This document discusses metals and non-metals. It begins by explaining how metals and non-metals surround us in daily life through various tools and containers. It then discusses the physical properties that differentiate metals from non-metals, such as malleability, lustre, hardness, state of matter, conductivity. It also explains some chemical properties such as how metals react with oxygen, acids, water and bases. Common reactions include the formation of metal oxides, hydrogen gas, and hydroxides. Corrosion is discussed as the oxidation of metals over time. The document aims to help students understand the differences between metals and non-metals.
This presentation describes lots about the metals and non-metals. It also talks about the periodic tabe, physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals and usses of them. Go ahead and learn beyond the Earth's crust as scientists still continue to dicover new things around the earth. After going through this presentation you will have complete understanding about the metals and non-metals.
Enjoy!!
Metals and non metals without animatiopnBalendu Kumar
The document discusses the properties and classification of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be molded and drawn into wires, and react with oxygen to form basic oxides. Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases, are typically poor conductors, and react with oxygen to form acidic oxides. The document provides examples of chemical reactions to illustrate differences in how metals and non-metals react with water, acids, oxygen, and how displacement reactions occur between metals. It also lists some common uses of metals like iron, aluminum, and silver as well as non-metals like iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and salt solutions of metals. They tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions, forming positive ions. Metal oxides are formed when metals react with oxygen. Amphoteric oxides like zinc oxide and aluminum oxide can react with both acids and bases to form salts and water. Non-metals do not react with water because they cannot donate electrons to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds. They also do not react with dilute acids but some exceptions exist, such as sulfur reacting with nitric acid. Aluminum undergoes various reactions including anodizing when treated with acids or steam in the laboratory.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided from most reactive to least. The document explains how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores is summarized including concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Common extraction methods are outlined for metals of high, medium, and low reactivity in the series.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Metals
→ Physical properties of metals
→ Chemical Properties of metals
• Non-metals
→ Physical properties of non-metals
→ Chemical Properties of metals
• Difference between metals and non-metals
• Reaction with Acids
• Reaction with Bases
This document contains questions and answers about metals and non-metals. It discusses examples of different types of metals based on their properties, such as mercury being liquid at room temperature. It also defines terms like malleable and ductile. Additional questions cover topics such as why sodium is stored in kerosene oil, displacement reactions between metals and solutions, and the reactivity series of metals. The document also discusses obtaining metals from oxides, alloys, corrosion prevention, and distinguishing metals from non-metals using physical tests.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, acids, and displace less reactive metals. It also discusses how non-metals can be solids, liquids or gases, are not malleable, and are generally poor conductors. The document then explains the extraction of metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes.
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are generally found in the earth's crust in ores associated with other elements, and are also present in rocks, water, and dust. Non-metals lack metallic properties and are mostly gases or solids like carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus. A metalloid has properties between metals and non-metals. The document then discusses various physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals such as conductivity, ductility, hardness, luster, malleability, physical state, sonority, examples, and their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, and other metal salts. It provides examples of these reactions and exceptions.
This presentation describes lots about the metals and non-metals. It also talks about the periodic tabe, physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals and usses of them. Go ahead and learn beyond the Earth's crust as scientists still continue to dicover new things around the earth. After going through this presentation you will have complete understanding about the metals and non-metals.
Enjoy!!
Metals and non metals without animatiopnBalendu Kumar
The document discusses the properties and classification of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, can be molded and drawn into wires, and react with oxygen to form basic oxides. Non-metals may be solids, liquids or gases, are typically poor conductors, and react with oxygen to form acidic oxides. The document provides examples of chemical reactions to illustrate differences in how metals and non-metals react with water, acids, oxygen, and how displacement reactions occur between metals. It also lists some common uses of metals like iron, aluminum, and silver as well as non-metals like iodine, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and salt solutions of metals. They tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions, forming positive ions. Metal oxides are formed when metals react with oxygen. Amphoteric oxides like zinc oxide and aluminum oxide can react with both acids and bases to form salts and water. Non-metals do not react with water because they cannot donate electrons to break the hydrogen-oxygen bonds. They also do not react with dilute acids but some exceptions exist, such as sulfur reacting with nitric acid. Aluminum undergoes various reactions including anodizing when treated with acids or steam in the laboratory.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. A reactivity series of metals is provided from most reactive to least. The document explains how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction of metals from ores is summarized including concentration, reduction, and refining steps. Common extraction methods are outlined for metals of high, medium, and low reactivity in the series.
Topics Included
• Introduction
• Metals
→ Physical properties of metals
→ Chemical Properties of metals
• Non-metals
→ Physical properties of non-metals
→ Chemical Properties of metals
• Difference between metals and non-metals
• Reaction with Acids
• Reaction with Bases
This document contains questions and answers about metals and non-metals. It discusses examples of different types of metals based on their properties, such as mercury being liquid at room temperature. It also defines terms like malleable and ductile. Additional questions cover topics such as why sodium is stored in kerosene oil, displacement reactions between metals and solutions, and the reactivity series of metals. The document also discusses obtaining metals from oxides, alloys, corrosion prevention, and distinguishing metals from non-metals using physical tests.
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, good conductors of heat and electricity, and react with oxygen, water, acids, and displace less reactive metals. It also discusses how non-metals can be solids, liquids or gases, are not malleable, and are generally poor conductors. The document then explains the extraction of metals from ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes.
The document discusses the properties and characteristics of metals and non-metals. It states that metals are generally found in the earth's crust in ores associated with other elements, and are also present in rocks, water, and dust. Non-metals lack metallic properties and are mostly gases or solids like carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus. A metalloid has properties between metals and non-metals. The document then discusses various physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals such as conductivity, ductility, hardness, luster, malleability, physical state, sonority, examples, and their reactions with oxygen, water, acids, and other metal salts. It provides examples of these reactions and exceptions.
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water in the air, forming coatings or rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
This document discusses the properties and chemical reactions of metals and non-metals. It defines metals as solid materials that form metallic bonds between closely packed atoms. Metals have properties like lustre, malleability, and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and form many useful compounds. The document outlines common chemical reactions of metals, such as forming oxides with oxygen or salts with acids, and reactions of non-metals like combining with oxygen to form oxides or chlorine to form chlorides. In conclusion, it thanks the reader for their time.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then outlines some common metal ores such as bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) for aluminum, zinc blende (ZnS) for zinc, and hematite (Fe2O3) for iron. Finally, it notes that the steps in extracting metal from ore depend on the reactivity of the metal. Highly reactive metals require more processing steps since they must be extracted from their ionic compounds in the ore. Less reactive metals like gold and silver are sometimes found in their free state.
This document provides an introduction and overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses that metals make up about two-thirds of the known elements and have properties like luster and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and include gases and some solids. Most metals are found combined as oxides or sulfides, while some non-metals exist freely or combined. Metals are typically hard, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals are brittle, low density insulators. Common metals like iron, aluminum, and copper have many applications, while non-metals like sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine are used in industries like chemical production. The document concludes with a brief discussion
Chapter 4 metals and non-metals (class-8) CBSENeetuGupta71
Metals and non-metals are two types of elements. Metals are shiny, sonorous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are dull, non-sonorous, non-ductile, non-malleable, and poor conductors. Some exceptions are that mercury is the only metal in liquid form, sodium and potassium are soft metals, iodine is the only lustrous non-metal, and graphite conducts electricity unlike most non-metals. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates, while non-metals react with bases in a more complex process without hydrogen gas
This is a summary of the topic "metals" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This document discusses the differences between metals and non-metals. It defines metals as materials that are lustrous, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals lack these properties and include materials like carbon and sulfur. The document outlines several physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, such as their reactions with water, oxygen, acids, and bases. Metals react with these substances to form oxides, hydroxides, or salts, while non-metals generally do not react or only react under certain conditions.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions related to metals and non-metals. The questions cover various properties and reactions of metals and non-metals such as: which metals burn in air; the products formed when metals react with acids, oxygen, and water; physical properties like malleability and conductivity; and common metallic and non-metallic elements and compounds. The correct answers to each multiple choice question are also provided.
