Konflikthåndtering i professionelle relationer - udvalgte slidesWattar Gruppen
Vi siger tak for sidst til deltagerne på gå-hjem-mødet om ’Konflikthåndtering i professionelle relationer’. Du kan se udvalgte slides fra oplægget her. Vi glæder os til at se jer til de kommende gå-hjem-møder med nye temaer. De vil snart blive offentliggjort - så hold øje her på LinkedIn.
If you think that technology power-users have a whole bunch of "secret" tricks and shortcut, you might be right. We've been immersed in computer-use for decades now, but very few of us have had much formal training. We learn through trial and error, but it's difficult to learn what you don't know exists! If you suspect you've fallen behind and would like to fill some of those silly technology gaps, this is for you. This will be a random assortment of tips and tricks for a variety of programs and web applications. You can become a member of the "Secret Technology Club" by learning the secret technology handshakes.
Konflikthåndtering i professionelle relationer - udvalgte slidesWattar Gruppen
Vi siger tak for sidst til deltagerne på gå-hjem-mødet om ’Konflikthåndtering i professionelle relationer’. Du kan se udvalgte slides fra oplægget her. Vi glæder os til at se jer til de kommende gå-hjem-møder med nye temaer. De vil snart blive offentliggjort - så hold øje her på LinkedIn.
If you think that technology power-users have a whole bunch of "secret" tricks and shortcut, you might be right. We've been immersed in computer-use for decades now, but very few of us have had much formal training. We learn through trial and error, but it's difficult to learn what you don't know exists! If you suspect you've fallen behind and would like to fill some of those silly technology gaps, this is for you. This will be a random assortment of tips and tricks for a variety of programs and web applications. You can become a member of the "Secret Technology Club" by learning the secret technology handshakes.
Examinee's Guide in Taking CSE-PPT (Ballpen-based)John Homer Alim
Important reminders in taking Career Service Examination - Pen and Paper Test (CSE-PPT) Ballpen-based. The guide covers from the school and room assignment to the reminders on the day of examination. Also included are the 'Anti-Cheating Law' and the 'CSC Social Responsibility Program'.
The reason we hate opening our inboxes is that many emails, like the "kitchen sink" email, are too difficult to tackle. Emails like this paralyze us and stall our to-do lists. If we can just agree on a few things, email can be easier for everyone.
Just a note about the presentation: When you get to the slides about Axiom #8, have your audience read each statement out loud. This will quickly make the point about why we should use emoticons in email.
Basic 8D Problem Solving Tools & Methods - Part 2Tony Alvarez
I've taught many workshops on basic problem solving over the years at various companies. This 3 part presentation collects tools and methods that I've found useful and that most people tend to be able to put into practice quickly. Problem solving is ground that has been covered by many people many times in the past and this presentation builds on that work, incorporates my experience and hopefully integrates it in a way that provides some new insights. This is the 2nd of a 3 part presentation.
Basic 8D Problem Solving Tools & Methods - Part 1Tony Alvarez
I've taught many workshops on basic problem solving over the years at various companies. This 3 part presentation collects tools and methods that I've found useful and that most people tend to be able to put into practice quickly. Problem solving is ground that has been covered by many people many times in the past and this presentation builds on that work, incorporates my experience and hopefully integrates it in a way that provides some new insights. This is the 1st of a 3 part presentation.
Slide show on problem solving. The main idea is to combine problem solving tools and mind maps.
Focuses on the IDEAL problem solving tool and on ideas on tool mapping, where you use two mind maps at a time: one problem map for the actual problem, and one tool map with a collection of problem solving tools.
There is a video on YouTube based on this slideshow:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-6b4LA8Dqo
Some Practical Remarks On Solving Math ProblemsThomas Teepe
Combine notemaking and problem solving tools to become better at solving math problems.
The paper contains a densely packed cheat sheet with a large number of general math problem solving tools.
Examinee's Guide in Taking CSE-PPT (Ballpen-based)John Homer Alim
Important reminders in taking Career Service Examination - Pen and Paper Test (CSE-PPT) Ballpen-based. The guide covers from the school and room assignment to the reminders on the day of examination. Also included are the 'Anti-Cheating Law' and the 'CSC Social Responsibility Program'.
The reason we hate opening our inboxes is that many emails, like the "kitchen sink" email, are too difficult to tackle. Emails like this paralyze us and stall our to-do lists. If we can just agree on a few things, email can be easier for everyone.
Just a note about the presentation: When you get to the slides about Axiom #8, have your audience read each statement out loud. This will quickly make the point about why we should use emoticons in email.
