Miranda led an expedition in 1806 to incite revolution in South America and liberate the colonies from Spanish rule. The expedition departed in February aboard the ship Leandro with around 200 men, including many American volunteers. After stops in Venezuela and Colombia where Miranda hoped to rally support, the revolution did not gain traction and the expedition ultimately failed to ignite widespread revolt against the Spanish. Miranda returned to England disheartened but the seeds were planted for future independence movements in South America.
How the Americas Change: The Long 19th CenturyAndrewElsey
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century:
1) Chinese immigrants migrated to the US in the mid-19th century to mine for gold, leading to mass migration and economic growth. Slavery ended after the Civil War.
2) Canada repelled US incursions during the War of 1812, giving Canadians a sense of national pride. John A. Macdonald helped unite British North America and expand Canada's infrastructure.
3) Latin America experienced instability, conflict, and lack of representation throughout the 19th century. The Mexican Revolution addressed peasants' and workers' concerns.
The document discusses the history of Argentina from the first European arrival in 1516 to the mid-1800s. It covers early Spanish settlement and domination, the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, the fight for independence in the 1810s led by San Martin, and the ongoing conflicts between Unitarians and Federalists in the early decades after independence. It also provides biographical details on influential figures like Juan Manuel de Rosas, who became a dictator in the 1830s and ruled until 1852.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the emerging conflict between Filipino and American forces after the Spanish defeat. It describes Aguinaldo allying with the Americans and returning to the Philippines to resume the fight against Spain. It then discusses the siege of Manila by Filipino forces and the secret agreement between the Americans and Spanish for a mock battle, excluding Filipinos, before Spain's surrender. This sowed early tensions between Aguinaldo and the Americans over the latter's intentions in the Philippines.
Chapter 12 The Struggle Continues (1897-1898)joanaseyer
This chapter summarizes the key events in the Philippines from 1897-1898 during the struggle for independence. It discusses Aguinaldo negotiating with Americans while in exile in Hong Kong, his return to the Philippines after the Battle of Manila Bay, and the Filipino rebels taking control of much of Luzon except Manila which was under siege. It also covers the secret agreement between American and Spanish forces for the mock battle of Manila, allowing the US to take control of Manila despite promises of support for Philippine independence.
The document summarizes key events in the American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleon's rise to power, and revolutions in South America. It describes how the American colonies fought for independence from Britain after imposing unfair taxes, leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In France, a financial crisis and unfair taxation led to the French Revolution in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy, followed by the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte who conquered much of Europe but was eventually defeated. Simón Bolívar led revolutions that freed many South American colonies from Spanish rule in the early 1800s, establishing new independent nations.
The document provides an overview of several historical events and periods in the Americas between the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses the independence of Latin American countries from European powers, westward expansion and wars in North America, the immigration boom to the US, the establishment of governments in Canada and new Latin American states, as well as several conflicts including the US Civil War, Mexican-American War, and French intervention in Mexico. Key events and dates are outlined for each topic.
This document provides details about the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines and the rise of American involvement. It describes how Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from exile and established a revolutionary government to continue fighting the Spanish. With the help of the US Navy under Dewey, Aguinaldo's forces were able to defeat the Spanish military in Manila. However, tensions grew as the US began asserting control over the Philippines rather than supporting Filipino independence as Aguinaldo had expected.
AHSGE Social Studies Ch.8 World War I and the 1920sTerron Brooks
The document provides information about several topics related to World War I and the 1920s, including the Triple Entente alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia; Prohibition passing as the 18th Amendment; trench warfare and new weapons in WWI like machine guns and poison gas; the Zimmerman Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico; and social changes in the 1920s like the Harlem Renaissance and new inventions.
How the Americas Change: The Long 19th CenturyAndrewElsey
The document discusses several topics related to the history of the Americas in the 19th century:
1) Chinese immigrants migrated to the US in the mid-19th century to mine for gold, leading to mass migration and economic growth. Slavery ended after the Civil War.
2) Canada repelled US incursions during the War of 1812, giving Canadians a sense of national pride. John A. Macdonald helped unite British North America and expand Canada's infrastructure.
3) Latin America experienced instability, conflict, and lack of representation throughout the 19th century. The Mexican Revolution addressed peasants' and workers' concerns.
The document discusses the history of Argentina from the first European arrival in 1516 to the mid-1800s. It covers early Spanish settlement and domination, the creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, the fight for independence in the 1810s led by San Martin, and the ongoing conflicts between Unitarians and Federalists in the early decades after independence. It also provides biographical details on influential figures like Juan Manuel de Rosas, who became a dictator in the 1830s and ruled until 1852.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the emerging conflict between Filipino and American forces after the Spanish defeat. It describes Aguinaldo allying with the Americans and returning to the Philippines to resume the fight against Spain. It then discusses the siege of Manila by Filipino forces and the secret agreement between the Americans and Spanish for a mock battle, excluding Filipinos, before Spain's surrender. This sowed early tensions between Aguinaldo and the Americans over the latter's intentions in the Philippines.
