Migration &amp; Empire: Background/Introduction to the course

Scotland experienced significant population shifts in the 19th century as a result of industrialization and economic changes. Rural Scots moved south to English cities or emigrated overseas in search of better living conditions and opportunities. Many young people left, taking their skills with them. At the same time, immigrants arrived in Scotland, including Irish fleeing the potato famine, and Jews and Eastern Europeans fleeing religious and political persecution. Scotland was seen as a temporary stopping point by some groups on their way to other lands like America.

Background informationBackground information

Scotland before 1830Scotland before 1830
• Scotland had a largelylargely
ruralrural community before
1830.
• After this time as a
consequence of the
Industrial Revolution there
was a huge shift in thishuge shift in this
trendtrend. With the growth of
the mills, chiefly through
the cotton mills and with
the growth in.
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/history/scotland_britain_1880_now/population/rev
/

A moving trend ...A moving trend ...
• From the mid-19th century there has been a
shifting population in Scotland. This trend saw
a huge outpouring of the populationa huge outpouring of the population south of
the border to England as well as further
afield to parts of the British Empire.
• Generally this loss of population arose asloss of population arose as
many sought to find a better standard ofmany sought to find a better standard of
livingliving in Australia, Canada, the USA and parts
of the British Empire.
• The majority of those who left Scottish
shores were youngwere young – the future generations,
taking their skills with them.

Fig. 1 - Migration into and out
Britain, 1911-1990 Extra-European
origins or destinations

Why did they leave?Why did they leave?
• Historians debate that
the desire to emigrate
arose from the direarose from the dire
living conditionsliving conditions in
rural areas in addition
to the Highland
Clearances.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone
/clips/emigration-from-the-
scottish-highlands/4358.html
• Furthermore, as
industry changed, some
historians state that a
substantial group from
urban areas made thisurban areas made this
shift tooshift too.

Why did they leave?Why did they leave?
• What is agreed by many historians
and social commentators is that an
extensive emigration programme
(through Government planning or
assisted packages) provided a
solution to the many economic issues
of the day, such as rising
unemployment, poor housing and
increased dependency on the poor
law.
• Finally, some argue that emigration
was beneficial to some Scots as it
allowed them to become
entrepreneurs and allowed them to
build on their skills and establish
businesses and ideas.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/andrew-
carnegie/4377.html - See Carnegie

The Scottish attraction?The Scottish attraction?
• In addition to those who left,
many nationalities arrived onmany nationalities arrived on
Scottish shores.Scottish shores.
• There have been many
nationalities who were attracted
to the Scottish nation between
1830 and 1939.
• Scotland became the focus for
many who were experiencing
difficulties in their own lands. It
is therefore accepted that manymany
were looking for some kind ofwere looking for some kind of
escape, and Scotlandescape, and Scotland was notwas not
their destination of choicetheir destination of choice..

The new arrivals...The new arrivals...
• The IrishIrish arrived in Scotland to flee a terrible
famine and abject poverty.
• Others, such as the JewsJews and some eastern
Europeans, were fleeing religious and/or political
persecution.
• Historians note that Scotland was seen as aScotland was seen as a
stopping-off placestopping-off place until passage could be secured
for America or some other land of opportunity.
• Those that settled in Scotland only did so as they
lacked the finance to go further afield.
• Some groups, such as the Polish and Lithuanianssuch as the Polish and Lithuanians
were fooled into believing that Scotland was awere fooled into believing that Scotland was a
prosperous landprosperous land offering a wealth of opportunities.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/population-changes-in-
scotland-1880-1939/5667.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/sc
otland/history/land_and
_votes/scottish_potato_
blight/

Scots who emigrated were often very successful in their new home countries. They had a strong work ethic, could adapt well to new climates and environments, and formed supportive communities. Many Scots possessed skills in farming, trades, commerce, and professions that were in high demand in places like the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. As a result, some Scots emigrants achieved great individual success, including Andrew Carnegie becoming the richest man in America and Scots holding high political positions like Prime Minister in other countries. However, about one third of Scots emigrants eventually returned home due to factors like homesickness, failure to prosper, harsher climates than expected, and intentions to only stay temporarily.

