The document discusses methods and technologies for creating digital replicas in cultural heritage. It provides examples from research projects on 3D reconstruction of archaeological sites like the Banditaccia Necropolis in Cerveteri and the Sarmizegetusa archaeological site. The research team uses techniques like photogrammetry, 3D scanning, and virtual reconstruction to create digital replicas for uses like virtual museums, academic research, and games. Validation of models is an ongoing challenge. The document emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of the work and potential applications of digital replicas.

1. Digital Heritage Bucharest - 11.9th.2018
Methods and technologies for the creation of
a Digital Replica in Cultural Heritage:
examples drawn from research projects
Emanuel Demetrescu, Daniele Ferdani,
Enzo d'Annibale, Bruno Fanini

2. Studies in Cultural Heritage
(Archaeology, History,
Anthropology etc.)
Industry of
Digital libraries
Virtual Museums
Games
content validation
3D as a research tool
academic dissemination
Papers
books
research projects

3. Research team, VH LAB (CNR-ITABC)
• Enzo d’Annibale
• Emanuel Demetrescu
• Bruno Fanini
• Daniele Ferdani
• Alfonsina Pagano
• Augusto Palombini
• Eva Pietroni
• Sofia Pescarin
• Engineer and visual designer
• Classic Archaeologist and 3D modeller
• Computer scientist 3D realtime/CGI
• Medieval Archaeologist and 3D modeller
• UX designer specialist
• Prehistoric Archaeologist and GIS expert
• Art Historian and 3D expert
• Archaeologist Roman Topography
need for a multidisciplinary approach

4. An ambiguous term: 3D reconstruction
•3D reconstruction for
experts in cultural heritage
(archaeologists, architects,
historians etc..)
•3D reconstruction for experts in
geomatics and 3D survey
CG as an aesthetic endeavour ?

5. what is a Digital Replica
it is NOT a digital copy of the real object
it is a visual substitute that make it possible to “experiment” the real object

6. VR Solutions
Portable, immersive VR
solutions for easy
deployment - ovrWalker
(B.Fanini)

7. Gesture-based Gaming
Admotum / AiRome
Fanini, B., d'Annibale, E.,
Demetrescu, E., Ferdani, D., &
Pagano, A. (2015, September).
Engaging and shared gesture-
based interaction for museums
the case study of K2R
international expo in Rome. In
Digital Heritage, 2015 (Vol. 1,
pp. 263-270). IEEE

8. Digital Replica
ICOMOS and UNESCO, have revised the definition of Cultural Heritage to include in
this definition not only the elements of historical-artistic relevance and the
testimonies of civilisation but also the environment that surrounds and hosts them.

9. Colonia Dacica Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana
Parallel Case studies
Cerveteri Necropoli Banditaccia

10. extensive survey at the Necropolis of Banditaccia 2013-2016
Campo della Fiera (interni ed esterni)
Onde Marine (esterni)
Onde Marine (scavo)
Grandi Tumuli (esterni)
Tomba dei capitelli (esterni)
Tomba della cornice(interni ed esterni)
Via dei monti della Tolfa (esterni)
200 m

12. Rizzo 1997
Pallottino 1951
Cosentino 2016
Cosentino 2008
Onde Marine excavation
10 m
10
10

13. Cerveteri Onde Marine
Tavola 5
vista isometrica de
scala 1:2000
10 m10
10
3D model of the excavation 2016
1500 mq
7 interiors of tomb explored
7 main epochs, from the end of VII to our days

14. Sarmizegetusa Ulpia Traiana ITABC-MNIT

15. Survey, digital restoration and reconstruction of the Great Temple of Sarmisegetusa
Survey 3D
Study
Digital restoration
Virtual Reconstruction
publishing
Ph.D. research - running publishing

16. Investigation on the
archaeological site
3D digital replica
Scientific documentation 3D VM DL Game
“derived" documentation (blueprints, sections)
GIS
Onde Marine Touch/Admotum
Methodologyoftheresearch
aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry,
GPS and laser scanner

17. 3D survey
Computer Graphic
Integration of techniques
3 D

18. Rete topografica (Stazione Totale e D-GPS)

19. Fotogrammetria terrestre

20. PhotosshootingDomusProcuratoris
GCPlocationCameralocationCameraParameters
04Terrestrialphotogrammetry-SurveyData

21. ITABC-02-S1000
S-1000 costruzione ITABC-CLOUDCAM
Ottocottero, A2, weight 11630 gr.
SPR ITABC-02-GRP32 - Graupner MC-20
GIMBAL tele-controllata universale
CANON 6D 35mm
Doppia trasmissione video a terra
ITABC-01-PHM
take off weight <1300 gr
SPR ITABC-01-GRP16 - Graupner MX-20
Phantom II con GoPro Hero 3
Aerial Photogrammetry

22. Point Cloud Mesh Texture
04Terrestrialphotogr.-ProcessingData Photoscan Project Workflow data

23. 3DsegmentationMeshediting
● 3D models segmentation (∼100 poly per block)
● Mesh optimization (poly decimation, capping
holes)
● Texture building (1 text 2048x2048 px per 5 m²)
● 3 Level of Details (LOD) for RT appl.
implementation: Lod1: 3K; Lod2: 1,5 K; Lod3: 0,5 K
Texturebuilding
04Terrestrialphot.-3DModelOptimization

