This document provides a synopsis for a thesis that will examine the socio-economic development of women in self-help groups (SHGs) operated by four charitable non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in four villages across Tamil Nadu, India. The study aims to compare the performance of SHGs and identify factors for their success or challenges. A sample of 400 SHG women will be surveyed across the villages of Vannar Pettai, Manonjapatty, Palaa Vedu, and Samiyar Thottam, which are served by NGOs in Trichy, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur, and Chennai districts, respectively. Statistical tests will analyze the impact of SH
Microfinance has positively impacted rural development in Assam. The study analyzed 10 microfinance institutions in Kamrup and Cachar districts of Assam. It found that microfinance has improved standards of living and empowered women by providing loans, savings opportunities, and financial services. However, more government support is still needed to develop infrastructure, train personnel, and support small MFIs in remote areas of Assam. Overall, microfinance has shown potential for reducing poverty but could be more effective with technological innovations to improve access in rural communities.
This document is a research project report submitted in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It examines the impact of microfinance on the living standards, empowerment and poverty alleviation of poor women in North India. The report includes a declaration by the student, acknowledgements of those who assisted and supervised the project, and an introduction providing context on microfinance and its goals. It also outlines the chapters to follow, which will cover a literature review on previous research conducted on microfinance and its effects, as well as subsequent chapters analyzing and discussing the results of the student's case study research.
IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS IN PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Micro finance programmes targeting women empowerment have been a welcome initiative. It is recognized and accepted as one of the new development paradigms for alleviating poverty through social and economic empowerment of poor, with special emphasis on empowering women. Providing micro credit to rural women through an organized setup will make them enterprising. SHGs are a viable organized set up to disburse micro credits to rural women for the purpose of encouraging them to enter into entrepreneurial activities.
PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE// FREE PROJECT REPORT|| MBA PROJECT REPORT|| MBA FINANCE FREE PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE ||MBA PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE || SMU MBA FINANCE 4RTH SEMESTER FREE PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE|| HOW TO MAKE PROJECT ON MICRO FINANCE || FREE DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE
Microfinance Performance in SHG Project ReportDinu05
This document discusses a study on the performance of microfinance in self-help groups (SHGs) in India. It provides background on microfinance and its role in poverty alleviation. The study aims to examine the growth of microfinance in Tamil Nadu, analyze the performance of women's SHGs and their outstanding loans. Secondary data from 2009-2012 is used for analysis through statistical tools like charts and percentage analysis. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, data sources, analysis plan and chapter structure of the study. It also acknowledges some limitations of the study.
The document discusses a summer training project report on micro-finance in India that was undertaken at District Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd. It provides an overview of the organization, including its history and functions. The report examines various aspects of micro-finance in India such as key players, self-help groups, microfinance models, and issues facing the microfinance sector.
Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services like credit and deposits provided to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor become self-sufficient through saving, borrowing, and insurance. While banks are reluctant to serve these clients due to high costs and lack of collateral, microfinance fills this gap by providing small, affordable loans. Groups like self-help groups and microfinance institutions have successfully delivered microcredit in countries like India and Bangladesh, achieving repayment rates over 95% and helping many escape poverty. However, some criticize that microfinance benefits the moderately poor more than the destitute and can lead to over-indebtedness if not implemented responsibly.
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It discusses how microfinance provides financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. It notes examples like Mrs. Bharti who was able to start a sewing business after getting a microloan. The document also discusses challenges in the microfinance sector like steady access to capital, heavy dependence on banks/financial institutions, and political sensitivity around interest rates charged. Overall, the document aims to introduce microfinance and its role in empowering the poor in India.
Microfinance has positively impacted rural development in Assam. The study analyzed 10 microfinance institutions in Kamrup and Cachar districts of Assam. It found that microfinance has improved standards of living and empowered women by providing loans, savings opportunities, and financial services. However, more government support is still needed to develop infrastructure, train personnel, and support small MFIs in remote areas of Assam. Overall, microfinance has shown potential for reducing poverty but could be more effective with technological innovations to improve access in rural communities.
This document is a research project report submitted in partial fulfillment of an MBA degree. It examines the impact of microfinance on the living standards, empowerment and poverty alleviation of poor women in North India. The report includes a declaration by the student, acknowledgements of those who assisted and supervised the project, and an introduction providing context on microfinance and its goals. It also outlines the chapters to follow, which will cover a literature review on previous research conducted on microfinance and its effects, as well as subsequent chapters analyzing and discussing the results of the student's case study research.
IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS IN PUDUKOTTAI DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Micro finance programmes targeting women empowerment have been a welcome initiative. It is recognized and accepted as one of the new development paradigms for alleviating poverty through social and economic empowerment of poor, with special emphasis on empowering women. Providing micro credit to rural women through an organized setup will make them enterprising. SHGs are a viable organized set up to disburse micro credits to rural women for the purpose of encouraging them to enter into entrepreneurial activities.
PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE// FREE PROJECT REPORT|| MBA PROJECT REPORT|| MBA FINANCE FREE PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE ||MBA PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE || SMU MBA FINANCE 4RTH SEMESTER FREE PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE|| HOW TO MAKE PROJECT ON MICRO FINANCE || FREE DOWNLOAD FULL PROJECT REPORT ON MICRO FINANCE
Microfinance Performance in SHG Project ReportDinu05
This document discusses a study on the performance of microfinance in self-help groups (SHGs) in India. It provides background on microfinance and its role in poverty alleviation. The study aims to examine the growth of microfinance in Tamil Nadu, analyze the performance of women's SHGs and their outstanding loans. Secondary data from 2009-2012 is used for analysis through statistical tools like charts and percentage analysis. The document outlines the objectives, methodology, data sources, analysis plan and chapter structure of the study. It also acknowledges some limitations of the study.
The document discusses a summer training project report on micro-finance in India that was undertaken at District Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd. It provides an overview of the organization, including its history and functions. The report examines various aspects of micro-finance in India such as key players, self-help groups, microfinance models, and issues facing the microfinance sector.
Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services like credit and deposits provided to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor become self-sufficient through saving, borrowing, and insurance. While banks are reluctant to serve these clients due to high costs and lack of collateral, microfinance fills this gap by providing small, affordable loans. Groups like self-help groups and microfinance institutions have successfully delivered microcredit in countries like India and Bangladesh, achieving repayment rates over 95% and helping many escape poverty. However, some criticize that microfinance benefits the moderately poor more than the destitute and can lead to over-indebtedness if not implemented responsibly.