Scottish Immigration

Kenyan Ikua

The first Scottish immigrants arrived in the early 1600s, settling primarily in Virginia and New England. Many Scots came involuntarily due to poverty or to avoid prison, while some received payment to immigrate and work for seven years before establishing independent lives. The Scottish brought cultural contributions like music, food, drinks, and language. In America, they found more opportunities for social mobility and success in occupations like farming, the military, and industry. Initially viewed negatively by other European immigrants, the Scots eventually dispelled stereotypes through hard work and material achievements in their new homeland.

Scottish identity

Scottish settlers preserved their culture by giving Scottish names to places they settled, like Perth in Australia and Nova Scotia in Canada. They also established organizations in countries like New Zealand and the United States to celebrate their Scottish heritage through activities such as highland games, pipe bands, and Burns clubs. Important Scottish holidays continue to be commemorated, showing how Scots maintained their identity even after emigrating.

Irish immigration overview

The Irish left their homeland due to push and pull factors. The potato famine, or potato blight, ruined crops in Ireland in the 1840s, leaving many farmers impoverished and starving (push factor). Many Irish immigrants arrived in Scotland during this time. Before 1840, Irish could get passage to Scotland for only 6 pence, allowing temporary work, and this was a pull factor. Most Irish settlers lived in western Scotland near Glasgow and Dundee, working low-skilled manual jobs like mining, shipbuilding, and textile work. They faced hostility from Scots due to tensions over jobs and religion, but still formed strong Irish communities within Scottish society.

The document discusses various push factors that led to large-scale emigration from the Scottish Highlands between the 1800s-1900s. It identifies overpopulation and subdivision of farmland as causing farms to be too small to support families. Farming was difficult due to poor soil quality and harsh climate. The potato famine further exacerbated food insecurity. Alternative industries like kelp and fishing collapsed leaving few jobs. Highlanders suffered from poverty, poor housing conditions, and isolation. Finally, the Highland Clearances forced many from their homes so the land could be used for more profitable sheep farming and hunting, with some forcibly evicted and their homes burned.

Irish immigration to Scotland overview

The Irish immigrants arrived in large numbers in Scotland during the 1840s due to the potato famine in Ireland which left many impoverished and starving. While some Irish immigrants came to Scotland for temporary work (PUSH factors), others were drawn by the prospect of passage for only 6 pence and job opportunities, especially in harvesting and construction (PULL factors). Most Irish settlers lived in western Scotland where they worked low-skilled manual jobs, though many faced sectarianism and poverty. Despite hostility from Scots, the Irish immigrants established strong communities that helped them assimilate into Scottish society.

Migration and Empire - problems faced by scots abroad

While some Scottish emigrants were able to build successful new lives abroad between 1830-1939, many others faced significant difficulties and problems. These problems included business failures, unemployment, poor quality land that was difficult to farm, loneliness and isolation, conflicts with native peoples over land and resources that sometimes led to violence, poor weather conditions, difficult journeys, and broken promises of higher wages. Reasons for these struggles included competition, different climates than Scotland, a lack of infrastructure and communities in remote areas, and tensions with native groups over holy sites and traditional hunting grounds.

The document discusses various "pull factors" that encouraged Scottish emigration in the 1800s-1900s. It explains that Scots were attracted to opportunities for employment, higher wages, land ownership, family connections, religious missionary work, and faster steam ship travel in places like Canada, Australia, and the United States. Jobs were promised in industries like farming, mining, and the civil service. Wages for some professions could be over three times higher abroad. Emigrants could receive free or cheap land, improving prospects for farmers. Family already overseas provided support. Some Scots traveled to spread Christianity or for missionary work. Faster steam ships cut travel time significantly, making long journeys more feasible.

Jewish people immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s for several reasons: they faced religious persecution in parts of Europe and sought a safer place to live; many wished to travel to America but could not afford the full journey so came to Scotland first to earn money; Scotland was seen as safer than other parts of Europe at the time. Many Jewish immigrants settled in impoverished areas of Glasgow like the Gorbals due to low rent costs and proximity to the city center. They initially worked in industries like tailoring or as peddlers but later opened their own shops and businesses. While they faced some discrimination, it was less than other groups due to anti-Catholic views and being a small population. However,

higher migration and empire - reasons for emigrant scots' failure

Some emigrant Scots were unsuccessful in their new homes for several reasons: problems with native peoples over land disputes sometimes led to violence; the weather and climate in places like Australia, Canada, and New Zealand presented difficulties for farming and survival; the land some Scots received was often poorer quality than promised; isolation from towns and other people caused loneliness and homesickness; economic crises and competition negatively impacted employment; speaking only Gaelic caused issues in English-speaking areas; and poor reputations from past crimes or negative stereotypes made it hard to find work.

higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by country)

When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand in the 19th century, they often came into contact and conflict with the native peoples over issues like land, trade, and religion. In many areas, the Scots and natives initially had positive relations through trade and cultural exchanges, but tensions usually arose from Scottish settlement that took native lands and disrupted traditional ways of life. These tensions sometimes led to open violence and warfare between groups. While some Scots integrated through marriage or missionary work, the overall impact on native populations was often negative due to disease, cultural disruption, and violence between groups competing for the same resources.

higher migration and empire - scottish attitudes to immigrants

Many Scots opposed immigration to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s due to concerns about living conditions, jobs, and maintaining Scottish culture and identity. Immigrants often moved into overcrowded housing, lowering wages, and maintained separate religious and cultural communities. However, other Scots welcomed immigrants, who filled labor shortages and helped expand industries. While tensions existed, immigrants also integrated over time and contributed to Scotland through participation in unions and politics. Major events like wars could both improve relations at times but also increase tensions against certain groups.

higher migration and empire - impact of the empire on scotland

Being part of the British Empire had significant impacts on Scotland's economy, people, and military. The economy benefited from jobs in factories producing goods for export throughout the Empire. Glasgow shipyards built vessels for global trade. Many Scots emigrated to seek opportunities in Canada and Australia while others immigrated to Scotland. Scots also played a major role in Britain's military, joining the armed forces and rising to leadership positions to defend Imperial interests around the world.

MS/C

Colonial governments, recruiting agents, the British government, charities, missionary societies, Highland landowners, and family and friends all played roles in supporting or coercing Scottish emigration between 1830-1939. Colonial governments and recruiting agents encouraged emigration to build up populations and workforces. The British government also supported emigration to develop the Empire and address economic problems at home by providing assistance with travel costs, land, and training. Some Scots faced coercion to emigrate, such as crofters evicted from their lands by Highland landlords. [/SUMMARY]

Protestant Irish immigrants came to Scotland in large numbers in the 1840s-1850s to escape the Potato Famine and poverty in Ireland. Many settled in western Scotland near Glasgow and Ayrshire, where there were existing Irish Protestant populations and employment opportunities in mines, factories, and shipyards. While Protestant Irish immigrants faced some discrimination from Scots worried about jobs and wages, they generally integrated more easily than Irish Catholics due to sharing the same religion as most Scots. However, religious and political conflicts between some Irish Protestant groups and Scots created tensions.

higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland economy

Immigration to Scotland during the 1800s and early 1900s had a major economic impact. Immigrants worked in a variety of jobs, including farms, factories, and infrastructure projects. While some Scottish workers resented immigrants for lowering wages, employers argued they needed immigrant labor. Over time, immigrants also started their own successful businesses, like Italian cafes and Jewish clothing stores, creating more jobs and economic opportunities in Scotland.

Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, having a significant impact. Around one quarter of UK emigrants to New Zealand during 1880-1915 were Scottish. Scots influenced New Zealand's development through skills in industries like farming, which they brought from Scotland. However, relations with native Maori peoples were often strained due to land disputes and conflicts over territory. While some positive relationships formed, this also led to violence and war between the two groups in the mid-1800s. Overall, Scottish emigrants played a major role in developing New Zealand's economy, society and culture while relations with native Maori were complicated.

higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand

Between 1830-1939, many Scottish emigrants moved to New Zealand, significantly impacting the colony's economy, culture, and relations with native Maori. Scots established farms, businesses, industries like mining and logging, and institutions such as universities, schools, and churches. However, conflicts often arose with the Maori people over land ownership and religious differences, culminating in the New Zealand Wars from 1845-1872 that resulted in thousands of deaths. While some positive relationships and trade occurred initially, tensions generally existed between the Scottish settlers and the native Maori population they displaced.