Chapter 12 The Struggle Continues (1897-1898)joanaseyer
This chapter summarizes the key events in the Philippines from 1897-1898 during the struggle for independence. It discusses Aguinaldo negotiating with Americans while in exile in Hong Kong, his return to the Philippines after the Battle of Manila Bay, and the Filipino rebels taking control of much of Luzon except Manila which was under siege. It also covers the secret agreement between American and Spanish forces for the mock battle of Manila, allowing the US to take control of Manila despite promises of support for Philippine independence.
The document summarizes key events in the American Revolution, French Revolution, Napoleon's rise to power, and revolutions in South America. It describes how the American colonies fought for independence from Britain after imposing unfair taxes, leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In France, a financial crisis and unfair taxation led to the French Revolution in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy, followed by the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte who conquered much of Europe but was eventually defeated. Simón Bolívar led revolutions that freed many South American colonies from Spanish rule in the early 1800s, establishing new independent nations.
The document provides an overview of several historical events and periods in the Americas between the 18th and 19th centuries. It discusses the independence of Latin American countries from European powers, westward expansion and wars in North America, the immigration boom to the US, the establishment of governments in Canada and new Latin American states, as well as several conflicts including the US Civil War, Mexican-American War, and French intervention in Mexico. Key events and dates are outlined for each topic.
This document provides details about the end of Spanish rule in the Philippines and the rise of American involvement. It describes how Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines from exile and established a revolutionary government to continue fighting the Spanish. With the help of the US Navy under Dewey, Aguinaldo's forces were able to defeat the Spanish military in Manila. However, tensions grew as the US began asserting control over the Philippines rather than supporting Filipino independence as Aguinaldo had expected.
AHSGE Social Studies Ch.8 World War I and the 1920sTerron Brooks
The document provides information about several topics related to World War I and the 1920s, including the Triple Entente alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia; Prohibition passing as the 18th Amendment; trench warfare and new weapons in WWI like machine guns and poison gas; the Zimmerman Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico; and social changes in the 1920s like the Harlem Renaissance and new inventions.
Personalities and reminiscences_of_the_war-wwi-us_maj_gen_robert_lee_bullard-...RareBooksnRecords
General Wood was an early pioneer and innovator in the US Army. As a young officer, he distinguished himself through acts of bravery and initiative on the Mexican border and in campaigns against Native American tribes. Throughout his career, Wood attracted attention and acclaim for his leadership abilities and administrative talents. He went on to play a pivotal role in the Spanish-American War and later helped establish control over the Moro people in the Philippines. Wood was the originator of the training camp system that helped prepare the large influx of new recruits for World War I.
The document discusses the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1830 and 1848. In 1830, a revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere that mostly failed except in Belgium, which gained independence. The 1848 revolutions saw further unrest as liberals and nationalists challenged the conservative order, with revolts in places like France, Germany, Austria and Italy, though most were ultimately suppressed by military force.
The document provides a summary of the Latin American independence movements between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It describes how independence movements in Latin American countries like Mexico, Brazil, and nations in Central and South America led to revolutions against Spanish rule and the establishment of new republics in the early 1800s, though political instability and dictatorships remained common issues in the early consolidation period.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution from 1897-1898. It describes Aguinaldo negotiating with the Americans for support against Spain while Spain attempted to negotiate a truce. When the Spanish-American War began in 1898, the Americans defeated the Spanish navy at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to resume the revolution. The Americans then took control of Manila from Spain, despite having promised to support Philippine independence, beginning the conflict between Aguinaldo's forces and the new American administration.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1896-1897, including the Cry of Balintawak which sparked the revolution, early battles between Katipuneros and Spanish forces, the execution of Jose Rizal, the rise of Emilio Aguinaldo as a revolutionary leader, the Tejeros Convention which established a revolutionary government, and the Truce of Biak-na-Bato which temporarily ended the conflict and sent Aguinaldo and other rebels into exile.
Toussaint L'Ouverture led a slave rebellion in Haiti that gained independence from France. He allied with the French to defeat the Spanish and British, then became governor of Haiti. The French invaded to reassert control over the profitable sugar industry. Toussaint surrendered but was arrested and died in prison, fueling the resistance movement. Haiti was the first Latin American country to gain independence.
Simon Bolivar played a key role in the independence movements across South America, helping to liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru from Spanish rule over the course of many years. Jose de San Martin also contributed to independence efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru. Their cooperation led to Peru's
The document provides details about the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1896 to 1901. It discusses key events and figures like:
- The revolution beginning in 1896 led by Bonifacio and aimed at independence from Spain.
- Emilio Aguinaldo emerging as a leader and winning important battles that spread the revolution.
- The Tejeros Convention in 1897 where Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government, causing tensions with Bonifacio.
- The execution of Bonifacio on charges of sedition after he refused to recognize Aguinaldo's government.
- The establishment of brief revolutionary republics like the Biak-na-Bato Republic before agreements collapsed,
1) The Americans came to the Philippines for several reasons, including seeking new lands for business after the Spanish-American War, looking for naval bases in Asia, and believing it was their mission to civilize the Filipinos.