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It discusses how microfinance provides financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. It notes examples like Mrs. Bharti who was able to start a sewing business after getting a microloan. The document also discusses challenges in the microfinance sector like steady access to capital, heavy dependence on banks/financial institutions, and political sensitivity around interest rates charged. Overall, the document aims to introduce microfinance and its role in empowering the poor in India.
Microfinance & its impact on women entrepreneurship developShingla Prabha
This document summarizes microfinance and its impact. It discusses how microfinance provides small loans, savings, and insurance to the poor, especially women. This empowers women economically and helps families rise out of poverty. Microfinance has increased household incomes, improved health, education and social outcomes. However, simply providing access to loans is not enough - business training is also needed to help women gain self-confidence and ability to make their own decisions to fully benefit from microfinance opportunities.
Contribution of microfinance and women empowermentkayirangad
Microfinance contributes to women's empowerment in Rwanda through organizations like Profemmes Twese Hamwe (PTH) and microfinance institutions like Duterimbere. Duterimbere provides credit to empower unemployed women by enabling them to start small businesses. While microcredit has increased women's economic role and decision making, the study found it has not been enough to fully empower women. Challenges include limited business knowledge, education, and loan amounts. Recommendations include expanding services to reach more impoverished groups and improving training programs to better meet clients' needs.
Challenges and opportunities in micro financefaheemullah
The document discusses challenges and opportunities in microfinance in Pakistan. It outlines how microfinance provides small loans to help the poor engage in productive activities to build assets and income. While microfinance has helped empower women and reduce poverty, challenges include high interest rates, lack of agricultural investment, and limited financial understanding. Opportunities for microfinance include using it as a development tool focused on women, rehabilitation, and commercialization. Improving access to microfinance services can help the poor smooth consumption and build assets, but the industry still faces problems achieving profitability and diversifying products.
The document provides an overview of microfinance in India, including its challenges and potential solutions. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services to the poor through group lending models. However, there are still many gaps in access, with over 500 million poor Indians unserved. Scaling up microfinance further requires increasing access to risk capital and long-term financing for microfinance institutions, as well as improving staff training and the use of technology like low-cost ATMs. Partnerships between banks and microfinance institutions could help address these challenges to expanding financial inclusion in India.
The document discusses the future of microfinance in India. It notes that microfinance has expanded rapidly in recent years, with membership in associations growing and loan amounts outstanding increasing significantly from 2001-2004 and 2001-2005 for various microfinance programs and institutions. It also discusses the growing partnership models between banks and MFIs, and innovations in how banks provide funding to MFIs. Going forward, it emphasizes the need for greater financial literacy, product differentiation, and ensuring client empowerment through education on loan terms and conditions.
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It defines microfinance and discusses who the typical clients are, which are low-income individuals without access to formal financial institutions. The key roles of microfinance are discussed as providing financial services like credit, savings, and insurance to the poor and very poor. The services allow clients to engage in small businesses and productive activities to raise their income levels and improve living standards. The conceptual framework of microfinance in India focuses on empowering underprivileged groups through self-help groups and cooperatives to generate self-employment.
A research proposal on the Impacts of Microfinance in KenyaFred Mmbololo
This document outlines a proposed research study on microfinance awareness and impact in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study aims to determine the level of awareness of microfinance services among Nairobi residents and assess the impacts of microfinance on economic and social development. The researcher plans to survey Nairobi residents on their familiarity with local microfinance institutions and perceptions of how microfinance has affected areas like income, assets, education, and empowerment. The results could provide insight for microfinance institutions, government, and academics on the reach of services and viability of continued support for microfinance in Kenya.
Reaserch report on micro credit and women empowerment Mahetab Khan
This document summarizes a research report on microcredit and women's empowerment. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings and insurance to low-income individuals and families. It then outlines different microfinance models including self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs). The report analyzes data showing increasing loan amounts and numbers of women-led SHGs over time. It also discusses challenges women entrepreneurs face and recommendations to overcome them through improved training, access to credit and support networks.
Microfinance provides small loans, savings, insurance and other financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. In India, microfinance helps the estimated 26-50% of the population that lives below the poverty line, as well as the 87% of poor households without access to formal credit. Common microfinance models in India include self-help groups which pool savings and offer small loans, and the Grameen Bank model of groups of five joint-liability borrowers. The self-help group model dominates microfinance in India, facilitated by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Microfinance has grown substantially over the last decade but there remains massive unmet demand, as over $30 billion is
Presentation includes Introduction to Microfinance Industry, Business Process, Strategies, Key Challenges, Future Outlook and Special Issues like Urban Microfinance & Rating of Microfinance Institutions
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
Problems and Prospects of Micro-finance in India. Akash Saha
The document discusses problems and prospects of microfinance in India. Some key problems are that the poorest households are not being reached, coverage is lower in poorer states, and interest rates are still high. Prospects for microfinance include expanding to reach the 58 million underserved households, reducing regional disparities, and regulating microfinance institutions. New schemes could also support microfinance institutions and the use of insurance products and flexible programs.
The document discusses microfinance and microfinancing. It provides background on Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh who pioneered the concept of microfinancing by providing small loans to poor villagers. It then discusses key aspects of microfinancing such as how it provides basic financial services like loans, savings, and insurance to low-income households. Loans are typically small, under $125, and provided to rural poor who do not qualify for traditional banking services. The document also notes that women are often targeted for microfinancing since globally two-thirds of illiterate people are women.
Microfinance involves providing small amounts of credit, savings, and insurance services to the poor. The concept originated in the 1970s when Dr. Muhammad Yunus lent money without collateral to groups of poor women in Bangladesh, achieving a 98% repayment rate. Today there are over 7,000 microfinance institutions globally serving 16 million poor households. In India, pioneering microfinance organizations included cooperatives like SEWA Bank. The SHG-Bank linkage model aggregates individual savings and provides loans through self-help groups. While microfinance has increased incomes and reduced vulnerability, issues sometimes arise from high interest rates, unethical collection practices, and uneven geographic growth.
micro finance institution analysis in indiarohitsethi69
The document is a presentation on microfinance in India. It discusses the definition of microfinance and provides statistics on microfinance initiatives in India, including the number of districts and clients served. It also notes trends in loan amounts and growth rates. The presentation outlines some of the key issues and challenges faced by microfinance institutions, such as rapid growth and commercialization leading to lower quality services. It concludes by recommending strategies for microfinance institutions to manage risks and maintain proper systems.
Microfinance has existed informally in India for ages, but the legal framework and institutions to support it have developed over time, starting in the early 20th century. Currently, an estimated 350 million people live below the poverty line in India, but formal microfinance has only reached around 5% of the rural poor. There remains a large unmet demand for financial services among the poor. While microfinance institutions have grown, challenges remain in achieving sufficient scale, access to low-cost funding, developing appropriate legal structures, and balancing financial sustainability with an inclusive development agenda.