Basic 8D Problem Solving Tools & Methods - Part 2Tony Alvarez
I've taught many workshops on basic problem solving over the years at various companies. This 3 part presentation collects tools and methods that I've found useful and that most people tend to be able to put into practice quickly. Problem solving is ground that has been covered by many people many times in the past and this presentation builds on that work, incorporates my experience and hopefully integrates it in a way that provides some new insights. This is the 2nd of a 3 part presentation.
Basic 8D Problem Solving Tools & Methods - Part 1Tony Alvarez
I've taught many workshops on basic problem solving over the years at various companies. This 3 part presentation collects tools and methods that I've found useful and that most people tend to be able to put into practice quickly. Problem solving is ground that has been covered by many people many times in the past and this presentation builds on that work, incorporates my experience and hopefully integrates it in a way that provides some new insights. This is the 1st of a 3 part presentation.
Slide show on problem solving. The main idea is to combine problem solving tools and mind maps.
Focuses on the IDEAL problem solving tool and on ideas on tool mapping, where you use two mind maps at a time: one problem map for the actual problem, and one tool map with a collection of problem solving tools.
There is a video on YouTube based on this slideshow:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-6b4LA8Dqo
Some Practical Remarks On Solving Math ProblemsThomas Teepe
Combine notemaking and problem solving tools to become better at solving math problems.
The paper contains a densely packed cheat sheet with a large number of general math problem solving tools.
Studying is a practice you'll need to get used to. When you launch it first, it is challenging. Once you get there, it should get easier. That is to say, you have got to learn how to study. You have to desire to learn, and think you should, to make studying simpler. You can't know until you try. Training isn't all that comes through to you. You just have to do it.
Note Assistants: Support for Solving Math ProblemsThomas Teepe
The document describes in detail novel methods of note-making and of using problem solving tools in math:
How can my notes support thinking and problem-solving?
How can I start?
How can I create ideas for a solution?
What can I do when I'm stuck?
How can I deal with frustration?
AASHE 2014 Mind Mapping: A Systems Thinking Application for Change ManagementMieko Ozeki
A pre-conference workshop, co-facilitated at AASHE 2014 by Mieko Ozeki and Jenna Ringelheim. A growing number of students, faculty, and staff are increasingly concerned about their environmental impacts and demand immediate action to be taken. Despite good intentions, these same people can act in haste rather than strategically implementing a long term solution. This session will guide participants through the process of mind mapping, based on the frameworks of systems thinking, design thinking, and project management, to identify opportunities for collaboration and mitigating/managing risk. Workshop participants will learn about the process of mind mapping, a technique for visually diagramming information. They will be given an example of how a campus applies this technique to looking at a specific issues, develop and implement an action plan during the session. Mind mapping is a strategic planning process for implementing sustainability into institutional operations, academics, and planning, administration, and engagement. It applies systems thinking, design thinking, and project management. Participants will draft a mind map, scope statement, and task list that focuses on a current issue he/she is working on at their institution. The workshop provides sustainability officers with the space and time to think and construct a strategy for addressing an issue on campus. The workshop time is 15% presentation and 85% discussing/constructing a mindmap with partners. Be prepared for this work session and bring two problems we can work on together through this process.
How to Think on Paper - Ideas on Note-MakingThomas Teepe
How to think on paper? How to organize your notes?
This document shows a simple yet effective method. Moreover, it contains ideas on a comparison between the method described and mind maps, Cornell notes and digital note-making.
Seminarskript Sachprobleme LöSen Mit SystemThomas Teepe
Methoden zum Problemlösen - Grundidee ist die Verbindung von Mind Maps und Werkzeugen zum Problemlösen - kommentierte Literatur- und Linkliste - Informationen zu Mind-Mapping-Software
Probleme LöSen Mit Dem Mind Manager Pro 6Thomas Teepe
Man sammelt Werkzeuge zum Problemlösen in einer Werkzeug-Map und greift von der aktuellen Problem-Map darauf zu.
Dabei spielen die Map Parts des MindManager eine zentrale Rolle.
Mathematische Probleme LöSen Mit MindmapsThomas Teepe
Die Grundidee: Man benutzt eine Problem-Map für das eigentliche Problem und eine oder mehrere Werkzeug-Maps mit einer großen Zahl von Werkzeugen für das Lösen mathematischer Probleme.
1. Basic ideas
My starting point is a diagnosis I found in David Perkins’ book “Outsmarting IQ: The emerging
science of learnable intelligence”. Perkins reports some of the findings of mathematician-
psychologist Allan Schoenfeld (p. 87):
“One of the most important factors [in deficient mathematical problem solving is] poor
mental management:
- Students did not pay attention to the winding path of their activities in solving a
problem.