This document contains information about various metals and non-metals. It lists the elements sodium through scandium and several other metals and non-metals. It then compares the properties of metals and non-metals such as their physical state, hardness, conductivity and reactivity. Specific metals like gold, silver, aluminum and copper are discussed along with their common uses like making jewelry, aircraft, utensils and wires. Nitrogen and graphite are given as examples of non-metals and their uses by plants and in pencils respectively. The document concludes by presenting the reactivity series of some common metals.
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
CBSE Class 8 Science _Metals and non metalschandkec
- The document discusses substances found in nature which can be categorized as natural or artificial/man-made substances. Natural substances such as coal and petroleum are further divided into metals and non-metals. Artificial substances are those made by humans like chairs and tables.
- The document then discusses atoms, elements, and molecules. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Valence electrons determine how atoms bond together. Metals and non-metals are introduced along with their properties. Corrosion of metals is discussed along with methods to prevent corrosion like painting, greasing, and electroplating.
Metals and non-metals have distinct physical and chemical properties. Physically, metals tend to be solid, shiny, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are usually brittle solids, liquids, or gases that are poor conductors. Chemically, metals react with non-metals like sulfur to form compounds called metal sulfides, and they react with oxygen to form metal oxides, which may dissolve in water to form bases. Non-metals also react with oxygen to form oxides, which dissolve in water to form acids like sulfurous acid. Common metals and non-metals have a variety of industrial and domestic uses based on their properties.
The document discusses the reactions of metals with acids and their uses. It explains that metals are found naturally in ores and can be extracted. Certain metals like aluminum, steel, and iron have specific uses like in aircraft, cooking pots, etc. due to their properties. It also describes how most metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals follows certain patterns that allow predictions of how a metal will react with acid.
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals and their uses. It lists examples of metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, iodine and bromine. It describes the physical properties of metals like shine, ductility, malleability and strength and how they differ from non-metals. Finally, it gives examples of how metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, neon and chlorine are used based on their properties in applications like railways, kitchenware, wiring, coins and lighting.
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals. Metals typically conduct heat and electricity well, have high melting points, and can be molded. Non-metals are usually poor conductors that exist as solids or gases, are not malleable, and have low melting points. A third category of elements called metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. While there are some exceptions, metals tend to be good conductors of heat and electricity with high densities, while non-metals are typically brittle insulators with low densities.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It includes several activities to classify different materials as metals or non-metals based on their properties like conductivity and malleability. The document also describes displacement reactions between metals and explains that more reactive metals can displace less reactive ones from their compounds in water. Common uses of metals and non-metals are also outlined.
This document provides information about the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It defines metals as good conductors of heat and electricity that are shiny, ductile, and malleable. Nonmetals are described as poor conductors that are dull, brittle, and often gases. Metalloids have properties between metals and nonmetals, conducting some heat and electricity but not as well as metals. The document instructs students to color and label their periodic tables accordingly.
This document provides an introduction to metallurgy, which is the science dealing with the extraction, refining, and uses of metals. Metals can exist in three states: free/native state (like gold and silver), combined state forming oxides or sulphides, or a middle state forming sulphides, oxides, nitrides, or hydroxides. Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds in the Earth's crust, while ores contain a high percentage of metal that can be profitably extracted. Gangs contain impurities associated with ores, while fluxes are added to ores to remove gangue, forming a fusible slag product.
This document discusses choosing a career and provides information about career options in business. It begins by explaining that a career means the occupations one pursues over their lifetime to earn a livelihood. The document notes that properly choosing a career is important in today's competitive world. It identifies the main types of career paths as wage employment, where one works for another individual or company, or self-employment, where one runs their own business. The document outlines some common avenues for wage employment such as government jobs, private companies, schools, and hospitals. It also provides examples of self-employment opportunities like small shops and service businesses. Overall, the document aims to inform readers about factors to consider when choosing a career and the various options available
Chapter 3.metals and non metals priya jhaPriya Jha
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler substances or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There are 118 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring, while the rest have been prepared artificially. Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals, and metalloids based on their properties, which are correlated with their placement in the periodic table.Metals
With the exception of hydrogen, all elements that form positive ions by losing electrons during chemical reactions are called metals. Thus metals are electropositive elements with relatively low ionization energies. They are characterized by bright luster, hardness, ability to resonate sound and are excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Metals are solids under normal conditions except for Mercury.Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be gases, liquids or solids.Metalloids
Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic. The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the group in which it is located.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, gaining electrons and becoming negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water in the air, forming coatings or rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
This document discusses the properties and chemical reactions of metals and non-metals. It defines metals as solid materials that form metallic bonds between closely packed atoms. Metals have properties like lustre, malleability, and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and form many useful compounds. The document outlines common chemical reactions of metals, such as forming oxides with oxygen or salts with acids, and reactions of non-metals like combining with oxygen to form oxides or chlorine to form chlorides. In conclusion, it thanks the reader for their time.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then outlines some common metal ores such as bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O) for aluminum, zinc blende (ZnS) for zinc, and hematite (Fe2O3) for iron. Finally, it notes that the steps in extracting metal from ore depend on the reactivity of the metal. Highly reactive metals require more processing steps since they must be extracted from their ionic compounds in the ore. Less reactive metals like gold and silver are sometimes found in their free state.
This document provides an introduction and overview of metals and non-metals. It discusses that metals make up about two-thirds of the known elements and have properties like luster and conductivity. Non-metals lack metallic properties and include gases and some solids. Most metals are found combined as oxides or sulfides, while some non-metals exist freely or combined. Metals are typically hard, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals are brittle, low density insulators. Common metals like iron, aluminum, and copper have many applications, while non-metals like sulfur, oxygen, and chlorine are used in industries like chemical production. The document concludes with a brief discussion
Chapter 4 metals and non-metals (class-8) CBSENeetuGupta71
Metals and non-metals are two types of elements. Metals are shiny, sonorous, ductile, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are dull, non-sonorous, non-ductile, non-malleable, and poor conductors. Some exceptions are that mercury is the only metal in liquid form, sodium and potassium are soft metals, iodine is the only lustrous non-metal, and graphite conducts electricity unlike most non-metals. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates, while non-metals react with bases in a more complex process without hydrogen gas
This is a summary of the topic "metals" in the GCE O levels subject: Chemistry. Students taking either the combined science (chemistry/physics) or pure chemistry will find this useful. These slides are prepared according to the learning outcomes required by the examinations board.
This document discusses the differences between metals and non-metals. It defines metals as materials that are lustrous, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Non-metals lack these properties and include materials like carbon and sulfur. The document outlines several physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals, such as their reactions with water, oxygen, acids, and bases. Metals react with these substances to form oxides, hydroxides, or salts, while non-metals generally do not react or only react under certain conditions.
This document contains 50 multiple choice questions related to metals and non-metals. The questions cover various properties and reactions of metals and non-metals such as: which metals burn in air; the products formed when metals react with acids, oxygen, and water; physical properties like malleability and conductivity; and common metallic and non-metallic elements and compounds. The correct answers to each multiple choice question are also provided.
This document contains information about various metals and non-metals. It lists the elements sodium through scandium and several other metals and non-metals. It then compares the properties of metals and non-metals such as their physical state, hardness, conductivity and reactivity. Specific metals like gold, silver, aluminum and copper are discussed along with their common uses like making jewelry, aircraft, utensils and wires. Nitrogen and graphite are given as examples of non-metals and their uses by plants and in pencils respectively. The document concludes by presenting the reactivity series of some common metals.
CBSE Class 8 / VIII General Ccience Power Point Presentation
Prepared By
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
CBSE Class 8 Science _Metals and non metalschandkec
- The document discusses substances found in nature which can be categorized as natural or artificial/man-made substances. Natural substances such as coal and petroleum are further divided into metals and non-metals. Artificial substances are those made by humans like chairs and tables.
- The document then discusses atoms, elements, and molecules. Atoms are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Valence electrons determine how atoms bond together. Metals and non-metals are introduced along with their properties. Corrosion of metals is discussed along with methods to prevent corrosion like painting, greasing, and electroplating.