Self help group (shg) bank linkage model - a viable tool for financial incl...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the Self Help Group (SHG) - Bank Linkage model as a tool for promoting financial inclusion in India. It begins with an abstract that introduces financial inclusion as a means to eliminate poverty and promote empowerment. It then provides background on the extent of financial exclusion in rural India and the role of microfinance in addressing this issue. The main body of the document defines the SHG-Bank Linkage model and discusses its role in expanding banking outreach to promote greater financial inclusion. It examines the current status of the SHG Bank Linkage Model and concludes that it has played a critical role in the expansion of banking services and promoting greater access to financial resources for rural populations.
NGOs play a vital role in microfinance in India by promoting self-help groups and providing financial services to low-income individuals. They help convert pilot microfinance programs into large-scale operations, acting as direct lenders, helping link borrowers and savers to banks, providing training to rural enterprises, developing innovative financial products, and training other organizations. NGOs are critical to the growth of microfinance in India and extending financial access to those not served by traditional banks.
This project has a complete summary of past as well as current conditions of Micro Finance in India and its evolution. This project also discusses the Andhra Pradesh MFI crisis which led to implementation of numerous strict rules and regulations by the Government of India to control and regulate this sector of financing.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
1) The document is a project synopsis submitted by Chandan Shukla, an MBA student at Sikkim Manipal University, for a project titled "Recruitment & Selection" to be conducted at Cogent E Service PVT LTD in Noida.
2) The objectives of the project are to study the recruitment and selection process at Cogent and identify ways to reduce recruitment time and improve selection rates.
3) The methodology will include a questionnaire distributed to current and former employees, as well as interviews with managers, executives, and department heads to collect both primary and secondary data on the current recruitment process.
This document lists 50 potential finance project topics for an MBA in finance degree. The topics cover a wide range of areas including financial analysis of companies, mutual funds, banking, insurance, working capital management, derivatives, and capital markets.
Microfinance & its impact on women entrepreneurship developShingla Prabha
This document summarizes microfinance and its impact. It discusses how microfinance provides small loans, savings, and insurance to the poor, especially women. This empowers women economically and helps families rise out of poverty. Microfinance has increased household incomes, improved health, education and social outcomes. However, simply providing access to loans is not enough - business training is also needed to help women gain self-confidence and ability to make their own decisions to fully benefit from microfinance opportunities.
Contribution of microfinance and women empowermentkayirangad
Microfinance contributes to women's empowerment in Rwanda through organizations like Profemmes Twese Hamwe (PTH) and microfinance institutions like Duterimbere. Duterimbere provides credit to empower unemployed women by enabling them to start small businesses. While microcredit has increased women's economic role and decision making, the study found it has not been enough to fully empower women. Challenges include limited business knowledge, education, and loan amounts. Recommendations include expanding services to reach more impoverished groups and improving training programs to better meet clients' needs.
Challenges and opportunities in micro financefaheemullah
The document discusses challenges and opportunities in microfinance in Pakistan. It outlines how microfinance provides small loans to help the poor engage in productive activities to build assets and income. While microfinance has helped empower women and reduce poverty, challenges include high interest rates, lack of agricultural investment, and limited financial understanding. Opportunities for microfinance include using it as a development tool focused on women, rehabilitation, and commercialization. Improving access to microfinance services can help the poor smooth consumption and build assets, but the industry still faces problems achieving profitability and diversifying products.
The document provides an overview of microfinance in India, including its challenges and potential solutions. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services to the poor through group lending models. However, there are still many gaps in access, with over 500 million poor Indians unserved. Scaling up microfinance further requires increasing access to risk capital and long-term financing for microfinance institutions, as well as improving staff training and the use of technology like low-cost ATMs. Partnerships between banks and microfinance institutions could help address these challenges to expanding financial inclusion in India.
The document discusses the future of microfinance in India. It notes that microfinance has expanded rapidly in recent years, with membership in associations growing and loan amounts outstanding increasing significantly from 2001-2004 and 2001-2005 for various microfinance programs and institutions. It also discusses the growing partnership models between banks and MFIs, and innovations in how banks provide funding to MFIs. Going forward, it emphasizes the need for greater financial literacy, product differentiation, and ensuring client empowerment through education on loan terms and conditions.
This document provides an overview of microfinance in India. It defines microfinance and discusses who the typical clients are, which are low-income individuals without access to formal financial institutions. The key roles of microfinance are discussed as providing financial services like credit, savings, and insurance to the poor and very poor. The services allow clients to engage in small businesses and productive activities to raise their income levels and improve living standards. The conceptual framework of microfinance in India focuses on empowering underprivileged groups through self-help groups and cooperatives to generate self-employment.
A research proposal on the Impacts of Microfinance in KenyaFred Mmbololo
This document outlines a proposed research study on microfinance awareness and impact in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study aims to determine the level of awareness of microfinance services among Nairobi residents and assess the impacts of microfinance on economic and social development. The researcher plans to survey Nairobi residents on their familiarity with local microfinance institutions and perceptions of how microfinance has affected areas like income, assets, education, and empowerment. The results could provide insight for microfinance institutions, government, and academics on the reach of services and viability of continued support for microfinance in Kenya.
Reaserch report on micro credit and women empowerment Mahetab Khan
This document summarizes a research report on microcredit and women's empowerment. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings and insurance to low-income individuals and families. It then outlines different microfinance models including self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs). The report analyzes data showing increasing loan amounts and numbers of women-led SHGs over time. It also discusses challenges women entrepreneurs face and recommendations to overcome them through improved training, access to credit and support networks.
Microfinance provides small loans, savings, insurance and other financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. In India, microfinance helps the estimated 26-50% of the population that lives below the poverty line, as well as the 87% of poor households without access to formal credit. Common microfinance models in India include self-help groups which pool savings and offer small loans, and the Grameen Bank model of groups of five joint-liability borrowers. The self-help group model dominates microfinance in India, facilitated by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. Microfinance has grown substantially over the last decade but there remains massive unmet demand, as over $30 billion is
Presentation includes Introduction to Microfinance Industry, Business Process, Strategies, Key Challenges, Future Outlook and Special Issues like Urban Microfinance & Rating of Microfinance Institutions
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
Problems and Prospects of Micro-finance in India. Akash Saha
The document discusses problems and prospects of microfinance in India. Some key problems are that the poorest households are not being reached, coverage is lower in poorer states, and interest rates are still high. Prospects for microfinance include expanding to reach the 58 million underserved households, reducing regional disparities, and regulating microfinance institutions. New schemes could also support microfinance institutions and the use of insurance products and flexible programs.