2) The Filipinos initially invited the Americans to help fight the Spanish. However, after Spain surrendered control of the Philippines, tensions grew between the Americans and Filipinos as the Filipinos had established their own revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo and declared independence on June 12, 1898.
3) This led to the ensuing Philippine-American War as the Americans refused to recognize Philippine independence and took control of Manila, with General Otis declaring that once fighting
The document summarizes American isolationism and involvement in international affairs from the early 19th century to the post-Cold War era. It discusses key events and doctrines that influenced U.S. foreign policy such as Thomas Jefferson's opposition to foreign entanglements, Manifest Destiny and westward expansion, the Monroe Doctrine, U.S. intervention in Latin America and Asia in the late 19th century, American neutrality and entry into World Wars I and II, the Cold War and space race, and U.S. economic power after the Cold War ended. The document provides historical context on shifting U.S. perspectives from isolationism to global military and economic superpower.
The document discusses key events in Philippine history from 1897-1899, including the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution. It summarizes how Spain lost control of Cuba and the Philippines due to the Spanish-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo established a revolutionary government and declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. However, the U.S. later took control of the Philippines following the Treaty of Paris in 1898. This led to conflict between Aguinaldo's revolutionary forces and the U.S. in the Philippine-American War.
The Battle of Manila Bay took place on May 1, 1898 in Manila Bay in the Philippines between the United States Asiatic Squadron led by Commodore George Dewey and the Spanish Pacific Squadron led by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The decisive American victory marked the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War and began the United States' colonialization of the Philippines. The United States suffered only 1 dead and 9 wounded, while Spain lost 77 dead and 271 wounded with several ships sunk.
- The document discusses the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the rise of factions vying for power in Mexico, including Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza. It then describes Villa's 1916 attack on Columbus, New Mexico which killed 18 Americans and prompted the U.S. deployment of troops along the Mexican border. The Connecticut National Guard was among those deployed, with troops sent to camp in Niantic and then transported to Nogales, Arizona. While stationed in Nogales, the troops conducted patrols and training exercises along the border as part of security efforts in response to the tensions with Mexico.
The revolutions in Latin America in the 19th century were influenced by ideas from the American and French Revolutions. Leaders like Simon Bolivar and Toussaint L'Ouverture led independence movements that created newly independent states across Latin America. However, these new countries struggled with internal conflicts and failed to unify as Bolivar had hoped. Independence ultimately brought more poverty and economic disruption to the region.
The document discusses the United States' increasing involvement in international affairs in the late 19th century. It describes how the US expanded its influence through territorial acquisitions like Alaska and island groups in the Pacific, as well as military and political interventions in China, Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. By the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the US had established itself as a world power controlling new overseas colonies and influencing the geopolitics of Asia.
The document is an act of Congress from 1807 that established the Embargo Act during the Jefferson administration. The act placed an embargo on all American ships and vessels in US ports in response to interference with American shipping by Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. Key provisions included:
- Requiring clearance and cargo manifests for coastal vessels traveling within the US.
- Establishing penalties for vessels that departed without clearance or failed to provide landing certificates for their cargo.
- Restricting vessels from traveling between US ports near foreign territories without presidential approval.
- Authorizing the seizure of foreign vessels traveling between US ports in violation of the act.
The act was one of Jefferson's major policy
The Spanish-American War began due to tensions between Spain and Cuban independence fighters, exacerbated by yellow journalism in American newspapers. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor led the U.S. to declare war on Spain in 1898. The U.S. defeated Spain in Cuba and seized control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris ended the war and granted independence to Cuba while ceding Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the U.S.
The document provides an overview of several topics related to the history of the Americas and Europe between the 19th-20th centuries. It discusses westward expansion in the Americas, the American Civil War, industrialization, the Little Ice Age, definitions of frontier, explorers Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer, Brazil's independence, Napoleon and his military tactics, the Mexican-American War, and the causes and key battles of the Crimean War. A variety of political, social, economic and military developments are summarized across different time periods and geographic regions.
1) The document discusses racial inequality and economic growth in the Americas during the 19th century, including the displacement of Native Americans, expansion of slavery, and mass migration for gold.
2) It then covers events of the Little Ice Age such as crop failures, livestock deaths, and increased disease. Some innovations like the potato and violin emerged from this period.
3) Key topics in the development of the Americas' frontiers included the Louisiana Purchase, scientific expeditions, violence against indigenous groups, and revolutions across South America and France.
Personalities and reminiscences_of_the_war-wwi-us_maj_gen_robert_lee_bullard-...RareBooksnRecords
General Wood was an early pioneer and innovator in the US Army. As a young officer, he distinguished himself through acts of bravery and initiative on the Mexican border and in campaigns against Native American tribes. Throughout his career, Wood attracted attention and acclaim for his leadership abilities and administrative talents. He went on to play a pivotal role in the Spanish-American War and later helped establish control over the Moro people in the Philippines. Wood was the originator of the training camp system that helped prepare the large influx of new recruits for World War I.