Metals and non-metals have distinct physical and chemical properties. Physically, metals tend to be solid, shiny, malleable, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are usually brittle solids, liquids, or gases that are poor conductors. Chemically, metals react with non-metals like sulfur to form compounds called metal sulfides, and they react with oxygen to form metal oxides, which may dissolve in water to form bases. Non-metals also react with oxygen to form oxides, which dissolve in water to form acids like sulfurous acid. Common metals and non-metals have a variety of industrial and domestic uses based on their properties.
The document discusses the reactions of metals with acids and their uses. It explains that metals are found naturally in ores and can be extracted. Certain metals like aluminum, steel, and iron have specific uses like in aircraft, cooking pots, etc. due to their properties. It also describes how most metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. The reactivity of metals follows certain patterns that allow predictions of how a metal will react with acid.
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals and their uses. It lists examples of metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, iodine and bromine. It describes the physical properties of metals like shine, ductility, malleability and strength and how they differ from non-metals. Finally, it gives examples of how metals like iron, aluminum and copper and non-metals like carbon, neon and chlorine are used based on their properties in applications like railways, kitchenware, wiring, coins and lighting.
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals. Metals typically conduct heat and electricity well, have high melting points, and can be molded. Non-metals are usually poor conductors that exist as solids or gases, are not malleable, and have low melting points. A third category of elements called metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. While there are some exceptions, metals tend to be good conductors of heat and electricity with high densities, while non-metals are typically brittle insulators with low densities.
This document discusses the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It includes several activities to classify different materials as metals or non-metals based on their properties like conductivity and malleability. The document also describes displacement reactions between metals and explains that more reactive metals can displace less reactive ones from their compounds in water. Common uses of metals and non-metals are also outlined.
This document provides information about the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It defines metals as good conductors of heat and electricity that are shiny, ductile, and malleable. Nonmetals are described as poor conductors that are dull, brittle, and often gases. Metalloids have properties between metals and nonmetals, conducting some heat and electricity but not as well as metals. The document instructs students to color and label their periodic tables accordingly.
This document provides an introduction to metallurgy, which is the science dealing with the extraction, refining, and uses of metals. Metals can exist in three states: free/native state (like gold and silver), combined state forming oxides or sulphides, or a middle state forming sulphides, oxides, nitrides, or hydroxides. Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds in the Earth's crust, while ores contain a high percentage of metal that can be profitably extracted. Gangs contain impurities associated with ores, while fluxes are added to ores to remove gangue, forming a fusible slag product.
This document discusses choosing a career and provides information about career options in business. It begins by explaining that a career means the occupations one pursues over their lifetime to earn a livelihood. The document notes that properly choosing a career is important in today's competitive world. It identifies the main types of career paths as wage employment, where one works for another individual or company, or self-employment, where one runs their own business. The document outlines some common avenues for wage employment such as government jobs, private companies, schools, and hospitals. It also provides examples of self-employment opportunities like small shops and service businesses. Overall, the document aims to inform readers about factors to consider when choosing a career and the various options available
This document discusses demand and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining demand as the quantity of a good purchased at a given price and time period. It then explains that demand is influenced by price, income, tastes/preferences, and prices of related goods. The document provides an example of an individual's demand schedule for mangoes and uses it to construct an individual demand curve, which graphs the inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded as described by the law of demand. It concludes by defining market demand as the total quantity demanded by all individual buyers in the market.
The document provides background on modern India, describing how:
1) The British gained political control over India through the East India Company and exploited India's economy and resources for British benefit.
2) Social conditions in 18th century India were characterized by religious divisions and oppressive treatment of women and lower castes.
3) Prominent social and religious reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda worked to improve social conditions and promote nationalism by opposing practices like sati and the caste system.
Production, consumption, and capital formation are the basic economic activities. Production involves combining factors of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship to produce goods and services. The factors are paid incomes of rent, wages, interest, and profits. Consumption is the use of goods and services to satisfy wants and needs. Some of current production is saved and added to existing capital like machinery and buildings to expand future production potential through capital formation. So what is produced is disposed through consumption or capital formation.
Warehousing refers to storing goods on a large scale in a systematic and orderly manner from the time they are produced until they are consumed. It removes the hindrance of time and bridges the gap between production and consumption. The key needs for warehousing include seasonal production/demand of goods, large-scale production, ensuring quick supply of goods to consumers, and enabling continuous production through adequate raw material storage. Warehousing provides various benefits such as protecting goods, facilitating regular supply and continuity in production, making goods available at convenient locations, and enabling financing through warehouse receipts.
This document discusses organizations and the world of organizations from a psychological perspective. It begins by defining an organization as a social unit created for a specific purpose. It views organizations as open systems that take inputs from the environment, transform them, and provide outputs. Key subsystems of organizations include goals, technical, managerial, and structural.
It also discusses organizational climate, defined as the atmosphere or quality of an internal work environment. Determinants of climate include organizational structure, technology, external environment, and management policies. Interpersonal relationships at work, including between supervisors and subordinates and among coworkers, are also examined. The importance of communication and factors influencing individual productivity and organizational excellence are outlined.
Mukta Vidya Vani is a pioneering initiative of the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) for using streaming audio for educational purposes, which will enhance accessibility and quality of programme delivery of NIOS programmes. This application of ICT is a rare accomplishment of NIOS as the first Open and Distance Learning Institute to start a two-way interaction with its learners.
This document discusses human wants. It explains that wants are unlimited but resources are limited. People engage in different economic activities to earn income to satisfy their many wants. Wants arise from birth and have grown over time with developments like cooking food and new clothing and housing options. Not all wants can be satisfied due to scarce resources. Wants are satisfied through goods and services that are produced using resources like land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship. Wants vary by person, time and place. The Indian philosophy is to limit wants to have a satisfied life within limited resources. Wants expand and change with economic development as new goods and technologies emerge.
This document discusses saving, insurance, and different types of insurance products. It defines saving as income minus consumption, and explains that saving is important to meet future needs since the future is uncertain. Insurance is defined as a financial product that can be purchased to partly or fully recover losses from events beyond one's control. Key insurance products discussed include auto insurance, which compensates for vehicle damage, and health insurance, which reimburses some medical expenses. Saving allows individuals to lend funds and earn interest, while many small savings collectively support economic development when deposited in banks and post offices.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
(1) Psychology is the systematic scientific study of mental processes, experiences, and behaviors. It has its origins in ancient Greece and was formally established as a field by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879.
(2) The document discusses the nature and scope of psychology. It examines the study of experiences, mental processes, and behaviors. It also explores basic psychological processes like sensation, attention, perception, learning, memory, and thinking.
(3) The scope of psychology is broad, covering topics from biological systems and development to cognition, motivation, emotion, and individual differences. It aims to further understanding of human nature and facilitate solving personal and social problems.
The document discusses advertising and its importance for businesses. It begins by explaining that for a business to succeed, customers must be made aware of its products/services through advertising. Advertising makes people aware of the availability, price and features of products so that customers can make informed purchase decisions.
The key objectives of advertising are to educate customers, create demand for new products, retain existing customers, and increase sales. Advertising helps achieve these objectives. Various media are used for advertising like print media (newspapers, magazines), electronic media (radio, television, internet) and other outdoor media (hoardings, posters, vehicle displays). Each media has its own advantages and limitations for businesses to consider when selecting advertising channels.
Nimrat notices that her newborn sister Sufi is rapidly developing and changing in many ways. The document discusses the basic concepts of development, including the differences between growth and development, maturation versus learning, and the roles of heredity and environment. It also outlines several principles of development, such as development occurring in stages and being predictable, while differing in rates for different parts of the body. Early development is noted as being more important than later development.
Local governments and field administrations in indiaindianeducation
This document provides information about local governments in India. It discusses how Vijay, after returning to his native village after many years, noticed improvements like a new school, volleyball ground, and tubewell. When he asked the teacher about these changes, the teacher explained they were due to efforts of the newly elected Sarpanch and panches of the Gram Panchayat, with support from field administration. The document then discusses the structure and functions of local governments in India, including the three-tier Panchayati Raj system of rural local governance and the impact of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.