The document discusses microfinance and microfinancing. It provides background on Muhammad Yunus, the founder of Grameen Bank in Bangladesh who pioneered the concept of microfinancing by providing small loans to poor villagers. It then discusses key aspects of microfinancing such as how it provides basic financial services like loans, savings, and insurance to low-income households. Loans are typically small, under $125, and provided to rural poor who do not qualify for traditional banking services. The document also notes that women are often targeted for microfinancing since globally two-thirds of illiterate people are women.
Microfinance involves providing small amounts of credit, savings, and insurance services to the poor. The concept originated in the 1970s when Dr. Muhammad Yunus lent money without collateral to groups of poor women in Bangladesh, achieving a 98% repayment rate. Today there are over 7,000 microfinance institutions globally serving 16 million poor households. In India, pioneering microfinance organizations included cooperatives like SEWA Bank. The SHG-Bank linkage model aggregates individual savings and provides loans through self-help groups. While microfinance has increased incomes and reduced vulnerability, issues sometimes arise from high interest rates, unethical collection practices, and uneven geographic growth.
micro finance institution analysis in indiarohitsethi69
The document is a presentation on microfinance in India. It discusses the definition of microfinance and provides statistics on microfinance initiatives in India, including the number of districts and clients served. It also notes trends in loan amounts and growth rates. The presentation outlines some of the key issues and challenges faced by microfinance institutions, such as rapid growth and commercialization leading to lower quality services. It concludes by recommending strategies for microfinance institutions to manage risks and maintain proper systems.
Microfinance has existed informally in India for ages, but the legal framework and institutions to support it have developed over time, starting in the early 20th century. Currently, an estimated 350 million people live below the poverty line in India, but formal microfinance has only reached around 5% of the rural poor. There remains a large unmet demand for financial services among the poor. While microfinance institutions have grown, challenges remain in achieving sufficient scale, access to low-cost funding, developing appropriate legal structures, and balancing financial sustainability with an inclusive development agenda.
Self help group (shg) bank linkage model - a viable tool for financial incl...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the Self Help Group (SHG) - Bank Linkage model as a tool for promoting financial inclusion in India. It begins with an abstract that introduces financial inclusion as a means to eliminate poverty and promote empowerment. It then provides background on the extent of financial exclusion in rural India and the role of microfinance in addressing this issue. The main body of the document defines the SHG-Bank Linkage model and discusses its role in expanding banking outreach to promote greater financial inclusion. It examines the current status of the SHG Bank Linkage Model and concludes that it has played a critical role in the expansion of banking services and promoting greater access to financial resources for rural populations.
NGOs play a vital role in microfinance in India by promoting self-help groups and providing financial services to low-income individuals. They help convert pilot microfinance programs into large-scale operations, acting as direct lenders, helping link borrowers and savers to banks, providing training to rural enterprises, developing innovative financial products, and training other organizations. NGOs are critical to the growth of microfinance in India and extending financial access to those not served by traditional banks.
This project has a complete summary of past as well as current conditions of Micro Finance in India and its evolution. This project also discusses the Andhra Pradesh MFI crisis which led to implementation of numerous strict rules and regulations by the Government of India to control and regulate this sector of financing.
The document summarizes research on microfinance in Assam, India. It outlines the objectives to study the current status and informal practices of microfinance in the state. Data was collected from four districts on formal and informal microfinance providers. Informal providers include village societies and committees. Formal providers include NGOs, MFIs, banks, and cooperatives. Key findings include the emerging but nascent microfinance industry, role of banks and RRBs, presence of local MFIs, strong informal practices, and high interest rates charged informally.
1) The document is a project synopsis submitted by Chandan Shukla, an MBA student at Sikkim Manipal University, for a project titled "Recruitment & Selection" to be conducted at Cogent E Service PVT LTD in Noida.
2) The objectives of the project are to study the recruitment and selection process at Cogent and identify ways to reduce recruitment time and improve selection rates.
3) The methodology will include a questionnaire distributed to current and former employees, as well as interviews with managers, executives, and department heads to collect both primary and secondary data on the current recruitment process.
This document lists 50 potential finance project topics for an MBA in finance degree. The topics cover a wide range of areas including financial analysis of companies, mutual funds, banking, insurance, working capital management, derivatives, and capital markets.
This document contains a list of 133 potential MBA project topics. The topics cover a wide range of business subjects including marketing, finance, human resources, operations management, and more. Some of the topics listed include customer satisfaction studies, investment pattern analyses, brand analyses, capital structure analyses, and export/import procedures. The list provides students with many options for choosing an MBA project on an area of business that interests them.
The document provides guidelines for MBA students to follow when completing their required research project. Key details include:
- Synopses are due by May 31st without late fees, June 30th with Rs. 500 late fee, or July 31st with Rs. 1000 late fee. Rejected synopses can be resubmitted.
- Projects must be in the student's area of specialization and done under a supervisor. Synopses should be 5-10 pages including objectives, methodology, and references.
- Final reports are due at the end of the 4th semester and include introduction, literature review, analysis, conclusions, and appendices. Students must follow formatting guidelines and submit 2 hard copies and
The document provides details of the Kesogon Self Help Group's beekeeping community project proposal in Kitale, Kenya. The group aims to economically empower more rural community members through beekeeping. Their goals are to recruit and train 100 new beekeepers, purchase starter kits for them, and increase annual honey production and sales. They request funding to purchase 10 starter kits at Ksh 152,000 each for a total of Ksh 1,520,000. If successful, they estimate annual honey sales of Ksh 3,000,000.
Summer Training Report of Role & Implications of Micro-FinanceFellowBuddy.com
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This project report provides a critical analysis of microfinance in India. It begins with an introduction that defines microfinance and outlines the various actors and regulatory environment involved. It then discusses the growth and models of microfinance in India, focusing on self-help groups and analyzing examples like ICICI Bank, Bandhan, Grameen Bank and SKS Microfinance. The report also examines the marketing of microfinance products, success factors, and issues facing the industry in India. Overall, the report provides a comprehensive overview of the microfinance landscape in India through analyzing historical development, current practices and challenges.
SAKHI raises capital through:
1. Loans from Friends of Women World Bank at an annual interest rate of 13.5%
2. Group guarantees followed by center guarantees for loans provided to members
3. Upfront loan processing fees of 2% charged to borrowers
SAKHI provides microloans ranging from Rs. 3,000 to Rs. 15,000 to economically disadvantaged individuals through a systematic organizational structure and loan disbursement process.
