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Reading/Note-taking Assignments
Follow the guidelines for Creating a Database in the Research
Paper Guidelines document.
You will only be creating notes for one source in this
assignment.
Go to Elac.edu
Select Library (on the right side of the page).
Select Find Articles from the menu on the left.
Select Databases from the menu on the left.
Choose a database, either JSTOR, Proquest, Academic One
File, or Academic
Search Complete.
Type in your search terms that relate to your
chosen topic, select an article, read
it, take notes and submit them in the
following format.
Give me the MLA article citation.
Put the page number of where you got your information (notes),
followed by the notes. If it is a direct quote, don't forget to use
quotation marks.
Example:
Drucker, Donald. Chemical Additives and Declining Crop
Densities in the
Western United States. Berkeley: UC Press, 2014. Print.
41 Drucker points out that the farmers do not want to revisit the
dustbowl era, which severely limited Midwestern productive
capacities.
46 “Money is not food, it is money. Still, the expenditure is
often necessary to communicate a message, particularly in a
political context.”
I usually put a box around the citation, but I couldn't do that in
this Canvas function.
This Drucker article is just a sample. You'll probably have far
more than just two notes.
Beyond La Frontera
THE HISTORY OF MEXICO—U.S. MIGRATION
edited by Mark Overmyer-Velázquez
Presentation by Alondra Espinoza,
Ho Wa Chung
Providing a comprehensive and up-to-date historical overview
of Mexican migration to the U.S.
Summary
CHAPTER 1
The first recorded Mexican immigrants into the U.S. go way
back in the year 1848 to 1900. Mexico wanted to get at par with
the United States in the year 1821 as they were not so far from
them, except that they were under the Spanish colonial rulers.
The thoughts of Mexican elites to better their country came at
the time when there was a demographic revolution, and many
people traveled, and many people migrated on the oceans and
within Europe leading to more above 50 million Europeans
settling into the United States. The immigration made the
Mexican elites more aware of and eager to involve in the
Atlantic migrations.
Chp. 1
Inequality
Cheap labor. Extremely cheap labor in the United States, They
keep pushing the Mexico immigrants to be cheap employee,
cheap salary, lots of works, no choice.
Massive land displacements and high unemployment before the
lower class
Wage Gap between the Mexico and the U.S (1880-1900)
Ex: Mexican Railroad workers in Arizona and Sonora ($1 a day
in Arizona and $0.53 in Sonora pg. 25)
Chp.1
Power
Capitalism and the Transformation of Mexico’s Labor Markets
Mexico was an excellent destination given that it lacked the
capital to take advantage of its "wonderful and scarcely
developed resources", so many policies allowed people to take
the Mexico’s resources.
The segregation of States ultimately led to the Civil War which
led to many people approaching the Mexican frequently fronted
until a large group from California moved into Mexico during
the Gold Rush.
In 1848, the United States need more territories from the
immediate neighbors, making some free states and the rest slave
states.
Chp. 3 Summary
The Great Depression contributed to migration of Mexicans
from the North to the South. In the 1930s there was a change in
the lives of Mexican immigrants. Americans felt that the
Mexican laborers had led to the provision of extremely cheap
labor in the U.S and that was leading high unemployment rates
in the U.S. As a result of the hostility that Mexican laborers
faced in the U.S, some opted to go back to Mexico but many
were forced to go back through deportation policies. Many
Mexicans were detained in their houses, work fields, and
streets while others were deported back with their unborn
descendants. In turn, many Mexicans in the U.S moved back to
Mexico through the repatriation process. The Mexican
government utilized this process seen as assisting their fellow
brothers and sisters to construct a Mexican Nationalism.
Chp. 3
Power
Socio legal: The deportation policies of The United States
wanted to reduce the unemployment and reduce the cheap labor,
so deport all the mexican who are without a job or ability.