- The document discusses various techniques for controlling and disciplining the mind, including Jeevan Vigyan, Preksha Dhyana, Art of Living, Transcendental Meditation, and Vipassana.
- Jeevan Vigyan teaches positive values and helps develop emotional competence through controlling emotions. Preksha Dhyana involves relaxation and awareness techniques like Kayotsarg.
- Art of Living introduces techniques like Sudarshan Kriya to reduce stress through breathwork. Transcendental Meditation moves the mind from surface thoughts to deeper levels of consciousness. Vipassana involves mindful observation of the breath without control.
Nurturing the whole being an indian perspectiveindianeducation
The document discusses Indian perspectives on nurturing the whole being and personality development from a holistic view. It describes the concept of panch koshas (five sheaths of human existence), including the annamaya kosha (physical body), pranamaya kosha (vital sheath), manomaya kosha (mental sheath), vijnanamaya kosha (intellectual sheath), and anandamaya kosha (blissful sheath). It also discusses the three gunas of sattwa, rajas, and tamas, and how personalities can be influenced by different proportions of these qualities. Finally, it explains Sri Aurobindo's view of levels of consciousness as
- The document discusses congruence of triangles and various criteria for determining if two triangles are congruent.
- There are four criteria presented: 1) SAS (two sides and included angle are equal), 2) ASA (two angles and a non-included side are equal), 3) SSS (all three sides are equal), and 4) RHS (right triangle with hypotenuse and one side equal).
- Theorems are proved that the angles opposite equal sides of a triangle are equal, and the sides opposite equal angles of a triangle are equal.
This document discusses exponents and radicals. It introduces exponential notation to write repeated multiplication concisely. Natural numbers can be uniquely expressed as a product of prime number factors raised to powers. Radicals are also introduced to represent roots of numbers. Laws of exponents and radicals are defined to simplify expressions. The objectives are to write expressions using exponential notation, factor numbers, simplify expressions using exponent laws, and perform operations on radicals.
The document discusses quadratic equations. It begins by defining quadratic equations as polynomials of degree two that are set equal to zero. It then provides examples of identifying quadratic equations from collections of equations. Methods covered for solving quadratic equations include factoring, using the quadratic formula, and determining the nature of roots based on the discriminant. It also discusses writing quadratic equations in standard form and translating word problems into quadratic equations.
Metals and Non-Metals form a fundamental classification of elements, playing a pivotal role in understanding the diverse world of chemistry. In Class 10, students delve into the distinct characteristics, properties, and reactions that define these two broad categories. Metals, with their conductivity and malleability, stand in stark contrast to the non-metals, which exhibit varying physical and chemical traits. These notes provide a concise exploration of the essential attributes of metals and non-metals, offering a foundational understanding for students to navigate the complexities of chemical interactions and classifications in the realm of science.
The document discusses metals and non-metals. It describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals have opposite properties. It also discusses how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids and how displacement reactions can be used to determine reactivity order. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction using chemical/electrochemical methods depending on their reactivity.
The document discusses the process of extracting metals from ores. It begins by explaining how the reactivity of metals determines whether they are found in nature in elemental form or as compounds in ores. Extraction involves removing impurities from the ore, converting metal compounds to oxides, and then reducing the oxides to elemental metals. Less reactive metals can be extracted by heating while more reactive metals require electrolysis or displacement by other reactive metals. The pure metals may then be refined electrolytically to remove remaining impurities.
The document discusses the extraction of metals from ores. It begins by explaining that metals are found either in their free state or combined as compounds in minerals and ores. It then discusses the various types of ores containing different metals such as oxides, sulfides, halides, etc. It also provides examples of common ores for metals like aluminum, zinc, iron, copper, sodium, potassium, lead, tin, and silver. Finally, it notes that the extraction process involves grouping metals based on their reactivity in the reactivity series, with less reactive metals sometimes found in their free state and more reactive metals requiring extraction from ionic compounds in their ores.
Metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, or salts. They lose electrons and become positively charged ions. Non-metals react with oxygen to form non-metal oxides, generally do not react with water or acids, and gain electrons to become negatively charged ions. Corrosion occurs as metals react with substances like oxygen and water, forming coatings like rust. Corrosion can be prevented by applying protective coatings like oil, paint, zinc plating, or by alloying metals.
The document provides information about the differences between physical properties of metals and non-metals through a table. It also lists questions and answers about various metals and non-metals. Some key points covered include: metals have lustre and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals generally lack lustre and are poor conductors. Metals exist mainly as solids, while some non-metals can be liquids or gases. Chemical properties discussed include metals forming basic oxides and reacting with acids to produce hydrogen gas.
The questions of chapter metals and non metals all in one place to access. This question bank make the students useful to prepare for the 10th board exams.
1. The document discusses various properties and reactions involving metals and non-metals. It describes the structure of alloys and how they are stronger than pure metals.
2. Key extraction methods are related to a metal's position in the reactivity series, such as electrolysis of reactive metals and blast furnaces for less reactive metals.
3. Common uses of metals such as aluminum, zinc, and iron alloys are explained in terms of the metals' properties including strength, corrosion resistance, and galvanization.
Alloys are mixtures of metals or metals with nonmetals that enhance properties like hardness and corrosion resistance. Common alloys include brass, bronze, and solder. Corrosion is the deterioration of metals due to reactions with air, moisture or chemicals. It can be prevented through methods like coating, alloying, galvanization, and electroplating. Metals are good conductors, malleable, and have high melting points, while nonmetals are brittle, poor conductors, and exist as solids, liquids or gases. Metals react with oxygen, acids, water and displacement reactions. Extraction methods depend on a metal's reactivity and include electrolysis, smelting, and self-reduction
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solid, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solid, liquid, or gas and are not malleable. It also explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids, forming ionic compounds. Common extraction methods are outlined, such as electrolysis for reactive metals and roasting/reduction for others. The document concludes by discussing corrosion prevention through methods like galvanization and alloying.
The document discusses the s-block elements, specifically focusing on the alkali metals. It provides an introduction and table of contents. It then discusses the electronic configuration of s-block elements and lists the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals. The next sections provide details on the characteristics properties of alkali metals, including their electronic configuration, atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, and flame coloration. Further sections describe the atomic and physical properties and chemical properties of alkali metals, including their reactivity towards air, water, hydrogen, and halogens. Applications of some alkali metals are also mentioned. References are listed at the end.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals including their malleability, conductivity, and reaction with oxygen, water and acids. Nonmetals are described as brittle, poor conductors with low melting points that react differently with oxygen and acids compared to metals. Metalloids share some properties of both metals and nonmetals.
The document provides information about the periodic table of elements and the properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. It states that the periodic table organizes the 118 known elements and can provide information about each element. It describes the properties of metals such as being solid, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. Nonmetals are described as sometimes being gases, brittle, and poor conductors. Metalloids display properties of both metals and nonmetals. Chemical reactions of metals and nonmetals are also summarized.
This document summarizes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It discusses how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids. It also describes the reactivity series of metals, how ionic compounds form, and how metals are extracted from their ores. Key points include:
- Metals are malleable and conductive while non-metals vary in state and are not usually malleable.
- Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, with water to form hydroxides and hydrogen, and with acids to form salts and hydrogen.
- The reactivity series arranges metals from most reactive (e.g. potassium) to least reactive (e.g. gold
The document discusses the properties and reactions of metals and non-metals. It covers various topics including the definitions of metals and non-metals, their physical properties, reactions with oxygen, water, acids, and other metals. It also discusses the extraction of metals from ores through processes like enrichment, conversion to oxides, and electrolytic/thermal reduction depending on the reactivity of the metal. The reactivity series is mentioned as well as alloys, corrosion prevention methods, and electrolytic refining of metals.