The document discusses the revolutions that occurred across Europe in 1830 and 1848. In 1830, a revolution in Paris inspired uprisings elsewhere that mostly failed except in Belgium, which gained independence. The 1848 revolutions saw further unrest as liberals and nationalists challenged the conservative order, with revolts in places like France, Germany, Austria and Italy, though most were ultimately suppressed by military force.
The document provides a summary of the Latin American independence movements between the late 18th century and early 20th century. It describes how independence movements in Latin American countries like Mexico, Brazil, and nations in Central and South America led to revolutions against Spanish rule and the establishment of new republics in the early 1800s, though political instability and dictatorships remained common issues in the early consolidation period.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution from 1897-1898. It describes Aguinaldo negotiating with the Americans for support against Spain while Spain attempted to negotiate a truce. When the Spanish-American War began in 1898, the Americans defeated the Spanish navy at Manila Bay. Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to resume the revolution. The Americans then took control of Manila from Spain, despite having promised to support Philippine independence, beginning the conflict between Aguinaldo's forces and the new American administration.
The document summarizes key events in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1896-1897, including the Cry of Balintawak which sparked the revolution, early battles between Katipuneros and Spanish forces, the execution of Jose Rizal, the rise of Emilio Aguinaldo as a revolutionary leader, the Tejeros Convention which established a revolutionary government, and the Truce of Biak-na-Bato which temporarily ended the conflict and sent Aguinaldo and other rebels into exile.
Toussaint L'Ouverture led a slave rebellion in Haiti that gained independence from France. He allied with the French to defeat the Spanish and British, then became governor of Haiti. The French invaded to reassert control over the profitable sugar industry. Toussaint surrendered but was arrested and died in prison, fueling the resistance movement. Haiti was the first Latin American country to gain independence.
Simon Bolivar played a key role in the independence movements across South America, helping to liberate Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru from Spanish rule over the course of many years. Jose de San Martin also contributed to independence efforts in Argentina, Chile and Peru. Their cooperation led to Peru's
The document provides details about the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule from 1896 to 1901. It discusses key events and figures like:
- The revolution beginning in 1896 led by Bonifacio and aimed at independence from Spain.
- Emilio Aguinaldo emerging as a leader and winning important battles that spread the revolution.
- The Tejeros Convention in 1897 where Aguinaldo was elected president of the revolutionary government, causing tensions with Bonifacio.
- The execution of Bonifacio on charges of sedition after he refused to recognize Aguinaldo's government.
- The establishment of brief revolutionary republics like the Biak-na-Bato Republic before agreements collapsed,
1) The Americans came to the Philippines for several reasons, including seeking new lands for business after the Spanish-American War, looking for naval bases in Asia, and believing it was their mission to civilize the Filipinos.
2) The Filipinos initially invited the Americans to help fight the Spanish. However, after Spain surrendered control of the Philippines, tensions grew between the Americans and Filipinos as the Filipinos had established their own revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo and declared independence on June 12, 1898.
3) This led to the ensuing Philippine-American War as the Americans refused to recognize Philippine independence and took control of Manila, with General Otis declaring that once fighting
The document summarizes American isolationism and involvement in international affairs from the early 19th century to the post-Cold War era. It discusses key events and doctrines that influenced U.S. foreign policy such as Thomas Jefferson's opposition to foreign entanglements, Manifest Destiny and westward expansion, the Monroe Doctrine, U.S. intervention in Latin America and Asia in the late 19th century, American neutrality and entry into World Wars I and II, the Cold War and space race, and U.S. economic power after the Cold War ended. The document provides historical context on shifting U.S. perspectives from isolationism to global military and economic superpower.
The document discusses key events in Philippine history from 1897-1899, including the Spanish-American War and the Philippine Revolution. It summarizes how Spain lost control of Cuba and the Philippines due to the Spanish-American War. Emilio Aguinaldo established a revolutionary government and declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. However, the U.S. later took control of the Philippines following the Treaty of Paris in 1898. This led to conflict between Aguinaldo's revolutionary forces and the U.S. in the Philippine-American War.
The Battle of Manila Bay took place on May 1, 1898 in Manila Bay in the Philippines between the United States Asiatic Squadron led by Commodore George Dewey and the Spanish Pacific Squadron led by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The decisive American victory marked the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War and began the United States' colonialization of the Philippines. The United States suffered only 1 dead and 9 wounded, while Spain lost 77 dead and 271 wounded with several ships sunk.
- The document discusses the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and the rise of factions vying for power in Mexico, including Pancho Villa and Venustiano Carranza. It then describes Villa's 1916 attack on Columbus, New Mexico which killed 18 Americans and prompted the U.S. deployment of troops along the Mexican border. The Connecticut National Guard was among those deployed, with troops sent to camp in Niantic and then transported to Nogales, Arizona. While stationed in Nogales, the troops conducted patrols and training exercises along the border as part of security efforts in response to the tensions with Mexico.