The Mexican Governments: supported the return to Mexico of
citizens and their descendents in the U.S as a way to construct
Mexican Nationalism
Cardenas Government : did not support all the repatriates
National Irrigation Commission (CNI): promoted the settlement
of Mexican agriculturists coming from the U.S in fully
developed irrigation systems (Enciso pg. 67)
Chp. 3
Inequality
Deportations/ Violent Removal : Many Mexicans were detained
in their houses, work fields and streets while others were
deported back with their unborn descendants and their
transportation was catered for. Such happenings led to so many
Mexicans going back to their country hence reduction of the
Mexican population in the US.
Many U.S. citizens, boys and girls who were of Mexican origin
were sent back to Mexico. (1930 -1934) over 350000 people
had gone from America into Mexico for various reasons.
Selective Repatriate Resettlement Projects: were based on
eugenic racist ideology in terms of “skilled workers”
(Mexican elites desired Mexican migrants from the U.S who
were more “advanced” and were seen as “desirable source of
colonization”)
Ex: Half a Million Campaign: raised funds for these
resettlement projects but turned out to be corrupt and the CNI
proposing a resettlement area for “skilled workers”
Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrant Summary
Jonathan Fox emphasizes the reframing of Mexican migrants as
a multiethnic process because the Mexican nation includes many
distinct peoples. In the U.S Mexicans are treated as ethnically
homogenous so Fox explores how both Mexican indigenous
migrants and Mexican collective identities complicate widely
held ideas about race/ethnicity and national identities. Fox does
this by analyzing the experiences and identities of Indigenous
Mexican migrants in the U.S. through frameworks that focus on
racialization and that emphasize the social construction of
collective identity formation.
Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrants
Power
Racial Hierarchy: Indigenous migrants are racialized as
migrants and indigenous people in Mexico and the U.S while
maintaining and inferior status to the dominant racial group in
each respective country
Global Capitalism and the Location in Economic Market: being
inserted into a globalized capitalism through migration in
search for labor
-Mexican immigrants find themselves placed into a social
hierarchy that assigns them to a racial category
- author uses a cross border perspective to provide a deeper
understanding of the racialization of indegenous mexican
migrants
Leading to a further ethnoracial categorization in the labor
market along with discrimination and exploitation
Leading to further ethnoracial categorization in the labor market
along with discrimination and exploitation
Inequality
“Mexican Work” : widely understood in U.S popular discourse
as the kind that even low-income Americans won't do, at least
for the wages offered (pg. 167)
Ex: ethnographic study of Triqui strawberry pickers in
Washington
found a close correlation among the division of labor ,
ethnicity and the level of danger, stress, humiliation involved in
their jobs
Subjected to racial slurs "perros", “burros”, “Oaxacos”, “indios
estupidos”
Being placed to pick berries because they are closer to the
ground
1986 Amnesty
-Racial and ethnic difference among Mexcian migrant workers
also interacts with the changing division of labor - - -
Recruitment strategies that encouraged ethnic difference in the
labor force
Creating an understanding that indigenous migrant workers
should be naturally limited to the most arduous jobs
Inequality
Exclusion of Political Rights: full democratic political rights
are still widely denied both to migrants and to indigenous
peoples
Although indigenous Mexicans can access "full mexicanness"
by assimilating to the dominant Spanish lang., migrants are still
seen as being whitewashed or watering down their “mexicanidad
“through exposure to the U.S and mexican american culture
“those mexicans who don’t even speak english” and those
indians who "ni si quiera hablan espanol"
in Mexico's dominant national political culture, both indigenous
Ppl and cross-border migrants are seen as less than full citizens
Ethnic differnce and cross-border mobility remain in tension
Collective Identity Formation Among Indigenous Mexican
Migrants
Trans Nationalized sphere: “Oaxacacalifornia”
Cultural citizenship : a range of social practices which, claim
and establish a distinct social space for Latinos in this country
Translocal community citizenship : the process through which
indigenous migrants are becoming active members of both of
their communities of settlement and of their communities of
origin
Historical photos of mexican immigrants
mexican immigrants workers
sweatshop workers
Present Day Indigenous Migrant Workers
Beyond La Frontera 1Beyond La Frontera 2

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ReadingNote-taking AssignmentsFollow the guidelines for Cre.docx

  • 1. Reading/Note-taking Assignments Follow the guidelines for Creating a Database in the Research Paper Guidelines document. You will only be creating notes for one source in this assignment. Go to Elac.edu Select Library (on the right side of the page). Select Find Articles from the menu on the left. Select Databases from the menu on the left. Choose a database, either JSTOR, Proquest, Academic One File, or Academic Search Complete. Type in your search terms that relate to your chosen topic, select an article, read it, take notes and submit them in the following format. Give me the MLA article citation. Put the page number of where you got your information (notes), followed by the notes. If it is a direct quote, don't forget to use quotation marks. Example: Drucker, Donald. Chemical Additives and Declining Crop Densities in the Western United States. Berkeley: UC Press, 2014. Print. 41 Drucker points out that the farmers do not want to revisit the dustbowl era, which severely limited Midwestern productive capacities. 46 “Money is not food, it is money. Still, the expenditure is often necessary to communicate a message, particularly in a political context.”