The document discusses the life insurance sector in India, noting that it is one of the two largest markets for life insurance products growing at 15% annually due to factors like a large insurable population, high savings rate of 25%, and low insurance penetration of 2.3%. It also briefly compares India's life insurance market to China's, noting both have low insurance penetration rates while China has a higher savings rate of 35%.
The document is a project report on the financial analysis of ICICI Bank submitted by Gaurav Narang to HP University, Shimla in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Business Administration degree. It includes a certification letter signed by the project guide, Mr. Ankur Mahajan, acknowledging Gaurav Narang's work. There is also an acknowledgement section thanking various people for their assistance and support. The table of contents outlines the various chapters to be included in the analysis of ICICI Bank's financial performance.
This document provides a project report on a training undertaken at Axis Bank. It includes an introduction to the banking industry and Axis Bank in India. The report outlines the research methodology for a comparative analysis of products and services of Axis Bank versus its competitors. It acknowledges those who supported the project and training. The table of contents provides an overview of the report sections which will cover the banking industry, Axis Bank organization, research methodology, findings, SWOT analysis, conclusions and recommendations.
This document is a project report on the service quality of HDFC Bank. It includes an introduction, company profile of HDFC Bank, discussion of service quality in banks, research objectives, methodology, data analysis, findings, conclusion and recommendations. It also includes various appendices related to the project such as a questionnaire. The overall aim of the report is to evaluate the service quality provided by HDFC Bank to its customers.
A project report on financial statement analysisProjects Kart
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1. MICRO FINANCE AND WOMEN DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE
STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SELF HELP
GROUP WOMEN IN FEW DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU REGION
Synopsis of the Thesis to be submitted
For
The Degree of doctorate of philosophy in economics
by
STELLA MARY K.
Under the Guidance of
Dr.A.M.Uma Swaminathan
Department of Economics
University of Mumbai
Mumbai - 400 098.
June-2012
(Reg. No. 59 (6/11/2009)
2. 2
Title of the Thesis : Micro finance and Women Development: A
Comparative Study on Socio-Economic
Development of Self Help Group Women in few
Districts of Tamil Nadu region.
Name of the Candidate : Stella Mary K
Name and Designation of the Guide : Dr. A. M. Swaminathan
Reader
Department of Economics
University of Mumbai
Place of Research : Department of Economics, University of Mumbai,
Vidyanagri, Mumbai-400098
Number and date of Registration : UDECO.59----9/11/2009
Signature of the Student : Stella Mary K
Signature of the Guide : Dr. A.M. Swaminathan
Place: Mumbai
Date:
3. 3
MICRO FINANCE AND WOMEN DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SELF HELP GROUP WOMEN IN FEW
DISTRICTS OF TAMIL NADU REGION
SYNOPSIS
1. INTRODUCTION
We know that prosperity of India lies in the prosperity of its villages. Even though the
Indian economy is experiencing a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of about seven
percent, almost a third of the rural and a quarter of the urban population is still living below
poverty line. In India there are 6,40,867 villages with 24 crores of poor people engaged in
microenterprises. As per the Government of India’s Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSES) Annual report 2008-2009, there are 133.68 lakhs (in number) micro
enterprises in India. The credit needs and other financial services are provided to the rural
masses in general and to the poor in particular through the rural financial markets. These
markets are comprised of an unorganized sector consisting of commission agents,
moneylenders, landlords, etc., and an organized sector consisting of pyramid type cooperative
credit institutions which are broadly classified into urban credit cooperatives and rural credit
cooperatives.
In order to enlarge the flow of credit to the hard-core poor, NABARD launched a scheme
of organizing them in self-help groups and linking the SHGs with banks, in 1992. The scheme is
broadly based on the pattern devised by Bangladesh Grameen Bank. Under this scheme, poor,
especially women are organized in SHGs and banks lend these SHGs loan to start income
generating activities.
There are three distinct modes to channelize the credit to micro enterprises. In the first
mode, banks lend directly to the SHGs for lending to micro entrepreneurs. Under the second
mode, banks provide loans to the NGOs for lending to the SHGs and ultimately to micro
entrepreneurs. Finally under the third mode, banks extend credit to the SHGs with the NGOs as
facilitator.
4. 4
Though the SHGs were started in 1997 in Tamil Nadu, the concept further developed
only in recent years. Now there is a greater amount of socio-economic emancipation among the
members of the SHGs. Hence there is a need for evaluating social and economic impact of the
SHGs on their members.
Among the various districts of Tamil Nadu, Trichy, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur and Chennai
occupy a predominant position in starting SHGs that fall under the church charitable
institutions. In Chennai and Thiruvallur districts the semi-urban centers are more inclined to
rural activities as the members here are migrated ones but their economic activities are more
non-agro-based. However, Trichy and Thanjavur districts have a rural base and their economic
activities are also agro-based. Hence the SHGs have been formed for meeting the needs of
industrial and agricultural activities.
This study aims at doing a comparative analysis on socio-economic development of Self
Help Group (SHG) women under four charitable Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)
which are directly under the church. These NGOs - Trichinapalli Multiple Social Service
Society, Thanjavur Multiple Social Service Society Madras Multiple Social Service Society and
Asha Nivas, operate in these following districts, Trichy, Thanjauvr, Thiruvallur, and Chennai,
respectively. Though there are number of studies on SHG’s in Tamil Nadu, studies on the
church related NGO’s do not seem to have been done. As such we plan to study about these
organizations. These charitable NGOs are working for the development and upliftment of
women and children in Tamil Nadu. Women who are working under these NGOs are able to
cope with difficulties in life after the association with these four NGOs. One of the main thrusts
of these NGOs is to make women ‘self –reliant’ both socially and economically. Therefore, they
have started SHGs through which women are helped to raise their standard of living. Hence,
this study seeks to explore the performance of SHGs under the four charitable NGOs operating
in four villages - Vannar Pettai, Manonjapatty, Palaa Vedu and Samiyar Thottam, pertaining to
the four districts of Trichy, Thanjauvr, Thiruvallur and Chennai respectively in Tamil Nadu. It
tries to identify the various factors responsible for successful functioning of the groups. It also
tries to point out possible hurdles which hamper groups’ performance. Considering both the
factors, this study attempts to give suggestions. Further, the study examines various dimensions
5. 5
of socio-economic development like literacy level, standard of living, income, expenditure,
savings, purpose of the loan, number of times loans are taken and bank linkage . Besides this,
the study explores the Social autonomy (decision making freedom and control over economic
resources) of SHG women in selected areas of Tamil Nadu mentioned above. Finally, this study
tries to examine, the opinions of the bank managers, with regard to recovery of the loan given
to these SHGs working under the church charitable institutions.