Chemistry zimsec chapter 9 chemical periodicityalproelearning
This document summarizes key concepts about chemical periodicity, including the various blocks and periods in the periodic table. It describes trends in atomic properties like atomic radius, ionization energy, and electronegativity across periods and down groups. These trends are explained by factors like nuclear charge, atomic size, and shielding effects. Common reactions of representative elements like formation of oxides and chlorides from the third period are presented, along with equations. Structures and bonding of these compounds are discussed as well as their reactions with water.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are generally solids, malleable, and good conductors, while non-metals can be solids, liquids, or gases and are not malleable. It explains how metals react with oxygen, water, and acids to form metal oxides, hydroxides, and salts. The reactivity of common metals is ranked in a reactivity series. The document also summarizes how metals are extracted from their ores through concentration, reduction, and refining processes. Electrolytic extraction and refining methods are described for reactive metals.
The document describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Physically, metals are malleable and ductile, have metallic luster, and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals lack these properties. Chemically, metals are reactive and form basic oxides, reacting with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas. They also react with water. Metals exist higher in the reactivity series and must be extracted through electrolysis, while less reactive metals can be extracted from their ores by heating. Common metals like iron, copper and aluminum are used to make containers and wires, while non-metals like silicon, sulfur and hydrogen have various industrial applications.
The document summarizes the properties and reactivity of alkali metals. It discusses their physical properties including softness, low density, and good heat and electricity conductivity. It describes their chemical reactivity including reactions with oxygen, halogens, nitrogen, carbon, and water. Alkali metals readily lose their outer shell electron to form +1 ions. Their reactivity increases down the group as atomic size increases. Common compounds include oxides, hydroxides, peroxides, and superoxides. Sodium and potassium are the most abundant in nature while lithium, rubidium, and cesium are rarer.
1. Indian culture spread abroad through various means, including traders, teachers, scholars, missionaries and monks who traveled along trade routes like the Silk Road. They introduced Indian religion, philosophy, art, language and other aspects of culture to places in Central Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
2. Major universities like Nalanda and Vikramashila played an important role in spreading Indian culture abroad by attracting large numbers of foreign students and scholars. Eminent Indian teachers and scholars like Kumarajiva went abroad and translated Indian texts, establishing Buddhism in countries like China.
3. Indian cultural influence is seen in many regions through remnants like temples, sculptures and manuscripts. Places like K
The document discusses several major socio-cultural issues facing contemporary Indian society, including:
1) Casteism, as the caste system has historically led to discrimination and hampered social mobility, though government legislation and social reforms have helped improve the situation.
2) Issues related to women such as gender discrimination, dowry system, and declining child sex ratio showing discrimination against girls.
3) Substance abuse problems like drinking, smoking, and drug addiction, especially among youth, which have serious health and social consequences.
4) Communalism, where tensions between religious communities have led to violence and riots, challenging unity and progress.
5) Issues related to the elderly as joint families
Social psychological processes group and leadershipsindianeducation
This document discusses groups and leadership. It begins by explaining the importance of groups in our lives and how we are born into groups like our family. It describes the key characteristics of a group, including members having a shared identity and engaging in frequent interaction. It then discusses various aspects of group dynamics, including cohesiveness, conformity, and the differences between in-groups and out-groups. The document also examines the impact of groups on performance, through concepts like social facilitation and social loafing. It distinguishes between formal and informal groups and describes the typical stages of group development. Finally, it discusses the importance of leadership and some key qualities of effective leaders.
This document discusses communication and provides information on various aspects of communication including the definition of communication, types of communication (verbal and non-verbal), elements of the communication process, effective communication, non-verbal communication in the Indian context, and the role and impact of mass media. It defines communication as a process of interaction that allows the transmission of information, ideas, and attitudes between individuals. It notes that non-verbal communication accounts for over 70% of communication. Effective communication requires common understanding between parties, content of mutual interest, and consideration of cultural and social factors.
This document discusses social and educational problems in India. It begins by defining social problems as situations where community goals are not achieved due to difficulties in the system. People face issues like harassment, lack of good education, discrimination, and poverty. Educational problems refer to school dropout, stagnation, and wastage.
The document then focuses on analyzing the psychological aspects of some key social problems - poverty, drug addiction, and dowry. It explains the causes and consequences of poverty, like malnutrition, poor socialization patterns, effects on personality development and mental health. For drug addiction, it discusses risk factors like peer pressure, genetics, and maturity. It notes dowry was originally to help with marriage expenses but now burdens families.
The document provides information about sensory processes including attention and perception. It discusses the five basic senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste, and the sense organs associated with each. It describes how sensation is the initial detection of sensory stimuli, while perception involves further interpretation and recognition based on past experiences. The key stages of perception identified are sensation, analysis of parts, perceptual synthesis, organization, assigning meaning and identification. Factors influencing attention like physical attributes of stimuli, motives, and expectations are also outlined.
This document discusses how yoga contributes to self-development. It begins by explaining how one's sense of self changes throughout different life stages from infancy to old age. It then discusses how yoga can play an important role in self-development by nurturing the body, mind, vital force and intellect through practices like asanas, pranayama and meditation. This enhances qualities like self-esteem, confidence and respect. The document also explores how yoga is relevant in different walks of life like studies, relationships, work and health. It shapes attitudes, thinking and behavior by training the body, mind and intellect. Yoga teaches excellence in action by motivating one to strive hard with a lofty goal and singleness of purpose
1. The document discusses several important Indian scientists from modern times who contributed greatly to fields like mathematics, physics, and plant physiology.
2. It describes the achievements of scientists like Srinivasa Ramanujan in mathematics, C.V. Raman who discovered the Raman Effect and won the Nobel Prize in Physics, and J.C. Bose who invented the Crescograph to study plant growth.
3. These scientists helped reawaken India's legacy of scientific achievement and brought great respect and recognition to India through their groundbreaking work.
1. Ancient Indian scientists made many significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, medical science, and other fields.
2. Figures like Baudhayan, Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta, Bhaskaracharya, Kanad, Varahamihira, Nagarjuna, Susruta, and Charak advanced knowledge in areas like calculus, astronomy, algebra, medicine, and more.
3. Their work in mathematics and science laid the foundation for modern work but was not fully recognized due to lack of documentation and later domination by Western thinkers. However, many concepts like zero, place value system, and quadratic equations can be traced back to ancient Indian scholars.
Indian culture has a rich legacy of scientific ideas dating back to ancient times. In ancient India, various fields of science like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and metallurgy made progress. Key developments included Aryabhata's work in astronomy which established it on scientific principles instead of religious beliefs, the development of the decimal number system and discovery of zero in mathematics, and the works of Charaka and Sushruta in medicine which discussed plants, surgery and over 700 medical plants. During the medieval period, science continued along traditions from earlier times while also adopting new influences from Islamic and European contacts through institutions like madrasas.
Mathematics, astronomy, medicine, agriculture, and other sciences developed during the medieval period in India under both traditional indigenous and new Islamic influences.
Key developments included the establishment of madrasas and maktabs that taught subjects like arithmetic, mensuration, geometry, astronomy, and accountancy. Several important works were produced in mathematics, including treatises on trigonometric functions by scholars like Narayana Pandit, Gangadhara, and Nilakantha Somasutvan. Astronomy flourished with commentaries on established notions and the development of new instruments. Traditional Ayurveda and new Unani systems of medicine were both practiced. Agriculture continued with the introduction of new crops from foreign traders.
The document discusses religious reform movements in modern India that arose in response to rigid and inhumane practices in Indian society in the early 19th century. It highlights key figures like Raja Ram Mohan Roy who founded the Brahmo Samaj movement to reject idol worship and rituals. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar worked to promote women's rights and education. The Prarthana Samaj in Bombay promoted rational worship and social reforms like inter-caste marriage. The Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati, also aimed to reform Hindu practices and promote women's rights based on a strict interpretation of the Vedas. These religious reform movements addressed social issues
The document provides background information on the rise of Sufism and the Bhakti movement in medieval India. It discusses how the Sufi movement brought a new form of liberal religious expression within Islam that emphasized equality and universal love. Sufis formed mystical orders called silsilahs and used local languages to spread their message. The Bhakti movement similarly transformed Hinduism by introducing devotion and rejecting the caste system. The Sufi and Bhakti saints played an important role in promoting religious harmony between Muslims and Hindus in India.