Canada

During the 1800s and 1900s, large numbers of Scottish emigrants traveled to Canada, having a significant impact on its development. Scots contributed to Canada's economy by working in industries like farming, mining, manufacturing, banking and railroads. They also founded many businesses. Culturally, Scots influenced Canadian religion, education, place names, language, music and sports. While some Scots had positive relations and alliances with native peoples, others contributed to conflicts over land and cultural issues through policies like residential schools. Overall, Scottish migration profoundly shaped Canada's society and economy.

Italian immigrants came to Scotland in the 1800s-1900s primarily to escape poverty in Italy, with many eventually planning to travel to America. They mostly settled in Glasgow, where they lived in poor housing at first but later opened shops and restaurants as their businesses succeeded. While Italians maintained their own communities and culture, they generally did not face strong opposition from Scots due to their smaller numbers and entrepreneurship, though some Scots disliked their Sunday business hours or lack of integration during World War II when Italy allied with Germany.

higher migration and empire - impact of scots on native peoples (by issue)

When Scottish emigrants moved to countries like Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand, they had varying impacts on the native peoples. In some areas, positive relationships formed through trade, but conflicts often arose over land disputes as Scots sought property for farming. This led to violence in places like Australia and New Zealand. Additionally, Scottish missionaries attempted to spread Christianity, which native peoples sometimes resented as it dismissed their own beliefs. The introduction of European education systems also weakened native cultures. Overall, while there were some beneficial connections, the arrival of Scots frequently disrupted and harmed indigenous populations.

higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland society

Immigration to Scotland between 1830-1939 significantly impacted Scottish society in several ways. Large numbers of Irish, Italian, Lithuanian and Jewish immigrants helped increase Scotland's population as many Scots were emigrating. These immigrants established religious communities that built churches and synagogues. They also intermarried with Scots and faced discrimination in schools. The influx of immigrants strained housing and increased overcrowding and disease. However, immigrants also influenced politics by helping establish the Labor Party and engaging in unions to improve workers' rights.

SES

While many emigrant Scots were successful in building new lives in other parts of the British Empire, not all found success. There were several factors that contributed to why many Scots succeeded, including their British nationality, English language skills, education level, reputation for hard work, existing skills in areas like farming and mining, and ability to set up businesses. However, some Scots emigrants faced challenges like poverty, unemployment, isolation, and loneliness in their new homes according to diaries and letters. Not all were able to achieve the better life they sought abroad.

higher migration and empire - impact of immigrants in scotland culture

Immigration to Scotland in the 19th and early 20th centuries significantly impacted Scottish culture. Immigrants introduced new foods like Italian dishes, influenced fashion through jobs in barbering and tailoring, and changed the landscape of sports with Irish-founded football clubs. Immigrant names from Ireland and Italy became more common, and religious minorities built churches and schools to serve their communities, exposing more Scots to different traditions. Overall, immigration made Scottish culture more diverse by exposing the local population to new cuisines, pastimes, names, and faiths from abroad.

Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Emigration)

Scottish emigrants were attracted to move abroad in the 1800s-1900s due to several "pull factors" including better employment opportunities, higher wages, the prospect of owning land or a business, improved housing conditions, joining family/friends who had emigrated, and religious reasons. The development of steam ships in the mid-1800s made long-distance travel safer and faster, further encouraging emigration. Colonial governments and Britain provided assistance to Scottish emigrants through recruiting agents, financial support, training programs, and offers of free or cheap land.

Here is a 4 mark response describing the impact the Empire had on Scotland between 1830 and 1939: The British Empire had both positive and negative impacts on Scotland during this period. Positively, it brought wealth and prosperity through trade. Scottish firms profited greatly by supplying goods like textiles, ships and engineering equipment to colonies. This boosted the economy and created many jobs. However, the Empire also exploited workers and resources in colonies. Scotland benefited from this wealth even as people and lands overseas suffered under British rule. On balance, while the Empire enriched some Scottish firms and industries, it did so through exploiting subject peoples and their lands.

Migration and Empire - reasons for immigration to scotland

People immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s-early 1900s for several reasons: 1) To escape poverty caused by events like the Irish Potato Famine and lack of opportunities in their home countries of Ireland, Italy, and Lithuania. 2) To find employment, as Scotland had jobs available in industries like farming, factories, and migrants also started their own businesses. 3) To avoid religious and political persecution, like Jews fleeing pogroms in Russia and Eastern Europe, and Lithuanians escaping Russian rule. 4) As a temporary stop on the way to their ultimate destination of the United States, since Scotland provided opportunities to earn money for transatlantic travel.