1.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To study the social- economic development of SHG women through Micro-finance
(NGOs).
2. To evaluate the performance of SHGs under the church charitable institutions working
in four villages pertaining to the four districts in Tamil Nadu and try to identify the
various factors responsible for successful functioning of the groups.
3. To study the leadership skills of SHG women and their empowerment through SHG
Programmes.
4. To find out the effectiveness of SHG in women’s development.
1.2. HYPOTHESES
Socio-economic empowerment / development of women attained through Self Help Group
are different in different villages of the different districts - Trichy, Thanjauvr, Thiruvallur and
Chennai of Tamil Nadu.
2. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
2.1. Collection of data
The present study is empirical in character and is based on the collection of data through
survey method. The primary data is collected from SHG members who are belonging to church
charitable NGO’s (Trichinapalli Multiple Social Service Society, Thanjavur Multiple Social
Service Society, Madras Multiple Social Service Society and Asha Nivas) in different parts of
6. 6
Tamil Nadu. Broadly the questionnaire covers various aspects such as extent of savings, level of
income generation, pattern of lending, repayment performance and other details related to socio-
economic development. Besides, data is also collected from the SHG group leaders to know the
group activities and performance of selected SHGs with regard to their homogeneity, regularity
in conducting meetings, level of attendance, participation in meetings of NGOs repayment
performance, decision on financial transactions, utilization of common fund, rate of savings and
level of training with the help of a structured interview schedule. Further, data is also collected
from the Bank managers to get the related opinion of SHGs and the repayment levels of the
SHG members. The data relating to time period of SHG are taken from the secondary source
like the records and annual reports of these above NGOs.
2.2. Sampling design
As our aim is to compare the SHG development in different districts of Tamil Nadu, we
approached NGOs that are on one side directly linked with SHGs and at the same time come
under charitable institutions of the church in four districts - Trichy, Thanjavur, Thiruvallur and
Chennai. The four NGOs in these districts have been selected on the grounds of our familiarity
to the church in these districts. Besides, these NGOs which are charitable institution are linked
to the church and they are specific to the respective districts. Though they are individually wide
spread within the districts, the sample of SHG members has been selected as per the allocation
of the areas by these NGOs in the respective districts. The NGO, Asha Nivas allocated Samiyar
Thottam area in Chennai. Trichinapalli Multiple Social Service Society allocated Vannar Pettai
area in Trichy. Thanjauvr Multiple Social service Society allocated Manonjapatty area in
Thanjavur. The Madras Social service Society allocated Palaa Vedu area in Thiruvallur.
As per the allocation of areas by the NGOs, samples are selected by using simple random
sampling from various SHGs in these respective areas in the study. There are 250 SHG
members out of which 100 members were selected in Samiyar Thottam from the district of
Chennai. Out of 180 members, 100 members were chosen in Palaa Vedu, Thiruvallur district.
100 members were selected out of 105 SHG members in Vannar Pettai, Trichy and finally 100
7. 7
respondents have been selected out of 200 members in Mananjopatti from the district of Tamil
Nadu.
The total sample size selected for the survey is four hundred. Out of four hundred samples,
hundred each to each one of the villages in these districts relate to SHG members in the allotted
district areas. Besides these, we also consulted bank managers from different banks one each for
the each of these districts where the SHGs are selected. Bank managers have been considered as
a part of the study because they play an important role in providing finance to the SHGs.
2.3. The criteria used for sample selection
Broadly two main criteria were used for collection of data. 1) The data on SHG members
of the NGOs that are charitable institutions should be pertaining to the four villages in the four
different districts of Tamil Nadu. 2) The SHGs from where the respondents were to be chosen
should be in existence between three to five years.
As these NGOs that are charitable institutions, linked with church and are invariably
specific to the four villages in four different districts of Tamil Nadu, our aim is to compare the
performance of SHGs under these NGOs. As the performance could be better judged by finding
the extent of economic empowerment of women, the change in their family status, social status
and sense of organizational bonding, the awakening of self- confidence and self-respect, social
and political awareness, our aim is to select SHGs which are between three to five years old.
This is because achievements of the above requirements could be spelt out only after the SHGs
have established themselves which takes at least three to five years.
2.4. The questionnaire for individual study
The questionnaires were framed after a successful pilot study. The questionnaire for
individual study contains twelve questions. Out of them five questions are of multiple choices.
The options of answers are given and the individuals have to choose the appropriate options.
The remaining questions are open-ended. The questionnaire progresses from general to specific
questions.
8. 8
The first part of the questionnaire contains the individual information like name, address
and age, educational, social & economical status of the member.
The second part of the questionnaire covers the following points: 1) functioning and
working of SHGs 2) about the skill competency 3) level of empowerment of SHG women 4)
factors for the success of SHG 5) problems faced by SHGs and its members 6) socio-economic
development of SHG women 7) the opinion on the services of the banks.
2.5. The questionnaire for the bank managers
The questionnaire for the bank managers, contain nine questions. All the questions are
fixed alternative type. The questionnaire also covers the points like name, address, the nature of
the bank, opinion level of the bank managers towards SHG women, repayment of the loan and
future plan of the banks for the SHGs.
2.6. Period of the study
We carried out our fieldwork with the help of the NGOs for this study. It was undertaken
for a period of 4 months from June 2011 to September 2011. We used two interview schedules,
one for the collection of data from the SHGs members, the other for the collection of data from
the bank managers to get the opinion about the SHGs repayment of the loan. The completed
schedules were checked and the omissions and commissions were rectified on the spot.
2.7. Methodology of the study
We have used different statistical tools to analyze the primary data collected in four selected
villages pertaining to four districts of Tamil Nadu. Following the rules and conditions of the
hypothesis testing, we have carried out our present study with the help of few statistical tools
like ANOVA, Paired sample ‘t’ test, student ‘t’ test and Chi-Square test to prove whether there
is any significant difference in the research hypothesis and statistical hypothesis.
9. 9
In order to analyze the perception of members on the impact from the SHGs, they were
asked to respond to 60 statements using five scale method, starting from “Strongly Agree” (5),
“Agree” (4), “Neutral” (3), “Disagree” (2) and “Strongly Disagree”(1). These sixty statements
were grouped under the following eleven categories.1) functions and working of SHGs 2) social
empowerment 3) awareness creation 4) skills and competency 5) expenditure incurred 6) factors
for success of SHGs 7) problems in getting loan 8) constraints, 9) causes for repayment 10)
assistance received from NGOs and 11) services of the bank. The perception scores were
classified into two groups: i. High Perception: Max (Arithmetic Mean + Standard Deviation).
ii. Low perception: Minim (Arithmetic Mean – Standard Deviation).