This document provides an overview of religion and philosophy in ancient India. It discusses the development of religions from pre-Vedic times through the Vedic period, including the beliefs of early groups and the evolving ideas in Vedic texts. Major systems that developed include orthodox schools like the six systems of Vedic philosophy (including Samkhya and Yoga schools), and unorthodox movements like Buddhism, Jainism, various theistic religions, and folk cults centered around deities. The relationship between religion and philosophy in ancient India is described as complementary, with philosophy providing vision and religion guiding practice to attain the highest truths and freedom.
This document provides information about preparing for a vocational role, including the meaning of career, vocation, and occupation. It discusses the need to properly plan and prepare for a vocation through general education and/or specialized training. Choosing a vocation requires understanding one's interests, aptitudes, and personality characteristics. The document outlines the steps to make a good career choice, including self-assessment, researching occupations, narrowing options, setting goals, and creating an action plan. It also notes some common myths about career choice and emphasizes the importance of counseling in making a wise decision.
The document provides information on performing arts in India, including music, dance, and drama. It discusses how these art forms have been an integral part of Indian culture since ancient times, initially used for religious propagation and social reforms. It describes the two main classical music traditions of Hindustani music in North India and Carnatic music in South India. Key texts that discuss music include the Natyashastra, Brihaddesi, and Sangeet Ratnakara. The document also outlines the patronage of music by ancient and medieval rulers like the Mughals and the contributions of saints and poets in popularizing religious music.
Development is a lifelong process of qualitative changes from conception to death across physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional domains. It is influenced by both genetic/biological factors as well as environmental factors. While development progresses in general stages, there is variability between individuals. The document discusses several key concepts regarding development, including defining development, distinguishing it from related terms, outlining domains and stages of development, and characteristics of the developmental process.
This document discusses mental health and hygiene. It begins by defining mental health as an optimum level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. Mental hygiene is related to developing and maintaining behaviors and skills to sustain good mental health. The document outlines some behaviors that indicate poor mental health, such as irritability and withdrawal, and behaviors that promote good health, including proper nutrition, exercise, and positive thinking. It also discusses strategies for effective time management like prioritizing tasks and having a flexible schedule.
This document discusses mental disorders and their treatment. It begins by describing behaviors that seem unusual like checking a bag frequently or having increased anxiety before an exam, and notes that these could be signs of mental disorders. Mental disorders develop gradually due to factors like heredity, personality, stress tolerance, childhood experiences, and an inability to cope with stressors. The document then discusses the nature of stress and conflicts/frustrations as sources of disturbed mental health. It provides examples of different types of stressors, conflicts, and frustrations people may experience. Finally, it notes that people generally use problem-focused or emotion-focused coping strategies to deal with stressors, but that sometimes leads to mental disorders if coping is ineffective.
The document discusses developments in religion, folk art, and language in medieval India. It notes that new religious movements like Sufism, Sikhism, and the Bhakti movement contributed to India's composite culture during this time. Islam influenced many aspects of Indian culture, as seen through famous monuments representing Indo-Islamic culture. Regional folk arts and languages also evolved significantly during this period.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MODULE - 6 Metals and Non-metals
Natural Resources
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Notes
27
METALS AND NON-METALS
At home, in school, in the street or in office, we are surrounded by metals and
non- metals. In the kitchen, we use both metals and non-metals. Cooking
utensils are made of metals like iron, aluminium, zinc and copper. Our storage
containers could be made of non-metals such as plastics and glass. Thus metals
and non-metals are an integral part of our lives.
You have already read about metal and non-metals in the chapter of periodic
classification of elements. You also know the criteria for classifying metals and
non-metals which are basically based on electronic configuration of the elements.
Apart from day-to-day life situations, metal and non-metal are industrially very
important. They play an important role in our national economy. You might have
heard about various iron and steel plants, zinc and copper plants and aluminium
plants (factories) established in our country. Have you seen any one of these so
fars?. There are basically metal based industries. Apart from these, you also must
have heard acid plants and fertilizer factories. These are basically non-metal
based industries. All these metals and non-metals are obtained from minerals.
You are lucky that our mineral resources are very rich. You will study about all
these in your higher classes. In this Chapter we will discuss certain relevant
properties of metal and non-metals which will be quite meaningful for you.
OBJECTIVES
After completing this lesson, you will be able to :
differentiate between metals and non-metals on the basis of their physical
properties;
describe the reactions of metals with oxygen, water and some common acids
and bases;
distinguish between mineral and ores;
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Notes
Non-metals are neither
malleable nor ductile. For
e.g. coal, (carbon) and
sulphur
They do not show any
metallic lusture.
Non-metals are soft in
comparison to metals
Non-metals exist in solid,
liquid and gaseous states.
They are non sonorous
Low density
Bad conductor of
electricity
recognize various metallurgical processes in the extraction of common
metals;
explain the phenomenon of corrosion and list various methods to prevent
it;
describe the reactions of non-metals with oxygen;
arrange the metals in order of their reactivity and construct reactivity series;
list some of the important uses of metals and non-metals.
27.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-
METALS
Elements can be broadly divided into two categories: metals and non-metals.
They differ both in physical and chemical properties.The characteristic physical
properties of metals and non-metals are listed in Table 27.1
Table 27.1
Physical Metals Non-Metals
Properties
Malleability and Metals are malleable. They
Ductilily can be beaten into thin
sheets. They are also
ductile and can be drawn
into wire (except a few
metals like Na, K etc.)
Metallic Lusture All the metals show
metallic lusture.
Hardness Metals are generally hard
Physical state They exist in solid and
liquid states
Sonorous Metals are sonorous and
produce characteristic
metallicsoundwhenstruck
(e.g school bell )
Density High density
Electrical conductivity Good conductor of
electricity
3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MODULE - 6 Metals and Non-metals
Natural Resources
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Notes
Mercury is the only metal and bromine is the only non-metal which exist
in liquid state at room temperature.
Graphite and iodine possess metallic lusture though they are non-metals
Sodium metal is soft like wax and it can be cut with a knife.
Gallium metal would melt if kept on our palm
Gold and silver are the most malleable and ductile metals .
Diamond is a better conductor of heat than copper but poor conductor
of electricity.
Graphite is the only non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity
but poor conductor of heat.
Gold, silver, platinum and copper are found in the free state. This is
because of their poor reactivity as compared to other metals.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.1
1. Which properties of gold allows it to make ornaments?
2. Name a few metals which are found in free state?
3. Metals are generally very hard. Name the metal which is soft like wax?
4. Name a non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.
5. Name two metals which show malleability and ductility.
ACTIVITY 27.1
Collect samples of iron, copper and aluminium and note down the colour of
each sample.
Clean the surface of all the samples of the metals with sand paper and compare
the appearance before and after cleaning the surfaces.
27.2 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND NON-
METALS
Metals are electropositive in nature. They generally have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their
valence shells and readily lose these electrons to form positively charged ions
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Notes
(cations). These cations are stable as they acquire noble gas configuration after losing
the valence shell electrons. You must have learnt in the lesson on chemical bonding.
Na(g) ⎯⎯→ Na+(gas) + e–
2,8,1 2,8
During electrolysis of their aqueous soluitons they are discharged at the
cathode. On the other hand non-metals are electronegative in nature. They
generally have 5,6 or 7 electrons in their valence shells.They have tendency
to form anion by gaining electrons.
Cl(g) + e– ⎯⎯→ Cl–(g)
2,8,7 2,8,8
27.2.1 Chemical Properties of Metals
Let us now understand some common chemical reactions of metals.
1. Reaction of metals with Oxygen: - Most of the metals react with oxygen and
form oxides. The reaction may take place without heating as in sodium, calcium
or potassium, while some metals react with oxygen on heating to form oxides.