24. Digital Libraries and Virtual Museums
Solid semantic tools like CIDOC CRM
Lot of literature and projects
3D survey (of extant objects)
Shared metadata schema (i.e. CARARE)

25. Recording the stratigraphy through the matrix of Harris
Tavola 5
vista isometric
scala 1:2000
10 m10
10
Tavola 5
vista isometrica dell'area di scavo
scala 1:2000
10 m10
10
Time

26. US 01 US 04 US 14US -22
2D representation of the Matrix using GraphML
The representation of stratigraphy in the 3D model

27. 3D/2D representation of the Matrix using GraphML
The representation of stratigraphy in Blender 3D EM tools
on git hub !

28. The representation of stratigraphy in Blender 3D
yED - Matrix of Harris Blender - proxy /
representation models

29. XX d.C.
Restauration
II d.C.
(foundation podio)
I d.C.
(phase before the temple)

30. Carta archeologica digitale della Necropoli di Cerveteri
Produzione elaborati derivati: prospetti

31. Cerveteri Onde Marine
Production of derived documentation

32. Productionofderiveddocumentation
SEZIONI

33. Productionofderiveddocumentation

38. High-dynamic-range imaging (HDR) is a technique used in
imaging and photography to reproduce a greater dynamic
range of luminosity
06HDRIsampling-Onffieldacquisition
Mirrored Sphere for HDR
Photographic campaign using multiple exposures

39. Camera Setting
● ISO 200
● Af 5,6
● Te 1/8000 sec → 2 sec
● 2 POV
Mirrored sphere
● 15 cm
06HDRI-Multipleimageexposurecapturing
Equirectangular 360° panoramaPOV 1 POV 2
Multiple image exposure dataset merged to HDR
Transformation of the round fish-eye images to square equirectangular images

40. 07Vegetationsampling
12 plant samplig

41. On-field sample gathering and classification
Creation of a library of the
local flora, sampling the
most prevalent vegetal
species directly on the field:
● Acacia
● Mallus Domestica
● Juglans Regia
● Prunus
● Vitis Vinifera
07Vegetationsampling

42. Organic procedural 3D modeling
Procedural building of the local plants and
placement on their original position in the reality-
based virtual model
3D organic model af a Mallus Domestica
Positioning on the virtual landscape
07Vegetationsampling

43. In recent years only 20% of papers written about the use of 3D technology in
archaeology focus on the 3D reconstruction of lost contexts.
Virtual reconstruction (no more extant objects)
there is a general lack in validation practice inside the community
A recent survey based on 686 publications, reports that only 1% of
contributors propose methods to be used in the validation of models.1
%
20
%
->

44. Filling the gaps with Virtual Stratigraphic Units
we can restore what likelihood
was in the past

45. The USV fill the gaps that exist in the MoH

46. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction
-US 93
SF03
VII BC

47. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction
USV2010

48. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

49. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction
Stratigraphic unit (US) or context
USVs Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (structural)
USVn Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (non-structural)

50. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

51. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

52. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction
Stratigraphic unit (US) or context
USVs Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (structural)
USVn Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (non-structural)

53. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

54. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

55. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction
Stratigraphic unit (US) or context
USVs Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (structural)
USVn Virtual Stratigraphic Unit (non-structural)

56. Cerveteri Onde Marine - reconstruction

57. digital restoration
Digital restoration digital replica
Digital restoration starts from a physical element and it is operated on it digital replica
SF 1
EM

58. Digital restoration starts from a physical
element and it is operated on it digital replica
digital anastylosis restores spatial relations
between digital elements
EM
digital anastylosis

63. Touch application for the exploration of the excavation of the
Marine Waves
Onde Marine touch
• The application allows you to explore 8 information points
of the excavation;
• goal of integrating methods and techniques specific to
archaeological documentation
• 3D digital replica -> touch application documentation;
• double language
• fully usable version 1;
• an upgrade is planned when the final location will be
defined (audio, music, additional effects).

64. Touche table - prototype A
Touch table made by CNR-ITABC
(D’Annibale Demetrescu)
made to manage 3D interactive contents

65. Onde Marine touch

66. Onde Marine touch

67. Onde Marine touch

68. WORK IN PROGRESS

69. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT

70. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT
User1
full body gesture exploration
User2
hand gesture exploration

71. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT

72. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT

73. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT

74. EXPO-CLUJ@MNIT
Awards and online assets

75. We are in the golden hour
technical opportunity: tools to create theoretically
infinite digital worlds (a.k.a. Open Worlds)
Virtual Reconstruction as part of the Archaelogical study to improve quality of virtual museums and games
on the field opportunity: diffusion of tools and users that
are able to make 3D survey campaign in short time
theoretical background ready since ’70 on simulation
in archaeology, virtual and cyber archeology
Digital Replica to express new Cultural Heritage definition
scientific need to include more aspects of the cultural heritage
(environment, light, vegetation, ethnographic aspects etc..)
Scientific hypothesis can be part of a digital world