- They often did not think to use heuristics they knew and could have applied.
- They often perseverated in an approach that was not yielding progress rather than
trying a new tack.
- They often gave up without rummaging in their repertoire for another point of entry.
- Amidst the trees, they lost sight of the forest.”
One promising way of mastering these difficulties lies in combining two major approaches to
problem solving:
- heuristics in the tradition of Polya, and
- mapping techniques, like mind mapping (or concept mapping).
Excursus: Mind mapping.
(You may want to skip this if you are familiar with mind maps.)
Mind mapping is a special form of note-taking.
Here are some essential features:
- You take a (preferably large) sheet of paper in landscape format.
- You write the topic / the problem in the middle of the sheet and draw a frame around
it.
- You write the main aspects and main ideas around that central topic and link them
through lines to the center.
- You expand the ideas in these quot;main branchesquot; into subbranches etc.
- Wherever appropriate, you should use figures, colours, arrows to link branches etc.
A thorough discussion of mind mapping can be found in “The Mind Map Book” by Tony and
Barry Buzan. Later in the text we present a number of mind maps.
How can mind maps be used for solving math
problems?
I will start with two principal uses:
- Using mind maps to examine a given problem.
- Using mind maps to organize problem solving tools.
These two uses may even be combined, leading to the use of two mindmaps at a time:
- a quot;problem mapquot; for dealing with the problem itself and
- a quot;tool mapquot; (or several of them) containing problem solving tools - from general ones
(e.g. the ones presented in Polya's quot;How to Solve Itquot;) to highly specialized ones (e.g.
for dealing with Poisson processes).
2. Problem Maps
On the following page you find a sample problem map. The problem is very easy, but the
sample should show the flavour of the method.
The key difficulty in using mind mapping for mathematical problem solving is to combine
conventional mind map layout with ordinary (and often lengthy) computations, because the
latter simply don’t fit well into the mind map layout.
After some experiments, I have found a way that works fine for me (and which can certainly
be modified in a number of ways):
- I use the upper third of the sheet for the problem map.
- The two lower thirds are tiled in boxes and are used for computations and working out
details. The middle line is a simple convenience.
- The result is a hybrid form of notetaking, combining mind maps and more
conventional notes.
- The computations and details can be referenced in the problem map by numbers, if
necessary.
- In this way, I can use the problem map for collecting ideas and for directing and
“supervising” the detail work.
The use of boxes was inspired by an article “Stop Making Stupid Mistakes” by R. Rusczyk on
www.artofproblemsolving.com.
It should be clear that problem maps are intended for finding a solution, not presenting one.
Here comes the problem map sample.
The problem map deals with the following
Exercise 1:
Show that there are infinitely many positive integers which are not the sum of a square and a
prime.
This exercise is taken from Arthur Engel’s book “Problem-Solving Strategies” (p. 133, no. 63
a))
3. Here are some advantages of the hybrid layout:
- Due to the map’s layout, it’s easy to collect ideas and group them. Further ideas can
later be added at appropriate places in the map.
- The problem map helps you not to lose sight of the overall picture.
- If you are stuck, the problem map can help you to bring structure into your thoughts.
- It's easy to keep track of several aspects or approaches, of aims and sub-aims etc.
- Using words, mathematical terms and figures in the problem map and in the boxes
allows you to exploit the advantages of each of these three representations.
- The ideas and chains of thought documented in the problem map and the boxes can
be scrutinized.
- Mind mapping itself is easy to learn and fun to use.
4. Some ideas on possible variations:
- Use larger sheets for more complex problems (A3 instead of A4).
- Use separate sheets for problem map and conventional math notes.
- Begin with conventional math notes and start the problem map as soon as you run
into difficulties.
- Change details of layout (e.g. use more space for the problem map, place the theme
of your problem map at the left margin rather than at the center …)
- If reasonable, use auxiliary mind maps in the boxes.
Tool Maps
The basic idea in using tool maps is to collect and structure problem solving tools in mind
maps.
The tool maps can be organized along several concepts, like:
- Stages of problem solving, e.g. Polya's scheme from quot;How to Solve Itquot;:
- quot;understanding the problemquot;
- quot;devising a planquot;
- quot;carrying out the planquot;
- quot;looking backquot;.
- Standard situations in problem solving, e.g.
- quot;looking for new approachesquot;
- quot;overcoming frustrationquot;
- quot;need for informationquot;
- quot;my most frequent errors in problem solvingquot;.
- Mathematical objects involved, e.g.
- matrices,
- polynomes or
- inequalities.
Here comes a brief discussion of tool maps.