Movement of people to australia pre 1900

daviddunlop1

The document discusses the movement of people from Britain to Australia during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, with push factors like overpopulation and poverty in Britain driving migration, while pull factors like the establishment of Australia as a penal colony and opportunities for free settlers and farmers attracted migrants, resulting in a flood of British immigrants that transformed Australia's economy and cities but devastated Aboriginal lands and culture.

Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Lowlands)

The document discusses various "push factors" that led many lowland Scots to emigrate in the 1800s-1900s. It describes poverty issues like unemployment, poor working conditions in factories/mines, low wages, seasonal work patterns, lack of welfare benefits, and overcrowded/unsanitary housing. Disease spread easily due to these conditions. After World War I and the 1930s Depression, unemployment increased sharply in heavy industries like shipbuilding. Emigration was a way to escape these difficult economic and living circumstances in Scotland.

This document discusses the push and pull factors of Scottish emigration between 1830-1939. The main push factors from the Lowlands were poverty, lack of jobs, decline of heavy industry, roles in the army, and changes in technology. The main push factors from the Highlands were the Highland Clearances and the failure of the potato crop. The main pull factors were improvements in transportation, assistance for relocation, family connections abroad, missionary work, economic opportunities, encouragement from Scottish communities overseas, and the prospect of wealth.

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Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Lowlands)

The document discusses various "push factors" that caused thousands of Scots to emigrate from the Lowlands (eastern, southern, and central Scotland) during the 1800s-1900s. It describes poor working conditions in factories, shipyards, and mines including long hours, lack of safety protections, low pay, and seasonal unemployment. It also notes problems of overcrowded and unsanitary housing, diseases like tuberculosis and cholera due to these conditions, and lack of public support for healthcare or unemployment. These poverty factors pushed many Lowland Scots to seek new lives elsewhere through emigration to escape these hardships.

Higher Migration and Empire - Pull factors (Internal migration)

Scots internally migrated within Scotland in the 1800s-1900s due to various "pull factors" that attracted them to urban areas. Some key pull factors included better job opportunities in industries like shipbuilding, access to higher wages that improved standards of living, improved housing compared to rural areas like the Highlands, proximity to family and friends who had also migrated, and access to amenities like healthcare, education, and entertainment not available in rural communities. The expansion of the railway network in Scotland in the mid-1800s also helped facilitate internal migration by making travel across the country easier.

Large numbers of Irish, Italian, Lithuanian and Jewish immigrants to Scotland in the 1800s and 1900s significantly impacted Scottish society in several ways. The influx of immigrants helped increase Scotland's population as many Scots were emigrating. It also changed the religious makeup of Scotland as most immigrants were Catholic, requiring new churches to be built. Immigrants faced discrimination and poverty, living in overcrowded housing and worse health conditions. However, they also became politically active and helped establish the Scottish Labour Party while campaigning for workers' rights through trade unions.

Hu0004 week 1

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This document provides an overview of Britain and its constituent countries. It explains that Britain refers to England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which together make up the United Kingdom. Each country has its own distinct history and culture. For example, Scotland maintained its independence until the Act of Union in 1707. Wales was conquered by England but has maintained its Welsh language and traditions. Northern Ireland has faced recent political conflict. The document also discusses regional identities within England and the complexity of what it means to have a British national identity.

Higher Migration and Empire - Push factors (Highlands)

Highland Scots faced many push factors that led to large-scale emigration in the 1800s-1900s. There was not enough land for subsistence farming, soils were poor, and the Potato Famine devastated the population. Later, jobs were lost in kelp harvesting and fishing as foreign competition and changed tastes impacted demand. Mechanization also reduced the need for farm labor. Further, isolation made accessing services difficult while land clearances forcibly evicted tenants so estates could be used for more profitable sheep farming. Combined, these social, economic, and political pressures left many Highlanders with no choice but to emigrate to places like Canada.

British culture

juandanieltorresolalla

The document discusses British culture, providing definitions of English and British identities. It describes the history of Britain from the Stone Age through periods of Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Viking, Norman, Tudor, Victorian and 20th century rule. Key aspects of these eras are outlined, including their influences on language, religion, daily life and political structures in Britain. Famous British leaders and important cultural aspects are also mentioned.