4Na(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2Na2O(s)
Mg(s) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2MgO(s)
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2Al2O3(s)
Oxides of metals are basic in nature as they react with water and form bases
.e.g. Na2O, CaO, MgO, K2O etc.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH(aq)
CaO(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2(aq)
Oxides of aluminium (Al2O3), zinc (ZnO), tin (SnO) and iron (Fe2O3) are
amphoteric in nature as they react with acids as well as with bases.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
2. Reaction of metals with acids: - Metals react with common acids like dilute
HCl and dilute H2SO4 with evolution of H2. The reaction of Mg ribbon with dil.
HCl is represented in Fig. 27.1 below.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ⎯⎯→ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + H2
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Fig. 27.1 Reaction between Mg and dil HCl
3. Reaction of Metals with Water: Many metals react with water to form
hydroxides. Hydroxides are basic in nature. Sodium and potassium react with
cold water.
2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium reacts with hot water
Mg(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Metals like Al or Fe react on heating with water or with steam. In these
conditions metals form metal oxides.
2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) ⎯⎯→ Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
(steam)
Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⎯⎯→ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
(steam)
4. Reaction of metals with Common bases: Some metals like aluminum and
zinc react with common bases.
Sn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ Na2SnO3
sodium stannate
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2ZnO2
Sodium zincate
Thistle funnel
Stand
Clamp
Hydrogen ges
Mg ribbon
Dilute HCl
Test tube
Cork
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27.2.2 Corrosion
As you know that metals react with air and form their oxides. This oxide formation
tendency of metals affects their physical and chemical properties .Can you guess
one example in your day to day observation? You have already studied corrossion
in Chapter No. 4. You might have observed the rusted nails at your home, rusted
iron grills or gate in your garden due to oxidation of iron. You just bring a rusted
nail and fresh nail if you have and compare their physical properties. You might
have observed a green layer over old copper coin. This green layer is due to
oxidation leading to formation of copper oxide which is finally converted to basic
copper carbonate on its surface due to its oxidation.All these processes of oxidation
of metals are known as Corrosion. Let us one again learn more about corrosion
and various methods to prevent it.on
Corrosion leads to the destruction of metal surface by the action of air and moisture.
Generally the corrosion word is used for oxidation of different
metals but in case of corrosion of iron we use specifically term
rusting. Let us see how rusting takes place in term of chemical
reaction. When iron reacts with oxygen it produce brown
powder called rust which is chemically hydrated ferric oxide.
4Fe(s) + xH2O + 3O2 ⎯⎯→ 2Fe2O3.xH2O
Brown Rust
You might have observed that in rainy season maximum rusting takes place
due to increased moisture in the air.
For rusting of iron, two important conditions are required:
(i) Presence of moisture
(ii) Presence of oxygen
Let us do activity 27.2 to see if this conditions of rusting is true
ACTIVITY 27.2
You can do this activity in the lab of your study centre to find out if the above
specified conditions for rusting hold true.
Take three test tubes or small glass bottles (Clean & dry) and three clean
iron nails.
Fig. 27.2 Rusted
nut-bolt
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Label these test tubes or small glass bottles as A,B &C and put one iron
nail into each test tube.
In test tube A take distilled water so that half of the nail is immersed in
water and cover the mouth of the test tube with a cork.
In test tube B take distilled water in excess so that nail is completely
immersed in the water. Cover the mouth of the test tube with cork so that
no air comes in contact with the nails.
Test tube C should be dry and must contains anhydrous calcium chloride
with iron nail.
Fig. 27.3 Activity to study the condition for rusting
What do you observe?
You will find that maximum rusting has happened on the nail put inside the test
tube A, but they do not rust in test tube B and C. Have a look on the nails in
the test tube A and touch the surface of rusted nail .You will find a flaky reddish
brown powder on its surface and it is known as rust.
Why does this happen?
In test tube A both oxygen as well as moisture(water) are present. Hence maximum
rusting has happened. But in case of test tube B only moisture is present but not
air and in test tube C only air is present not moisture. Hence rusting did not happen.
From the above activity it is clear that for rusting both oxygen and moisture are
required. Now, can you tell me what you generally do to prevent your bicycle
wheels or iron gate in your garden from rusting? Yes, we generally paint or put
grease over the iron objects to prevent it from rusting. Let us know other various
methods of prevention of rusting/corrosion.
A B C
Nail
Anhydrous
calcium
chloride
Distilled water
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Methods of Prevention of Corrosion
There are various methods of preventing corrosion and rusting of iron. Our main
concern is to know the various methods to prevent the rusting of iron because iron
is a strategic metal as it plays a very important role in the development of a nation.
Some of the important methods of prevention of corrosion are as follows:
1. Painting
This is a common method of preventing iron from rusting.You might have observed
that your parents paint iron gate in the garden and iron grills in your house. This
painting prevents rusting by providing a coating over iron objects.
2. Oiling and greasing
To put a layer of oil and grease on the iron objects also prevents them from rusting.
Iron parts of various machines and vehicles are oiled and greased to prevent rusting
and to minimize friction.
3. Galvanization
In this method we put a layer of zinc metal on the iron objects and this process is
known as galvanization. This method is used on large scale for making galvanized
iron sheets for making boxes and for roof covering. You might have seen large boxes
and containers sold in the market. Do you know that theses iron sheets do not rust
even if small zinc coating is removed from the sheet. Can you find the reason why
such sheets do not rust? Galvanised iron sheets are used to make drum, trunks and
other iron containers. Galvanised iron sheets are also used for building roofs and
manhole covers. In brief, galvanization prevents rusting in a big way.
Fig. 20.4 Galvanized sheets
4. Alloying
This is a very good method for improving the quality of different metals. In this
method a particular metal with other metal or non-metal is mixed in a fixed proportion
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to improve its quality like resistance towards corrosion, strength , hardness, shining
and high tensile strength. For example iron metal can not be used for making utensils
because it will rust but when it is mixed with nickel and chromium metal it becomes
stainless steel. Now it becomes very useful and we are using this steel on a large
scale for making kitchenwares and so many other things for our day to day uses.
You just ask your father or mother about the carats of gold used for making the
jewelery. You also can see the purity in terms of carat printed on the back of any
gold jewelery. You will see that 22c is printed. It means it is of 22 carats. Pure Gold
is actually 24 carats. Just think that why jewelers do not use 24 carat gold which
is for making jewelery? This is because 24 carat gold is very soft and it can not be
easily converted into fine wire or sheets.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.2
1. Under what conditions there are more chances for iron to be rusted?
2. Why metals are electropositive but non-metals are electronegative in nature?
3. Name a metal oxide which reacts with an acid as well as with a bases?
4. When zinc reacts with sodium hydroxide what is the product? Write the equation.
5. Write the formula of rust.
27.3 REACTIVITY OF METALS AND THE ACTIVITY
SERIES OF METALS
You have already seen that when Fe is placed in a solution of CuSO4 it replaces
Cu from the solution according to the following reaction (Chapter 4).
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
On the other hand when we place a silver wire in a solution of CuSO4, no
reaction occurs because silver is less reactive than copper.
Ag(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ No reaction
However when a copper wire is dipped in AgNO3 solution, silver is replaced and
deposited on copper wire. Reaciton is as following
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
This indicates that copper is more reactive than silver.
In general , a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
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By observing these reactions we will say that Fe is more reactive than Cu and copper
is more reactive than silver. If we take solution of different metals and place other
metals in these solutions, we can compare the reactivity of metals with respect to
each other. The arrangement of metals in the decreasing order of their activity is
known as activity or reactivity series. It is also known as electrochemical series.
A portion of this series is given below. In this series only few metals are shown.
K Most reactive metal
Na
Ca
Mg
Al
Zn Decreasing Reactivity
Fe
Pb
H
Cu
Hg
Ag
Au Least reactive metal
27.4 WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF METALS AND HOW DO
WE OBTAIN THEM
After learning some interesting properties of metals and being aware of their day-
to-day importance you will be definitely motivated to know the source of metals.