The revolutions in Latin America in the 19th century were influenced by ideas from the American and French Revolutions. Leaders like Simon Bolivar and Toussaint L'Ouverture led independence movements that created newly independent states across Latin America. However, these new countries struggled with internal conflicts and failed to unify as Bolivar had hoped. Independence ultimately brought more poverty and economic disruption to the region.
The document discusses the United States' increasing involvement in international affairs in the late 19th century. It describes how the US expanded its influence through territorial acquisitions like Alaska and island groups in the Pacific, as well as military and political interventions in China, Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. By the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the US had established itself as a world power controlling new overseas colonies and influencing the geopolitics of Asia.
The document is an act of Congress from 1807 that established the Embargo Act during the Jefferson administration. The act placed an embargo on all American ships and vessels in US ports in response to interference with American shipping by Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. Key provisions included:
- Requiring clearance and cargo manifests for coastal vessels traveling within the US.
- Establishing penalties for vessels that departed without clearance or failed to provide landing certificates for their cargo.
- Restricting vessels from traveling between US ports near foreign territories without presidential approval.
- Authorizing the seizure of foreign vessels traveling between US ports in violation of the act.
The act was one of Jefferson's major policy
The Spanish-American War began due to tensions between Spain and Cuban independence fighters, exacerbated by yellow journalism in American newspapers. The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana harbor led the U.S. to declare war on Spain in 1898. The U.S. defeated Spain in Cuba and seized control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The Treaty of Paris ended the war and granted independence to Cuba while ceding Puerto Rico and the Philippines to the U.S.
The document provides an overview of several topics related to the history of the Americas and Europe between the 19th-20th centuries. It discusses westward expansion in the Americas, the American Civil War, industrialization, the Little Ice Age, definitions of frontier, explorers Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer, Brazil's independence, Napoleon and his military tactics, the Mexican-American War, and the causes and key battles of the Crimean War. A variety of political, social, economic and military developments are summarized across different time periods and geographic regions.
1) The document discusses racial inequality and economic growth in the Americas during the 19th century, including the displacement of Native Americans, expansion of slavery, and mass migration for gold.
2) It then covers events of the Little Ice Age such as crop failures, livestock deaths, and increased disease. Some innovations like the potato and violin emerged from this period.
3) Key topics in the development of the Americas' frontiers included the Louisiana Purchase, scientific expeditions, violence against indigenous groups, and revolutions across South America and France.
1) The document discusses the history of racial inequality, economic growth, and conflicts in North and South America during the 19th century, including the displacement of Native Americans, expansion of slavery, and wars for independence.
2) It then focuses on the American Civil War, including Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation after the bloody Battle of Antietam, which helped turn the tide in the Union's favor and prompted Britain not to intervene.
3) The document provides details on key figures during this period like Abraham Lincoln, General George B. McClellan, and their roles in the Civil War.
- The document discusses various political, social, and economic developments that occurred in North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean during the 19th century, including westward expansion in the US, mass migration during the Gold Rush, independence movements in Latin America, and the formation of Canada.
- Key events discussed include the Louisiana Purchase, the Mexican-American War, the abolition of slavery in the British Empire, and the American Civil War including the battles of Antietam and Emancipation Proclamation.
- Climate changes like the Little Ice Age impacted populations, while slave uprisings in places like Haiti influenced geopolitics.
Tracey Riordan: The french and american revolutionsDe Anne
The document provides an overview of the French and American Revolutions, including:
- What sparked each revolution - in France, massive debt and unfair taxes, in America, unfair taxation by Britain
- Key players in each revolution, such as Robespierre, Louis XVI, and Washington
- How the people created their own governments to overthrow the ruling powers, such as the National Assembly in France and Continental Congresses in America
- Major events that marked the start of each revolution, including the storming of the Bastille in France and the battles of Lexington and Concord in America
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR4 8 5Reversal of FortuneThis rev.docxwhitneyleman54422
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
4 8 5
Reversal of Fortune
This reversal of the two nations’ positions initially led to
a diminishment of the importance of Spanish-American
relations. Early in the new century, Americans were fo-
cused on events in Asia and the Western Hemisphere,
precisely the areas from which Spain had been expelled.
When World War I broke out in 1914, both nations de-
clared their neutrality. While Spain’s caution led it to
maintain that stance throughout the war, in 1917 the ex-
panding interests of the United States drew it into the
conflictandtentatively intoEuropeanpowerpolitics,thus
setting the scene for the next stage in Spanish-American
relations.
Just as theAmericanRevolutionposedadilemmafor
the Spanish, so too did the outbreak of the Spanish Civil
War in 1936 for the Americans. The rebellion of Fran-
cisco Franco and his generals against the Spanish repub-
lican government was amicrocosmof the ideological fer-
mentof interwarEurope.Francoreceivedassistancefrom
Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, and the Republicans re-
ceived assistance from the Soviet Union. Most democ-
racies, including the United States, observed a formal
neutrality thathad theeffectofdoomingtheSpanishgov-
ernment to defeat.