To test the significant district-wise differences with respect to the overall functions and
working of SHGs, social empowerment, awareness creation, skills and competency, expenditure
incurred, factors for success of SHGs, problems in getting loan, constraints, causes for
repayment, assistance received from NGOs and services of the bank, the one-way ANOVA test
has been used.
Paired sample test were used to explore the significant difference between the income and
basic needs of SHG members before and after joining the SHG.
To study the difference between education qualification of the respondents and social
empowerment on their members, factors like the level of community participation, social
reasoning, health and hygienic practices and culture and civilization have been taken into
account. With a view to find out whether there is any significant difference in all these variables
one-way ANOVA is applied.
The Chi- Square test is carried out to assess the significant association between the districts
of the respondents and their number of times loan borrowed, their loan amount, purpose of loan,
business, reasons for joining and continuing in the SHGs,.
In order to find the difference between type of family of the respondents and their the
overall functions and working of SHGs, social empowerment, awareness creation, skills and
10. 10
competency, expenditure incurred, factors for success of SHGs, problems in getting loan,
constraints, causes for repayment, assistance received from NGOs and services of the bank, ‘t’
test has been used.
Finally, the significant association between the name of the districts and their age, religion,
community, education, economical activities, marital status, type of family, size of house hold,
income and savings is determined by using Chi- Square test. The statistical tools were applied
using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), 11.5 versions to investigate the merits
and demerits of Self Help Group. The structure of the study is briefly discussed below.
3. CHAPTER SCHEME FOR THE STUDY
This study is made up of Eight Chapters. The detailed Chapter scheme is given below.
3. 1. Introduction and Design of the Study
The first chapter presents the introduction, statement of the problem, objectives of the study,
hypothesis, methodology, scope and limitations of the study, period of the study, and finally the
structure of the study.
3. 2. Concepts and Review of Literature
The second chapter represents review of literature on self help groups and micro finance in
which we also define the concepts related to self help groups and micro finance. This chapter
has two sections. The first section explains the definitions and the concepts which relate to the
study, the second section deals with the review of literature on the related studies. The concepts
are defined differently in different contexts. The review of literature is done basically to get a
fair idea on the possible areas of research, which have already been done in the area. The
available literature on socio- economic development of self help group women has been
reviewed in this section. The review of literature has been done on the basis of studies related
to the following issues. 1) The role of micro finance on SHG women 2) Impact on poverty and
11. 11
Standard of Living 3) Impact on Financial Market 4) Impact of self help groups on women 5)
The role of NGO on SHGs 6) The role of government on SHG women 7) Impact of socio-
economic development on Self help group women and finally 8) SHGs and Women’s
empowerment.
3. 3. Historical Review of Micro finance
The third chapter, deals with the traditional Models of Micro lending, emergence of micro
finance and their objectives, benefits of the programmes for poor. This chapter explains the
institutional reforms launched by the Government of India since independence and their impact
on the Indian economy, especially in the field of credit to the poor people. In subsequent
sections, the emergence of microfinance in India and the various programmes initiated by
Government of India for the needy are reviewed. Further, this chapter deals with the traditional
models of micro lending. The traditional models of micro lending have been broadly divided
into three sub-sections (i.e.) rotating savings and credit associations which are known as chit
fund in India, co-operative movement in Western Europe and credit union in Asia. It is mainly
confined to credit which is given to the low-income and lower middle income segments of the
population. Further, it discusses how the credit unions in developing countries serve the low-
income and lower middle-income segments of the population. Finally this chapter explains the
status of micro finance in India till 2009-2010.
3. 4. Role of Self Help Groups in India and in Tamil Nadu
The fourth Chapter traces the history of Self Help Groups in India and Tamil Nadu. The
first part of the chapter describes the formation and development of self help groups, its
concepts, and definitions of Self Help Groups, characteristics of SHGs and the models of SHGs
in India. Further, it explains the history and spread of the self-help affinity group movement in
India, the international initiatives and NABARD’s initiatives of SHGs. It explores the linkage
between banks and SHGs. The second part of the chapter describes the history, vision and
mission of the NGOs (i.e. Asha Nivas, Madras multiple Social Service Society, Thanjavur
12. 12
Multiple Social Service Society and Trichy multiple Social Service Society) which are known
as charitable institutions purely working for SHG women in Tamil Nadu. The main focus or the
thrust of these institutions is “Rural Development”. The achievements of these institutions are
also explained in this chapter.
3. 5. Data Base and Methodology of the study
This chapter deals with data collection and methodology used for analyzing the data. The
primary data are collected from SHG members belonging to NGOs Asha Nivas, Madras
Multiple Social Service Society, Thanjavur Multiple Social Service Society and Trichinapalli
Multiple Social Service Society which are, working in four villages pertaining to the four
districts of Tamil Nadu. This chapter also discusses the sampling design and criteria used for
sample selection, the questionnaire for the beneficiaries and for the bank managers, and finally,
on the methodology of the study.
3. 6. Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter comments on overall performance of the SHGs under the four charitable
institutions working in four selected villages pertaining to the four districts of Tamil Nadu. It
furnishes the Profile of the sample SHGs and the factors influencing their performance in four
villages of the four districts. It also contains a comparison of socio-economic development
factors with performance indicators of the SHGs. It highlights the economic impact in terms of
increased income, saving and increased expenditure on food, cloth and house. It also gives the
opinions of the members on the functioning and working of SHGs in four selected villages. It
analyses the empowerment of SHG women and the skill competency of women. Further, it
analyses the factors for the success of the SHGs and problems faced by the members,
constraints of SHGs, causes for delayed repayment of the loans and assistance received from
NGOs. And finally it analyses the opinion of the Bank Managers on the SHGs’ repayment level
in four districts of Tamil Nadu.
13. 13
3. 7. Summary of the findings and Concluding Remarks
The Seventh chapter presents the summary of the findings and conclusions, problems faced
by the Self- Help Groups and offer various suggestions for the successful implementation of the
SHG concept. Few findings are provided here below.
3.7.1. Findings of the study
In this chapter, an attempt is made to analyze the socio-economic development of SHG
women under the four church charitable institutions in the four villages pertaining to the four
districts of Tamil Nadu. Again an attempt is made to compare the performance of SHGs under
the four NGOs in four villages in four districts of Tamil Nadu. The first part of the findings
describes the socio-economic profile of the SHG members under the four charitable institutions
(NGOs) working in four villages in four districts of Tamil Nadu. The second part of the findings
explains the performance of SHGs under the four NGOs in four villages in four districts of
Tamil Nadu. The first part of the finding is as follows.
