof transpirationtranspiration waterwater (Patent)!(Patent)! Water consumption only ca. 3% instead of 25% of total volume per day ! AQUAPONICS Consumption of N, P and CO2 by plants!
- 31. Results of Aquaponics Dailywater demand: 3,32 % of pilot plant volume (Fish circle + Hydroponics) 220 L Water for production of 1 kg Fish and 1,6 kg Tomatoes Total production (9 Months): 600 kg fish and 1000 kg Tomatoes Patent PCT/EP2008/064546 Kloas W, Rennert B, van Ballegooy C, Drews M. (2008): Aquaponikanlage zur Gemüse- und Fischproduktion.
- 32. Water consumption [ WaterL/kg Meat ] 200 – 1000 L 3900 L 4800 L 15500 L KLA vs ASTAFASTAF--PRO:PRO: + 1,6 kg Tomaten
- 33. Emissions of greenhousegas [ Emission of CO2 in kg/kg Meat ] (Dänisches Ministerium für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Fischerei) 1,8 3,1 3,6 19,4 Carbon Footprint: CO2- Äquivalente von der Produktion bis hin zum Supermarkt! KLA vs ASTAFASTAF--PRO:PRO: ~ 0,2 + 1,6 kg Tomaten
- 34. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Descriptor: Distance to Target Target: to keep ressource uses to ecologically sustainable and economically reasonable levels endangered critical good Achievement of target is good critical endangered Distance to target
- 35. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology andInland Fisheries Nexus Challenges WATER Target: to keep ressource uses to ecologically sustainable and economically reasonable levels Quality Quantity Water Prices Consumption 265 L/cap/d 10 L/cap/d FOOD SECURITY Crop yields Wheat & potatoes Crop yields vegetable Soil fertility SANITATION Conventional sanitation (urban) Sanitation peri- urban Nutrient cycling ECONOMY Marketing Petrol & Finance defiency Crop insurance Seed quality Cropland possession