Franco remained technically neutral throughout
World War II, but he favored the Axis when it seemed in
command early on and tipped back toward the Allies as
the war drew to a close. American policy during the war
was to buy Spain’s neutrality by overpaying the Spanish
for goods with military significance (such as tungsten) in
order tokeep theSpanishnonbelligerentandthesupplies
out of German hands.
U.S. policy toward Spain grew harsher with the suc-
cess of D-Day in 1944 and the growing likelihood of a
Germandefeat.Citing the roleplayedby theAxispowers
inFranco’s rise topower, inearly1945FranklinRoosevelt
declared that the United States could not have normal
relations with his government. The United States joined
its allies in barring Spain from the United Nations and
recalled its chiefs of mission from Madrid.
Franco blunted American pressure to yield power to
a more democratic regime by appealing to growing con-
cern about the Soviet Union. While his quasi-fascist re-
gime remained an international pariah, American leaders
gradually reached the conclusion that Franco was pref-
erable to a potential communist government in Spain.
TheUnitedStates didnot includeSpain in either its eco-
nomicormilitary plans forwesternEurope (theMarshall
Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization), but
after the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950,
Spain’s potential military value in aEuropeanwar against
the Soviets overrode the Truman administration’s ideo-
logical aversion to Franco.
The rehabilitation of Franco culminated in the Pact
of Madrid, signed in September 1953. While Spain re-
mained outside NATO, the agreement (which gave the
United States air and naval bases in Spain) effectively al-
lied the two nations during the remainder of t.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and following the independence of Latin American countries from Spain in the early 19th century. It describes the political unrest in the late 18th century, the influence of the American and French revolutions, and the pro-independence movements and publications in Britain and Latin America. It also discusses British military interventions in Spain and Latin America during this time period and the involvement of British, Irish and Scottish mercenaries in the wars of independence.
The document summarizes the events leading up to and following the independence of Latin American countries from Spain in the early 19th century. It describes the political unrest in the late 18th century, the influence of the American and French revolutions, and the rise of independence movements. It also discusses British military interventions in Spain and Latin America during this time period and notes the involvement of British, Irish, and Scottish mercenaries in the independence wars.
The document summarizes major events and issues in the United States from the late 18th century through the first half of the 19th century. It discusses the development of the first political parties under Jefferson and Madison, territorial expansion and its impact on Native Americans, the War of 1812 and its division of the nation, the rise of Jacksonian democracy and popular politics, and the sectional issues like slavery, states' rights, and tariffs that increasingly divided the North and South.
The document provides an overview of how the Americas changed during the 19th century. It discusses the expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans, conflicts with indigenous peoples and Mexico, and the issues that led to the Civil War. It also summarizes the development of Canada and the instability that plagued Latin American countries during this period.
In the 19th century, the United States expanded dramatically through territorial acquisitions like the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession. This doubled the size of the country. Westward expansion led to conflicts with indigenous peoples as settlers took their lands. Canada avoided war and negotiated autonomy from Britain, uniting the country through fears of U.S. expansionism. Latin American nations struggled to form stable governments in the new independent states. Climate changes like the Little Ice Age impacted events of the era such as aiding the American Revolution. Key figures like Joseph Hooker and Frederick Douglass played important roles in the Civil War and abolition movement.
1) In the late 18th and 19th centuries, many countries in the Americas gained independence from European colonial powers as the United States and Latin American nations struggled to build independent states and societies amidst migration, economic growth, civil war, and violence.
2) The United States expanded westward in the 19th century, taking Native American lands and causing tensions with Mexico and Canada. Latin American nations looked to the U.S. as a model but had difficulties governing.
3) Several key events shaped the Americas in this period, including the Louisiana Purchase which doubled the size of the U.S., the Haitian Revolution which established Haiti as the first black republic, and the U.S.
The document provides a detailed overview of American history from pre-colonial times through the Cold War era. It covers major events such as European exploration and colonization, the American Revolution, westward expansion, the Civil War, Reconstruction, both World Wars, and the Cold War. Key people and developments are discussed for each time period, including Native American cultures, founding of colonies, slavery, industrialization, the women's and civil rights movements.
This document provides a summary of key events in America between 1763 and 1787, from the end of the French and Indian War through the drafting of the US Constitution. It describes the growing unrest and revolutionary spirit in the colonies as the British imposed new taxes. Key figures like Samuel Adams and Thomas Paine advocated independence. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in 1776 and the Revolutionary War began. Though the Continental Army struggled early on, victories at Saratoga, Cowpens, and Yorktown helped secure independence. However, the weak Articles of Confederation proved problematic, leading to the Constitutional Convention and the drafting of a new framework for national government.
The document discusses how the Americas changed in the 19th century through mass migration and economic development. Millions of migrants from Europe and Asia arrived in the Americas, increasing ethnic diversity and stimulating growth. This included Chinese migrants like FattHing Chin who came during the California Gold Rush of 1849. The Little Ice Age from the 14th to 19th centuries caused significant hardship through colder temperatures and more extreme weather. France sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States in 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the country. The American Civil War from 1861-1865 was fought over the issues of slavery and states' rights and ultimately led to the end of the Confederacy and preservation of the United States.
