The document discusses various "push factors" that caused thousands of Scots to emigrate from the Lowlands (eastern, southern, and central Scotland) during the 1800s-1900s. It describes poor working conditions in factories, shipyards, and mines including long hours, lack of safety protections, low pay, and seasonal unemployment. It also notes problems of overcrowded and unsanitary housing, diseases like tuberculosis and cholera due to these conditions, and lack of public support for healthcare or unemployment. These poverty factors pushed many Lowland Scots to seek new lives elsewhere through emigration to escape these hardships.

1. Migration &
Empire,
1830-1939
Emigration Push Factors:
The Lowlands

2. In today’s class I am learning to:
• Identify various problems faced by
lowland Scots during the 1800s-1900s
• Explain why each reason caused
Scottish emigration
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

3. In the 1800s and 1900s, thousands of Scots left their
Lowland homes to escape different problems they
faced in their everyday lives.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

4. The Lowlands relates to
areas of Scotland outwith
the Highlands, mostly in
the east, south and central
regions.
Push factors are when
people are forced to move
elsewhere due to escape
problems they face in their
home country.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

5. Large numbers of lowland
Scots left towns and cities
to build new lives
elsewhere.
This was due to various
poverty factors including
unemployment, terrible
working conditions, poor
housing and also ill-
health.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

6. The Industrial Revolution
had transformed Scotland,
creating new jobs and
bringing more people into
urban areas.
Various new types of large
industrial workplaces were
created, including
factories (such as textiles),
shipyards and mines.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

7. Working conditions in
these places were often
damaging to health.
Factories often had poor
lighting and ventilation,
causing problems for
workers. Miners had to be
underground for long
hours, leading to similar
problems.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

8. Poor safety also made
working very dangerous.
Injuries and deaths were a
regular hazard. In factories
accidents included people
being trapped in
machinery. Mining
accidents included cave-
ins or even explosions
caused by different gases.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

9. Most workers received
low wages, with limited
opportunities to change
this, for fear of complaints
leading to unemployment.
In the 1830s there were
limited or no trade unions
that could unite all
workers and help them
improve conditions.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

10. Unemployment was also a
problem faced by Lowland
Scots, leading to their
desire to emigrate.
Some Scots worked in
seasonal jobs (such as
shipyards) which did not
always have work all year
round, leading to financial
strife during quiet times.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

11. Unemployment was an
especially big problem in
the 1800s because there
was no government
benefits for people who
were out of work.
This meant that people
who lost their job faced
the prospect of poverty
and losing their homes.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

12. Workers in heavy
industries also suffered
from job losses after
World War One.
During the war there was
a need for workers in
places like shipyards and
factories, but this ended in
1918, leading to high
levels of unemployment.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

13. Poor housing was also an
everyday reality faced by
many Lowland Scots.
Problems faced included
major overcrowding
(caused by increases in
population), poor quality
buildings and also terrible
sanitation, which caused
the spreading of diseases.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

14. In the 1800s many Scots
lived in single ends. These
were one-roomed houses
where people were
expected to eat, cook,
sleep and socialise.
The average number of
people living in a single
end was five, but there
cases of up to 15.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

15. The overwhelming
majority of homes did not
have indoor toilets.
This meant that people
had to share outdoor
toilets with numerous
other families. Often these
were not very clean, which
led to poor hygiene and
disease.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

16. Overcrowding meant that
if one family member got
an illness – such as
tuberculosis – it would
often spread.
Other diseases – like
cholera – were caused by
drinking dirty water and
living in unclean
conditions.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

17. Disease and ill health were
major problems because
of the lack of support.
The NHS was not
introduced until 1948, so
anyone who was ill either
had to pay for treatment
(which they could often
not afford) or rely on
scarce charitable help.
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors

18. Make a colour spider
diagram titled
‘Reasons why Scots
left the Lowlands’
 Include 8 key reasons
 Each one needs a
heading and
description
Scottish emigration – Lowland Push Factors