  • 2. I usually put a box around the citation, but I couldn't do that in this Canvas function. This Drucker article is just a sample. You'll probably have far more than just two notes. Beyond La Frontera THE HISTORY OF MEXICO—U.S. MIGRATION edited by Mark Overmyer-Velázquez Presentation by Alondra Espinoza, Ho Wa Chung Providing a comprehensive and up-to-date historical overview of Mexican migration to the U.S.
  • 3. Summary CHAPTER 1 The first recorded Mexican immigrants into the U.S. go way back in the year 1848 to 1900. Mexico wanted to get at par with the United States in the year 1821 as they were not so far from them, except that they were under the Spanish colonial rulers. The thoughts of Mexican elites to better their country came at the time when there was a demographic revolution, and many people traveled, and many people migrated on the oceans and within Europe leading to more above 50 million Europeans settling into the United States. The immigration made the Mexican elites more aware of and eager to involve in the Atlantic migrations. Chp. 1 Inequality Cheap labor. Extremely cheap labor in the United States, They keep pushing the Mexico immigrants to be cheap employee, cheap salary, lots of works, no choice. Massive land displacements and high unemployment before the
  • 4. lower class Wage Gap between the Mexico and the U.S (1880-1900) Ex: Mexican Railroad workers in Arizona and Sonora ($1 a day in Arizona and $0.53 in Sonora pg. 25) Chp.1 Power Capitalism and the Transformation of Mexico’s Labor Markets Mexico was an excellent destination given that it lacked the capital to take advantage of its "wonderful and scarcely developed resources", so many policies allowed people to take the Mexico’s resources. The segregation of States ultimately led to the Civil War which led to many people approaching the Mexican frequently fronted until a large group from California moved into Mexico during the Gold Rush. In 1848, the United States need more territories from the immediate neighbors, making some free states and the rest slave states. Chp. 3 Summary The Great Depression contributed to migration of Mexicans
  • 5. from the North to the South. In the 1930s there was a change in the lives of Mexican immigrants. Americans felt that the Mexican laborers had led to the provision of extremely cheap labor in the U.S and that was leading high unemployment rates in the U.S. As a result of the hostility that Mexican laborers faced in the U.S, some opted to go back to Mexico but many were forced to go back through deportation policies. Many Mexicans were detained in their houses, work fields, and streets while others were deported back with their unborn descendants. In turn, many Mexicans in the U.S moved back to Mexico through the repatriation process. The Mexican government utilized this process seen as assisting their fellow brothers and sisters to construct a Mexican Nationalism. Chp. 3 Power Socio legal: The deportation policies of The United States wanted to reduce the unemployment and reduce the cheap labor, so deport all the mexican who are without a job or ability. The Mexican Governments: supported the return to Mexico of citizens and their descendents in the U.S as a way to construct Mexican Nationalism Cardenas Government : did not support all the repatriates National Irrigation Commission (CNI): promoted the settlement of Mexican agriculturists coming from the U.S in fully developed irrigation systems (Enciso pg. 67)