Week 3 migration and multiculturalism

sderyckjones

This document discusses the history of migration and settlement in Britain. It describes how Britain has long been a culturally diverse country due to migrations of groups like Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Normans, Huguenots, Irish, Jews, and post-WWII immigrants from former colonies. While Britain has generally been tolerant of immigrants, integration has at times faced tensions, as seen with the Irish population and Enoch Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech warning about immigration in 1968. Today, Britain remains a multi-cultural society composed of long-settled migrant communities from around the world.

Week 3 migration and multiculturalism

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Britain has experienced significant migration and settlement from various groups over time. It began as a multi-cultural Roman province but became more isolated after their departure. The Norman invasion brought some Jews from France in the 11th century. Huguenot refugees from religious persecution in 17th century France helped establish London's silk industry. The Irish potato famine of the 1840s resulted in many migrating to Britain. Post-WWII, immigrants arrived from the former British colonies to help rebuild, though integration faced tensions. Today, Britain remains culturally diverse with communities from around the world.

Jewish people immigrated to Scotland in the 1800s and early 1900s in small numbers but had a significant impact. They fled religious persecution and violence in parts of Europe and some intended to travel to America but stopped in Scotland first to earn money. Many settled in impoverished areas of Glasgow like the Gorbals where housing was cheap. Initially they worked in tailoring or as peddlers but later opened shops and businesses. Over time, some became middle class professionals. They established synagogues and schools to maintain their religious and cultural identity while facing some discrimination but less than other groups due to anti-Catholic views shielding them.

Higher migration and empire - Immigrants in Scotland - Irish Catholics.pptx

Large numbers of Irish Catholic immigrants moved to Scotland during the 1800s and 1900s, mainly settling in western coastal areas where jobs were available in industries like factories, shipbuilding, mining and farming. They faced poor housing conditions with overcrowding and disease common. The Irish immigrants also experienced hostility from some Scots Protestants who opposed their Catholic faith and blamed them for lower wages. However, the Irish communities found support through the Catholic Church and some Scottish Catholics and employers welcomed the new immigrants.

Immigration to Scotland in the 19th and early 20th centuries significantly impacted Scottish culture. Immigrants introduced new foods like Italian dishes, influenced fashion through jobs in barbering and tailoring, and changed the landscape of sports with Irish-founded football clubs. Immigration also diversified names and religious practices in Scotland as Catholic and Jewish places of worship were built. The influx of Irish Catholic immigrants prompted the establishment of their own schools and social clubs to maintain their culture in Scotland.

The document summarizes the experiences of Irish and Lithuanian immigrants to Scotland from the 1830s to 1939. It discusses the jobs immigrants held, their poor living conditions in crowded cities, cultural and religious tensions, and how attitudes changed over time as immigrants integrated more into Scottish society and fought for better working conditions. While initially facing hostility, later generations of immigrants were accepted as they married Scots, joined unions, and were seen as valuable workers important to Scotland's economic growth.

Large numbers of Irish Catholic immigrants arrived in Scotland during the 1800s-1900s, mainly settling in western coastal areas where jobs were available in industries like factories, mining, and shipbuilding. Many fled poverty and famine in Ireland. They faced poor housing conditions and discrimination from Protestant Scots, who opposed their religion and blamed them for lower wages. However, the Catholic Church provided social and charitable support. Over time, as Irish immigrants integrated and fought alongside Scots in World War I, relations generally improved.

Lithuanian immigrants came to Scotland in the late 19th/early 20th century to escape oppression from the Russian Empire, including Russification policies and poverty. Many aimed to eventually go to the US. Jewish Lithuanians settled in Glasgow working in tailoring, while Catholic Lithuanians worked in mines and steel mills in places like Bellshill. They lived in poor quality, overcrowded housing. Lithuanian communities maintained their language and traditions through organizations. However, some Scots opposed them due to fears over jobs and being seen as diseased foreigners.

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The Provisional Government that replaced the tsar's government in March 1917 faced several problems: 1. It had to share power with the Petrograd Soviet and was essentially a "dual government". 2. It failed to carry out meaningful political or economic reforms, which allowed its opponents like the Bolsheviks to gain popularity. 3. Continuing Russia's involvement in World War I was extremely unpopular as it caused food and fuel shortages, and the people began supporting Lenin's message of "peace, bread, land".

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