We start with its advantages:
- Most important: In constructing and improving your own tool maps, you learn a lot
about problem solving and especially your personal problem solving behaviour.
- Tools maps act as reminders for techniques you might otherwise have overlooked.
- Tool maps can help novices with adopting new working heuristics.
- Tool maps are very flexible and can be adapted to all sorts of experience, needs and
special fields.
- Due to their graphical representation and their structure, tool maps are easier to scan
and to expand than conventional catalogues or lists.
- Tool maps may help to share problem solving techniques in a group by making
quot;implicitquot; problem solving techniques quot;explicitquot;.
Here are some disadvantages:
- Sometimes tool maps may become messy and overloaded and need redrawing.
- To use tool maps consistently, it's essential that the tool maps are easily accessible,
(e.g. as a poster at the working place, or as a handy folder).
On the following pages you find a number of sample tool maps that can be used in solving
mathematical problems.
For reasons of clarity, I have done these maps with mind mapping software rather than by
hand. I have used a non-standard mind map layout (portrait format rather than landscape
format) due to the layout of this letter.
Here are some details.
5. “Basic Heuristic”:
This map describes some key procedures for mathematical problem solving using mind
maps.
The stages are of course quotes from Polya’s “How to Solve It”.
This map is of limited practical use and mainly included as a kind of overview.
Tool maps for some of the topics mentioned will be presented later.
Understanding the problem
Devising a plan
Stages
Carrying out the plan
Dealing with obstacles Looking back
Basic Collect ideas
Heuristic in problem map Use tool maps
for inspiration!
Choose most promising idea
Processes from the problem map
Work out details in boxes
Describe obstacles/difficulties
in the problem map
6. “Understanding the problem”:
The material for the following two maps is taken from a number of standard sources, like
Polya, Arthur Engel’s “Problem-Solving Strategies” or Paul Zeitz’ “The Art and Craft of
Problem Solving”.
Read the problem carefully
Draw a figure
First
Introduce suitable notation
steps
Similar problems?
Collect initial ideas
Useful tools?
Collect questions
Draw a figure
Geometric Use different
coordinates...
Find
Understanding Binary
representations representation
the problem
of the problem Algebraic Use Integer
numbers Real
Complex
Algorithmic
Use symmetries
Collect Examine special cases
material Use tables
Examine systematically
Use tree diagrams
7. ”Devising a planquot;:
Similar problems?
... conditions
Related problems
Modify... ... data
... the unknown
Methods
Induction
of proof
Contradiction
Forward
Direction
Possible last step
of search
Backward of the proof?
Possible penultimate step?
Extremes Look at extreme
elements
General
principles Symmetry Look for symmetries
in the problem
Invariants
Look for invariants
Wishful
What would be nice?
Devising thinking
Can you force it to be nice?
a plan
Complex numbers
Graphs
General
Generating functions
...
Polynomes
Mathematical tools Objects Series
...
Specific
Number Theory
Disciplines Algebra
Geometry
Look at quot;Math Creativityquot;
8. “Number Theory”:
I have used a map like the following one when I was working on the exercises from the
chapter on Number Theory in Arthur Engel's book quot;Problem-Solving Strategiesquot;.
First I assembled the tools mentioned in the chapter (which took only a short time), and later,
after having worked on some of the problems, added further tools that seemed important to
me.
Unfortunately, the mind mapping software I use is not yet up to math symbols.
a^n - b^n
= (a-b) * (a^(n-1) + ... + b^(n-1))
For all n
Binomials
a^n + b^n
Identities = (a+b)*(a^(n-1) - ... +- b^(n-1))
For odd n
Sophie
Germain
a^4 + 4b^4 = (a^2+2b^2)^2 - (2ab)^2
Factorize!
gcd
Euclid's algorithm
Look at cases
Look at Chinese Remainder
Divisibility remainders Theorem
Use parity
Use congruences
2,3,4,5,6,9,11
Divisibility rules
General
Look at products n
of primes = p_1^n_^1 * p_2^n_2 * ... p_r^n_r
2*3*5 etc.
Number Primes Converse invalid!
Theory Little Fermat
Fermat-Euler
Fundamental Theorem
Euclid's Lemma
Use symmetry
Add zero
Manipulations
Multiply with one
Substitute terms
Infinite descent
Squares
Consecutive numbers
Miscellaneous Triangular numbers
Look at last digits
Look at digit sums
9. quot;Math Creativityquot;:
This map is rather experimental and adapts a number of classical creativity techniques, like
morphological analysis, bisociation or Osborn's checklist.
Many of these techniques have been developed in an engineering context. I found it
stimulating to apply some concepts to mathematics.