  • 6. Chp. 3 Inequality Deportations/ Violent Removal : Many Mexicans were detained in their houses, work fields and streets while others were deported back with their unborn descendants and their transportation was catered for. Such happenings led to so many Mexicans going back to their country hence reduction of the Mexican population in the US. Many U.S. citizens, boys and girls who were of Mexican origin were sent back to Mexico. (1930 -1934) over 350000 people had gone from America into Mexico for various reasons. Selective Repatriate Resettlement Projects: were based on eugenic racist ideology in terms of “skilled workers” (Mexican elites desired Mexican migrants from the U.S who were more “advanced” and were seen as “desirable source of colonization”) Ex: Half a Million Campaign: raised funds for these resettlement projects but turned out to be corrupt and the CNI proposing a resettlement area for “skilled workers” Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrant Summary Jonathan Fox emphasizes the reframing of Mexican migrants as a multiethnic process because the Mexican nation includes many distinct peoples. In the U.S Mexicans are treated as ethnically homogenous so Fox explores how both Mexican indigenous
  • 7. migrants and Mexican collective identities complicate widely held ideas about race/ethnicity and national identities. Fox does this by analyzing the experiences and identities of Indigenous Mexican migrants in the U.S. through frameworks that focus on racialization and that emphasize the social construction of collective identity formation. Chp. 7 Indigenous Mexican Migrants Power Racial Hierarchy: Indigenous migrants are racialized as migrants and indigenous people in Mexico and the U.S while maintaining and inferior status to the dominant racial group in each respective country Global Capitalism and the Location in Economic Market: being inserted into a globalized capitalism through migration in search for labor -Mexican immigrants find themselves placed into a social hierarchy that assigns them to a racial category - author uses a cross border perspective to provide a deeper understanding of the racialization of indegenous mexican migrants Leading to a further ethnoracial categorization in the labor market along with discrimination and exploitation
  • 8. Leading to further ethnoracial categorization in the labor market along with discrimination and exploitation Inequality “Mexican Work” : widely understood in U.S popular discourse as the kind that even low-income Americans won't do, at least for the wages offered (pg. 167) Ex: ethnographic study of Triqui strawberry pickers in Washington found a close correlation among the division of labor , ethnicity and the level of danger, stress, humiliation involved in their jobs Subjected to racial slurs "perros", “burros”, “Oaxacos”, “indios estupidos” Being placed to pick berries because they are closer to the ground 1986 Amnesty -Racial and ethnic difference among Mexcian migrant workers also interacts with the changing division of labor - - - Recruitment strategies that encouraged ethnic difference in the labor force Creating an understanding that indigenous migrant workers should be naturally limited to the most arduous jobs Inequality
  • 9. Exclusion of Political Rights: full democratic political rights are still widely denied both to migrants and to indigenous peoples Although indigenous Mexicans can access "full mexicanness" by assimilating to the dominant Spanish lang., migrants are still seen as being whitewashed or watering down their “mexicanidad “through exposure to the U.S and mexican american culture “those mexicans who don’t even speak english” and those indians who "ni si quiera hablan espanol" in Mexico's dominant national political culture, both indigenous Ppl and cross-border migrants are seen as less than full citizens Ethnic differnce and cross-border mobility remain in tension Collective Identity Formation Among Indigenous Mexican Migrants Trans Nationalized sphere: “Oaxacacalifornia” Cultural citizenship : a range of social practices which, claim and establish a distinct social space for Latinos in this country Translocal community citizenship : the process through which indigenous migrants are becoming active members of both of their communities of settlement and of their communities of origin
  • 10. Historical photos of mexican immigrants mexican immigrants workers sweatshop workers Present Day Indigenous Migrant Workers
  • 11.
  • 12. Beyond La Frontera 1Beyond La Frontera 2