Minimally invasive surgery uses small incisions and miniaturized imaging systems to perform major operations with less trauma than traditional open surgery. The techniques were developed starting in the early 1900s and improved with advances like rod lens endoscopes, flexible instruments, and fluoroscopic imaging. Laparoscopic surgery involves inflating the abdominal cavity with gas to provide space to see and operate. Thoracoscopy may require deflating one lung. Other minimally invasive techniques provide access through subcutaneous tissues or body cavities without requiring incisions into organs. Endoluminal and intraluminal procedures operate from within lumens like blood vessels or the digestive tract.

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Schwartz's Surgery
Part I. Basic Considerations
Chapter 13. Minimally-Invasive Surgery
Copyright ©2007 The McGraw-Hill
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2. • Minimally-invasive surgery is a means of
performing major operations through
small incisions,
• often using miniaturized,
• high-tech imaging systems,
• to minimize the trauma of surgical
exposure .
• small holes, big operations

3. Historical
• Primitive laparoscopy, placing a cystoscope,
was first performed by Kelling in 1901
• In the late 1950s Hopkins described the
rod lens, with no heat and little light loss
• 4 By the mid-1970s rigid and flexible
endoscopes made a rapid transition from
diagnostic instruments to therapeutic ones
• Fluoroscopic imaging allowed the adoption
of percutaneous vascular procedures, the
most revolutionary of which was balloon
angioplasty

5. Laparoscopic surgery

6. Laparoscopic surgery

7. Laparoscopic surgery
• The unique feature of
endoscopic surgery in the
peritoneal cavity is the need to
lift the abdominal wall from the
abdominal organs.
• used by most surgeons, is the
induction of a
pneumoperitoneum.

8. Laparoscopic surgery

14. Thoracoscopy
Without positive pressure, it is
necessary to place a double-lumen
endotracheal tube so that
the ipsilateral lung can be
deflated when the operation starts

15. Extracavitary Minimally-Invasive
Surgery:
Access for
Subcutaneous
and
Extraperitoneal
Surgery

16. Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Access

17. Robotic Assistance/ Robotic Surgery

18. ENDOSCOPY

21. Endoluminal Surgery

22. Endoluminal Surgery

25. Intraluminal Surgery

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