The American Independence.
The French Revolution.
The Crisis of the Old Regimen in Spain.
The Napoleonic Era.
The Bourbon Restoration.
The Liberal Revolutions and Nationalism.
Francisco de Goya.
How the americas change the long 19th centurychantelh1990
The document provides a summary of historical events in North America, Canada, Latin America, and the United States during the 19th century. It discusses the establishment of independent states, westward expansion and conflicts with Native Americans in the US, Canada gaining independence from Britain, political instability in Latin America, and key events and figures of the Civil War such as the Battle of Antietam and the Emancipation Proclamation.
The document discusses the history of the Americas in the 19th century. It covers several topics: Westward expansion and conflicts with indigenous peoples in North America; the American Civil War sparked by slavery and states' secession; Canada achieving autonomy without war; the Little Ice Age causing severe cold and famine in the late Middle Ages; the Louisiana Purchase doubling the size of the US; and early depictions of Native Americans created by Prince Maximilian zu Wied and Karl Bodmer.
2. A British perspective
After the loss of the North American colonies, the English decided
to expand into the Spanish Colonies of South America. In 1795, a
Scott by the name of Nicholas Vansittart wrote a white paper
clearly outlining a way to take South America away from Spain.
The British Government initially approved the Vansittart plan but
later canceled it, in 1797. A Scottish Major General, Sir Thomas
Maitland, a friend of Nicholas Vasinttart, revised the Vansittart
plan in the early 1800s. The British Government approved this
plan and it subsequently changed its name to the Maitland plan.
Among the more salient points of the Maitland Plan were the
following: Two English expeditionary forces, one to land in
Venezuela and which was to march south towards Lima, and the
other to land in Buenos Aires. After capturing Buenos Aires, this
second force together with local recruited soldiers, was to scale the
Andes with 7,000 men, liberate Chile, and then conduct an
amphibious assault on Lima.
3. The Maitland plan was put into effect during the
Napoleonic War in 1806. England used the fact that Spain
was now technically an ally of France as the excuse to
start the war. England sent an expeditionary force of 1,600
men to invade Buenos Aires, under General William Carr
Beresford; this attempt failed. Few months later, an
invasion army of 11,000 men arrived in Buenos Aires
under the orders of General John Whitelocke. At the same
time, a second fleet with 4.000 men captured Montivedeo
and used the city as a staging post and communications
centre. The fighting in Buenos Aires was to be one of the
most heroic pages in all of Latin American history. The
people of Buenos Aires single-handedly defeated this huge
invasion force in hand-to-hand and street-by-street
fighting.
4. England was surprised by the determination of these pesky
colonials. They were forced to change their tactics but not
their overall plan. The new tactic was to recruit young army
officers, born in South America, to lead an insurrection
against Spain and turn the new countries into becoming loyal
to the British Crown. The English recruited Francisco
Miranda, a Freemason and a Venezuelan who had founded La
Gran Reunion Americana, a Masonic Lodge based in London.
Miranda had connections all around the world. He acted
during the American Revolution and was very well acquainted
with fellow Masons: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson,
James Madison, and many of the American founding fathers.
He also had connections throughout England and France.
”British interest in South America was not as casual as many have assumed”, The British Role
in the Independence of South America from Spain. Contributes by Hektor R. Fuster,
http://www.britishempire.co.uk/empire.htm
5. Francisco de Miranda was born on March 28, 1750 in Caracas,
Venezuela. His name was originally Sebastián Francisco but
dropped the name Sebastián upon his younger brother's death. As
a boy he studied at the Royal University of Caracas where
learned Latin, mathematics, living languages, and the art of
warfare. At seventeen years, he enlisted as a cadet in the Spanish
military service. When he was twenty-one years old he left
Caracas and set sail on the open sea. This is also where he started
his journal and his journey to Europe. It is on this journey where
he meets a man named Francisco de Arrieta and once they land in
Spain they set their sites on Madrid. While in Madrid he studied
more and increased his language skills, which would pay off in
his future. His father sent money to Madrid, so Francisco can
have a place in the Princess' Regiment.
6. After attaining the rank of captain, he served gallantly in the
American Revolution in 1779 and 1781. He was then sent to
Cuba, where he befriended Manuel Cajigal, the captain
general. However, allegations of illegal trading forced de
Miranda to flee to Europe. He traveled through England,
Turkey, Germany, and Russia. He served in the French
Revolution, and attained the rank of major general. In the
campaign of 1793, he was taken prisoner at Neerwinden, and
was tried for, but acquitted of mismanagement. The name of
de Miranda is on the "Arc de Triomphe" in Paris among
those of the great captains that fought in that Revolution.
7. He returned to the United States, where
he found the means to equip two vessels
and about 200 volunteers, with whom he
sailed for Venezuela in the hopes of
securing independence for that country.
His ambition was to kindle the fire of
revolution in South America.
8. Many American newspapers of the period
contained glowing reports of the expedition,
and the liberal revolutionary's intent to spread
New World revolution to South America
clearly excited the ardor of many young
Americans.