My main inspiration for this map was the book “101 Creative Problem Solving Techniques” by
James M. Higgins.
(Use of this map is perhaps appropriate if standard methods have failed. I haven’t yet found
the time to gather much experience in using ideas from this map.)
Take a relevant object
from the object list
Take an operation from
Basic idea the operations list
Apply the operation to the object. Play
around (e.g. using the problem map).
See if you come up with useful ideas.
Mathematical objects e.g. sets, numbers, series, matrices ...
Properties e.g. prime, differentiable, finite ...
Mathematical tools e.g. strategies, tactics, technical tools ...
Objects
Representation of the problem
Starting point of analysis
Math
Constants vs. variables
Creativity
Mathematical discipline
Modify
Simplify
Make symmetric
Regroup
Develop patterns
Add / remove
Operations Swap / replace / substitute
Maximize / minimize
View with a microscope /
macroscope
Divide / combine
Invert / inside out / upside down
The tool maps can be of use especially in the following situations:
- You are stuck and need some new ideas:
Consult the tool maps and look for new approaches.
- You are a novice and want to learn some new problem solving techniques:
Use tool maps as a kind of quot;recipe bookquot;.
- You want to make sure that you do not overlook some important aspects in dealing
with your problem:
Use tool maps as checklists.
It is expressly NOT suggested to use the tool maps in every stage of problem solving.
10. Combining Problem Maps and Tool Maps
Problem maps and tool maps are two modules that can be used separately.
However, using them in combination may lead to a number of interesting problem solving
practices. Here are some ideas.
For me, the following process works well:
- I start with collecting seminal ideas in the problem map. At this initial stage, I make
use of the tool maps.
- Intuitively I chose the most promising approach and work out the details in the boxes.
Usually, this involves looking at special or extreme cases or drawing a picture or
finding another appropriate representation of the problem.
- If none of the ideas collected before leads to a solution, I use the tool maps again and
look for further approaches. I can now use the information I have collected up to this
time.
- I describe and analyze obstacles in the problem map and try to develop new
approaches using this information.
- When finishing work on a problem, I ask myself why or why not I have found a
solution and what steps were crucial.
If necessary, I add new tools to the tool maps.
Although the process of using problem maps may seem rather formal, there is much room for
intuition and gut feeling.
Response to Criticism
I have discussed the concepts of problem maps and tool maps with several people.
I would like to comment on some of the initial criticism.
“The process of using maps is too formal.”
I have tried to describe a flexible process – you can change between two types of notetaking.
A new versatile tool, mind mapping, has been added to your belt, which you can use in some
situations and ignore in others. As just mentioned, there is plenty of room for intuitive
approaches.
“The process impairs creativity.”
This may be right if it is used in a dull routine, e.g. mechanically consulting the tool maps at
every stage, or slavishly documenting every idea in the problem map. No one is advocating
this.
But when you’re inexperienced or you are stuck, tool maps may offer valuable inspiration and
problem maps may help to organize your ideas.
“The process is too inefficient and time-consuming.”
My own experiences are: With some (rather straightforward) problems, mind mapping has
indeed been an unnecessary effort. With others, mind mapping has speeded up finding a
solution. And solutions to some problems I probably wouldn’t have found at all without mind
mapping.
“Mind mapping is too difficult or too time-consuming to learn.”
I do not have enough teaching experience, but in my opinion learning how to mind map is a
picnic in comparison with solving math problems.
11. “Tool maps don’t work.”
This argument says that a mere tool name in a map won’t help - which is certainly true: You
must know how to USE the items in a tool map. This, of course, has to be learned.
But as reminders, recipe books, checklists and sources of inspiration, tool maps are very
useful indeed.
“The strict hierarchical structure of tool maps doesn’t mirror the much closer interconnections
between tools.”
This is true, but the hierarchical structure is an easy and practical way of dealing with large
amounts of tools. Grouping the tools and retrieving them is made easy by this hierarchy.
Moreover, tools can appear more than once in the tool maps, thus making it easier to find
them.
Open Questions
I am most interested in the following points:
- It should be clear from the above description that a separation ought to be made
between the general framework of problem maps and tool maps on one hand and the
specific tools and their arrangement on the other hand.
Which suggestions do you have for any of these areas?
- The success of combining mind mapping and mathematical problem solving relates
to a number of questions: How experienced are users in using mind maps and in
solving mathematical problems? How complex are the problems at hand? -
Which suggestions do have on these points?
- What are in your opinion the shortcomings of the main concepts?
- Which suggestions for improvement do you have?
- From your experience, which practices in solving math problems work best?
Even very short remarks on these points are of great value to me.