3.7.2. Socio-Economic development of SHG women under the four NGOs
Age structure of the respondents reveals that all the four charitable NGOs working in four
villages in four districts of Tamil Nadu have been focusing on relatively younger women.
Interestingly women in Trichy district are more inclined towards joining SHGs in order to
support the family financially and they are highly motivated to join the credit links. The results
are in line with the results of the study done by Rangi et al., (2002) who point out that the desire
to try innovative ideas and take risks to improve living standards with the help of SHGs might
be the reason for the predominance of younger respondents.
Majority of the women in four NGOs belonged to Hindu religion followed by Christians
and Muslims. To be more specific here, more than half of the respondents under the Asha
Nivas, belonged to the Hindu religion. Though being catholic organizations, there is a low
representation of religious groups other than the Hindus in the four NGOs in four selected
14. 14
villages in the four districts of Tamil Nadu. This shows that people belonging to any religion
can be a SHG member of these four NGOs.
Educational status of the respondents is also compared in the four selected districts of
Tamil Nadu. It is found that there is a positive relationship between the educational
qualifications of the respondents and the selected villages pertaining to the four districts of
Tamil Nadu. It is found that one fourth of the respondents under the four NGOs are illiterate.
Interestingly, among the SHG members under the four NGOs in four districts of Tamil Nadu,
only 3.3 percent of the respondents from Madras Multiple Social Service Society and Asha
Nivas were graduates, whereas none of the respondents from Trichy Multiple Social Service
Society and Thanjavur Multiple Social Service Society were graduates. As such it was observed
that very few respondents are qualified. This is also supported by Puhazhendi and Jayaram
(1999) who find that the low level of education among SHG members might have occurred due
to the low financial position of the family, poor education facilities, schools and colleges being
located in faraway places, and most importantly the elders depriving girls from school and
college education. But they also observe that few respondents have been educated up to college
level and it might be because of the growing awareness of the importance of education in the
family.
Monthly income and expenditure on food, house and clothes of the respondents under the
four NGOs in four districts of Tamil Nadu were analyzed to ascertain whether there is any
significant improvement in the income and expenditure of the family after joining the SHG
programme. For this, a comparison was made between the monthly income before and after
joining the SHGs. Paired t-test showed that there is a significant difference in the monthly
income of the family before and after joining the SHGs i.e., monthly income of the family of
respondents were significantly high after joining the SHGs under the four NGOs in four districts
of Tamil Nadu. Similar results are also observed by Vasantha Kumari (2021) in her study.
An attempt has been made to see how many times loan is being taken by the respondents
under the four NGOs in four villages in four districts of Tamil Nadu. It is found that few
respondents from Trichy Multiple Social Service Society, Thanjavur Multiple Social Service
15. 15
Society and Madras Multiple Social Service Society have taken loan for more than four times
(i.e. more than one lakh). But in Asha Nivas, no member has taken loan for more than four
times.
Analysis has been carried out to find the purpose of the loan. It is found that the purpose of
loan varied from person to person in the four villages of the four districts. One third of the
respondents under Trichy Multiple Social Service Society spent their money only for their
children’s education. Social awareness is created among Trichy Multiple Social Service Society
(TMSSS) women and they are highly motivated to educate their children.
3.7.3. Performance of SHGs under the four NGOs
The basic functioning and working of SHGs include the conducting of meetings, record
proceedings, transparency and formation and the management of SHGs. It was found that
meetings were not regular. At the same time those who attended the meeting had team-spirit and
involvement in the groups. It was found that the documentations of the meetings are done in
order, minutes of the meetings are recorded and accounts are checked and reviewed as per the
guide lines of the groups. Further, there is a transparency in maintaining the documents of the
groups, every member can access the documents of the groups and the objectives of the SHGs
are clearly explained in those documents. Mostly women in the four charitable institutions said
that the calculations and computations of the account are clear and understandable. Women are
able to initiate the groups because they are thorough with the procedures for forming the group
and are clear about the regulations and functions of SHGs.
The present study also assessed the SHG members’ managerial skills, coordination and
control over the group, leadership qualities, group dynamism and lastly communication skills. It
was found from the present study that the members have developed their social reasoning and
are able to use their potential in the SHG programme. More than half of the women have come
to know about the government schemes, rights and privileges, employment opportunities and
the importance of professional jobs. Moreover, women have developed their leadership qualities
like initiation, interaction with others, flexibility, adaptability, adjustability, increased their
16. 16
decision making capacity and developed their communication skills. Gradual development has
taken place in the lives of SHG women after joining the SHGs.
The study clearly proved that SHGs under the four NGOs working in four villages
pertaining to the four districts of Tamil Nadu have surely helped the women to enhance their
economic resource base by improving their micro savings. It has also helped them to increase
their income and expenditures on basic daily needs. It has helped them to develop the banking
habits. The economic and social empowerment has enabled them to improve their overall
capacity building. In the study areas, net-working of SHGs with Mahalir Thittam at the
panchayat level has helped to achieve some common goals of the groups. In general it could be
said that this has helped to improve the standard of living of the SHG members’ i.e. upliftment
from poverty indirectly a step towards economic development.
From the above summary about the socio-economic development of the of the SHG women
under the four NGOs working in four villages pertaining to the four districts of Tamil Nadu, we
conclude that the performance of SHGs varies from village to village, from districts to districts
and NGOs to NGOs. Though there is a similarity in their vision and mission of the four
Christian Charitable Institutions (NGOs) but the functioning and working of SHGs differ from
NGOs to NGOs. It shows that each NGO is unique in its own way of mobilizing women into
this SHG programme, the way training and guidelines are given to women, functioning and
working in four villages pertaining to the four districts of Tamil Nadu. Therefore each NGO
worked or performed in the best of their ability to help the SHG women to be ‘self-sufficient
and self-reliant’ person in the society. This is the vision of the four church charitable institutions
working in four villages pertaining to the four districts of Tamil Nadu. Though, being catholic
charitable institutions, there is no rule framed that only catholic women can be a member of
these institutions. These institutions are for the poor and neglected women and children in the
society. These NGOs are open to accept all the categories of women in the society. Moreover,
the finding of the study highlights that majority of the respondents who are associated with
these NGOs, belonged to Hindu religion not Catholic or Muslim. Since, there is no research
under taken earlier in these NGOs, we were happy to do the first in-depth research under these
17. 17
four charitable institutions working in four villages pertaining to the four districts of Tamil
Nadu.
8. This chapter provides scope, limitations and future research for the study.
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