In the United States Miranda was able to get
two hundred men from the suburbs of New
York and twenty young officers to help with
his cause.
9. A testimony
Some of the sons and relatives of many of the first people of the State were in
the expedition. The "Leander" sailed about the 1st of February, 1806. On
Board were Thomas Lewis; William Steuben Smith, alluded to, who ranked
as aid of General Miranda; there were Henry Sands, Barent Roorbach,
William Hosack, Edward Gates, Elisha King, James B. Gardner, Alexander
Buchanan, John Moor, David Burnett, Dr. Samuel Scofield (surgeon to the
army,) Henry Perry, John T. O'Sullivan, and such like names. That Henry
Perry was an uncle of mine.
Here is one of the commissions of Miranda: "Don Francisco De Miranda,
Commander-in-Chief of the Columbian Army By virtue of power and
authority invested in me, I hereby constitute and appoint William Hosack a
first Lieutenant of Artillery in the army of Columbia, under my command;
and all officers, his superiors and inferiors, non-commissioned officers and
others, are hereby required to respect and obey him as such, agreeable to the
articles of War. Signed, FRAN. DE MIRANDA Thomas Molini, Sec'y
Reg't_____."
THE OLD MERCHANTS OF NEW YORK CITY Second Series By Walter Barrett, Clerk 1863. MERCHANT
DESCRIPTIONS, CHAPTER 20
16. The Library of Congress
A Century of
Lawmaking for a
New Nation: U.S.
Congressional
Documents and
Debates, 1774 - 1875
17. Eyewitness narratives of Don Francisco de Miranda’s
attempted South American revolution in 1806:
Smith, Moses. History of the adventures and sufferings of Moses Smith,
during five years of his life; from the beginning of the year 1806, when he
was betrayed into the Miranda Expedition, until June 1811, when he was
nonsuited in an action at law, which lasted three years and a half. To which
is added, a biographical sketch of Gen. Miranda. Albany: Packard & Van
Benthuysen (for the author), 1814. 12mo (18 cm, 7.1"). iv, [13]–146, [6]
pp.; 2 plts.
[BIGGS, JAMES]
The History of Don Francisco de Miranda's attempt to effect a Revolution in
South America, in a series of letters, by a Gentleman who was an Officer
under that General, to his friend in the United States. To which are annexed,
Sketches of the life of Miranda, and geographical notices of Caraccas . . .
Boston: published by Edward Oliver, 1808.
18.
19. Biggs:
El ”Leandro” es un barco de cerca de doscientas
toneladas de capacidad, comandado por el
capitán Thomas Lewis… un hombre valiente y
un verdadero maestro de su profesión.
[…] Hay cerca de doscientos hombres a bordo,
de manera que usted puede concebir que es
mucha tripulación y así, un poco mal
acomodada.
20. Biggs’ testimony
Reference is made to Jefferson as President on page 6:
"We are encouraged in the belief that our government has
given its implied sanction to this expedition, and this
circumstance, taken in connexion with the official language of
the President, and the known sentiments of some of the
political party that now prevails, leads us to suppose that our
government expects or intends, very soon explicitly to
authorise the use of force against Spain. Under such
impressions, we think we shall not be called to account as
violating the pacifick relations of the United States . . ."
24. En este día los colores
colombianos fueron
desplegados a bordo por
primera vez. Esta bandera
está formada por los tres
colores primarios que
March predominan en el arco iris
12 (amarillo, azul y rojo).
Hicimos una fiesta en esta
ocasión; se disparó un
cañón e hicimos brindis…
(Biggs)
40. Miranda returned back to
England late in the year
of 1807. He dwelled in
his house in London (27
Grafton Street, now 58
Grafton Way) during the
last six of the fourteen
years he spent in
London. In that house his
and Sarah Andrews’ two
sons was born –Leandro
in 1803 and Francisco in
1806.
41. In the years following his
attempts a revolution started
up with the same people
who had fought against him
in the years earlier. In
1810, he returned to help in
the support of those who
wanted to be separate from
Spain. He was appointed
commander in chief by the
Junta de Gobierno
(Congress). He was now in
charge of leading
Venezuela to
independence. On the fifth
of July 1811, independence
was declared.
42. This independence would be short-lived . Miranda
later tried to convince the patriot leaders of the
Venezuelan Congress to form a new centralized
government and allow him to be the new leader, but this
did not work. In 1812, a man named Juan Domingo
Montverde won numerous battles for the royalist and led
an attack against Miranda and his followers. Juan and
the royalist forces were to much for Miranda and his
men. Miranda surrendered to Montverde on July the
twenty-fifth 1812, ending the first republic of Venezuela.
Many patriotic leaders to the republic including the
young Bolivar, suspected Miranda actions as being close
to treason. It was even Bolivar who did not allow
Miranda to leave the country when his was defeated. The
royalists arrested Miranda and he was sent to prison in
Spain.
43. During the forth year of his imprisonment in La Carraca, Cádiz, he died
in 1816. His death was slow, and was caused because of numerous health
problems. (Encyclopedia of World Biography p. 52)