The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, lies between the left atrium and left ventricle. It is a dual flap valve made up of the mitral annulus, two leaflets (anterior and posterior), chordae tendineae connecting the leaflets to the papillary muscles of the left ventricle, and the left ventricular wall. The mitral valve apparatus works to ensure unidirectional blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle during diastole and prevent backflow during systole.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
preop TEE assessment of atrial septal defect is very important for making decision for device closure, properly assessed adequate rims of ASD will reduce risk of device embolization to almost nil.
A lecture on the echocardiographic evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Starts with an overview of the topic then a systematic approach to diagnosis and then a differential diagnosis followed by take-home messages and conclusion.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. MITRAL VALVE
• ALSO KNOWN AS BICUSPID VALVE OR LEFT AV
VALVE.
• DUAL FLAP VALVE
• LIES BETWEEN LA AND LV
3.
4. Cardiac Skeleton
• It is a high density single structure
of connective tissue (collagen) that forms and
anchors the valves and influences the forces
exerted through them.
• The cardiac skeleton separates and partitions
the atria from the ventricles
5.
6. • The right and left fibrous rings of heart (anuli
fibrosi cordis) surround
the atrioventricular and arterial orifices.
• The right fibrous ring is known as the anulus
fibrosus dexter cordis, and the left is known as
the anulus fibrosus sinister cordis.
• The right fibrous trigone is continuous with the
central fibrous body.
• This is the strongest part of the fibrous cardiac
skeleton
7. • The valve rings, central body and skeleton of
the heart consisting of collagen are
impermeable to electrical propagation.
• The only channel allowed through this
collagen barrier is represented by a sinus that
opens up to the atrioventricular node and
exits to the bundle of His.
• The cardiac skeleton ensures that the
electrical and autonomic energy generated
above is ushered below and cannot return.
• The muscle origins/insertions of many of
the cardiomyocytes are anchored to opposite
sides of the valve rings.
8. MITRAL APPARATUS
• LEFT ATRIAL WALL
• ANNULUS
• CHORDAE TENDINAE
• PAPILLARY MUSCLES
• LEFT VENTRICULAR WALL
9.
10.
11. LEFT ATRIAL WALL
• Left atrial myocardium extends over the
proximal portion of the posterior leaflet.
• Left atrial enlargement can result in mitral
regurgitation by affecting posterior leaflet
• The anterior leaflet is not affected because of
its attachment to root of aorta
12. MITRAL ANNULUS
• Fibrous rings that connect with the leaflets.
• Not a continuous ring around the mitral
orifice.
• D- shaped
• The aortic valve is located between ventricular
septum and the mitral valve.
13. • The annulus functions as sphincter that
contracts and reduces the surface area of the
valve during the systole to ensure complete
closure of the leaflets.
• Annular dilatation of the mitral valve causes
poor leaflet apposition – resulting in MR.
14. MITRAL VALVE LEAFLETS
• Continuous veil inserted around the
circumference of the mitral orifice.
• The free edges of the leaflets have several
indentations.
• Two of these indentations, the anterolateral and
the posteromedial commissures divide the leaflet
into anterior and posterior.
• These commissures can be accurately identified
by the insertion of the commissural chordae
tendinae into the leaflets.
15. • Normally the leaflets are thin, pliable,
translucent and soft.
• Each leaflet has an atrial and a ventricular
surface.
• The combined area of leaflets is twice as that
of mitral orfice
16.
17. Anterior Leaflet
• It is also anchored to the aortic root, unlike
the posterior leaflet.
• AKA Aortic, Septal, Greater or anteromedial
leaflet.
• The anterior leaflet is large and triangular in
shape, inserted on about 1/3rd of annulus.
• There are 2 zones – Rough and Clear , as per
the insertion of chordae tendinae.
18. • The clear zone is devoid of direct chordal
insertions.
• In continuation with aortic valve through aortic
mitral annulus and forms a boundary of LVOT.
• This region of continuity is 1/4th of the annulus,
corresponds to the region between half of left
coronary cusp, and half the non coronary cusp of
aortic valve.
• Limits of this attachment are demarcated by left
and right fibrous trigones.
• AV node and bundle of HIS are at risk of damage
near right trigone.
19.
20. Posterior Leaflet
• Ventricular , Mural , Smaller or Posterolateral
leaflet. Scallop shaped.
• It has a wider attachment to the annulus than
the anterior leaflet. (2/3rd )
• 3 zones – Rough , Clear and Basal (receives
chordae directly from left ventricular
trabeculae)
22. CHORDAE TENDINAE
• Small fibrous strings that originate either from the apical portion of
the papillary muscles or directly from the ventricular wall and insert
into the valve leaflets or muscle.
• Misalignment of leaflets, may put undue stress on chordae and may
cause rupture.
• Order of chordae –
– First order – inserted into free margin
– Second order – few mm back from free margin
– Third order – inserted at the base.
23. COMMISSURAL CHORDAE
• Chordae that insert into the interleaflet or
commissural areas located at the junction of
anterior and posterior leaflet.
• Two types –
– Posteromedial
– Anterolateral
• Shorter than the others and originate from
highest tip of papillary muscle.
24. LEAFLET CHORDAE
• Insert into anterior or posterior leaflets.
• 2 types of chordae on anterior leaflet-
– Rough zone chordae – insert into distal portion on
leaflet
– Strut chordae – branch before inserting into
anterior leaflet
25. PAPPILARY MUSCLES AND THE LEFT
VENTRICULAR WALL
• Muscular components of the apparatus.
• Normally arise from the apex and middle third
of left ventricular wall.
• Crescent shaped, conforms to the curvature of
the free wall of left ventricle.
• Anterolateral is larger than posteromedial
• LCx/LAD – SUPPLIES ANTEROMEDIAL
• RCA – SUPPLIES POSTEROMEDIAL
26. • Anterolateral – Attached to left half of anterior
and posterior leaflet by chordae tendinae
• Posterolateral – attached to right half.
• 4-12 chordae originating from each.
• Types of papillary muscle –
– Type 1 to 4.
27. • Design of mitral valve provides largest possible
orifice during diastolic phase.
• The valve opens as the anterior leaflet opens
and swings freely away from posterior leaflet
• Dimensions are enhanced by flexion of
anterior leaflet.
• During systole, anterior leaflet straightens and
extends towards posterior leaflet.
• Posterior leaflet acts as shelf to stop the
movement of anterior leaflet as they appose.