You will be delighted to learn that earth crust is the major source of metals. Some
metal salts are also present in sea. These salts are also source of certain metals
like sodium, magnesium etc. The constituents of earth crust which contain these
metals or their compounds are known as minerals. At some places minerals
contain a high percentage of a particular metals and the metal can be profitably
extracted from it, such minerals are called ores. An ore taken out from the earth
contains a lot of impurities in form of sand and other undesirable materials. In
fact, metal is present in these ores in form of a compound. Now getting pure
compound of a metal from its ore and finally getting the metal from it pure
compound is called metallurgy. Several steps involved in the extraction of metals
from their ore are provided in the following chart.
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Ore
Metal of medium
reactivity
Metal of low
reactivity
Concentration of ore
Metals of high
reactivity
Electrolysis
of pure molten ore
Pure metal
Carbonate ore Sulphide ores
Calcination Roasting
Oxide of metals
Sulphide ores
Roasting
Metal
Metal refining
Reduction to metal
Purification of metal
After understanding the activity series you can broadly consider metals in three
categories
(i) lower part of activity series (i.e. metal of low reactivity)
(ii) the middle part of activity series (metals of medium reactivity)
(iii) top part of activity series (metal of high reactivity)
Metals in the lower part of the activity series are very unreactive. For example
mercury which is obtained as HgS (cinnabar) can be extracted easily
2HgS + 3O2(g) heat
⎯⎯⎯→ 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
On further heating HgO is decomposed in mercury and oxygen
2HgO(s) heat
⎯⎯⎯→ 2Hg(l) + O2(g)
Metals in the bottom of activity series like Ag, Au etc are least reactive and are
found in native state. No doubt some of them are also found in combined state.
The metals in the middle of the activityy series such as iron, zinc lead etc are
moderately reactive. They are present usually as sulphide or carbonate in nature. Prior
to reduction these ores are converted into oxides as it is easy to reduce metal oxides.
For example, in case of zinc we get following reaction,
(i) Roasting 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) heat
⎯⎯⎯→ 2ZnO(g) + 2SO2(g)
(ii) Calcination ZnCO3(s) heat
⎯⎯⎯→ ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
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Metal oxides are reduced to corresponding metal using carbon.
ZnO(s) + C(s) ⎯⎯→ Zn(s) + CO(g)
Here ZnO is reduced to Zn, you are already familiar with process of oxidation-
reduction (chapter 4). Obtaining metal from their compounds in always a
reduction process.
We also use displacement reaction for reduction of metal oxide. For example
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ⎯⎯→ 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s)
This type of reaction is also known as thermite process and is very useful in
welding of rail tracks or other heavy machineries.
Metal at the top of activity series are highly reactive. These metals have high
affinity for oxygen and therefore can not be obtained by reduction with carbon.
These metals (such as Na, K, Mg) are obtained by the process of electrolysis
of their molten salt. Even Al is also obtained by electrolysis of its oxide (Al2O3).
Sodium is obtained by electrolysis of its molten salt, NaCl.
At the cathodd Na+(l) + e– ⎯⎯→ Na(s)
At the anode 2Cl–(l) ⎯⎯→ Cl2(g) + 2e–
27.5 CHEMICAL REACTION OF NON-METALS
1. Reaction of non-metals with Oxygen, Water and some common acids and
bases: Non-metals react with oxygen on heating or burning to form their oxides
S(s) +O2(g) ⎯⎯→ SO2(g)
C(s) +O2(g) ⎯⎯→ CO2(g)
2H2(g) +O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2H2O(l)
Many non metals form more than one oxide.
Carbon with limited supply of oxygen on burning forms CO which is a
neutral oxide. However in ample supply of air carbon forms CO2 which
is an acidic oxide
2C(g) +O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2CO
C(g) +O2(g) ⎯⎯→ CO2
Nitrogen forms a series of oxides with oxygen
(i) Nitrous oxide or laughing gas N2O (neutral)
(ii) Nitric oxide, NO (neutral)
(iii) Dinitrogen trioxide, N2O3 (acidic)
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(iv) Nitrogen dioxide NO2 (acidic)
(v) Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4 (acidic)
(vi) Dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5 (acidic)
Nature of oxides of non- metals
In general oxides of non-metals are acidic in nature or after dissolving in water
they form acids
Carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid with water
CO2(g) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ H2CO3(aq)
(carbonic acid)
Sulphur trioxide forms sulphuric acid with water
SO3(g) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ H2SO4(l)
Sulphuric acid
Dinitrogen pentoxide forms nitric acid with water
N2O5(g) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2HNO3(l)
(nitric acid)
H2SO4 and HNO3 are very important acids and play very important role in industries.
Due to their acidic nature, many non-metal oxides directly react with bases to
form salts.
SO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)
SO3(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
CO2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2CO3(aq) + H2O(l)
Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) are also non-metals and they react with metals to
form halides. For example, NaCl, NaBr, KCl, KBr, KI. Important source of
these halides is sea. Oxides of halogens are not very important as compared
to their salts. NaCl which is obtained from sea, is used as a raw materials
for the manufacture of many important chemicals.
INTEXT QUESTIONS 27.3
1. What will happen if you keep a solution of copper (II) sulphate in an iron
vessel? Explain the observation and give suitable explanation.
2. What will happen if you keep a solution of silver nitrate in a copper vessel?
Explain the observation
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3. An element reacts with oxygen to form an oxide which dissolves in water
to form a solution that turns red litmus blue. The oxide dissolves in dil.
HCI. Identify the element as metal or non-metal.
4. Give an example of a metal which
(a) is a liquid at room temperature.
(b) can be easily cut with a knife.
(c) is the best conductor of electricity.
(d) poorest conductor of electricity.
5. Write the formula of the oxide of magnesium formed on burning of
magnesium ribbon in oxygen?
6. Name the hydroxide of magnesium formed when magnesium oxide reacts
with hot water?
7. What happens when sodium metal reacts with water in cold? Write the
reaction for the same?
8. Define activity series of metals? Write a reaction when zinc granules are
added to copper sulphate solution?
9. What is the difference between ‘mineral’ and ‘ore’?
27.6 SOME IMPORTANT USE OF METALS AND NON-
METALS
Metals and non-metals are put to many uses which are based upon their properties.
Uses of metals
(i) Many metals like iron ,copper and aluminium are used to make containers.
(ii) Metals like copper, aluminium , iron and stainless steel are used to make
utensils and fry pans.
(iii) Ductile metals like copper and aluminium are used for making electrical
wires. Steel ropes are used in cranes to lift heavy objects in making bridges.
(iv) Iron and steel are used to make machines
(v) Zinc, lead, mercury, lithium are used to make cells and batteries.
(vi) Malleable metals like iron and aluminium are used to make sheets which
are used for various construction purposes.
(vii) Gold, silver and platinum metals are used to make jewellaries due to their
luster, high malleability and inert nature.
(viii) Alloys of different metals and non-metals are used for various purposes
e.g. Stainless steel for making utensils
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Uses of non-metals
(i) Hydrogen is used in manufacturing of ammonia gas which is further used in
the manufacturing of urea (fertilizer).
(ii) Hydrogen is a constituent of many industrial fuels like water gas ( CO +H2)
and coal gas (H2 + CH4).
(iii) Silicon is used in making transistors, chips for computers and photovoltaic cells.
(iv) Silicon is used in steel industry to deoxidize steel and it produces high quality
corrosion resistant steel.
(v) Most of the phosphorous is used for making phosphoric acid H3PO4 which is
used in the manufacturing of phosphate fertilizers.
(vi) White phosphorous as ( P4S3 ) is used in the match industry.
(vii) Phosphates are added to the detergents as they help in the removal of dirt from
soiled cloths.
(viii)Sulphur is used in agriculture to control fungus and pests.
(ix) Sulphur is used in the manufacturing of gun powder which is an intimate mixture
of sulphur, charcoal and potassium nitrate.
(x) Most of sulphur is converted into sulphuric acid which is called the king of
chemicals and is used to make variety of other chemicals.
WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT
Metals and non-metals are inseparable part of human life. Elements are
broadly classified as metals non-metals.
Metals can be distinguished from non-metal on the basis of their physical
properties like malleability ductility, lusture etc.
Metals have tendency to lose electrons whereas non-metal have tendency to
gain electrons. Thus metals show electron positive character whereas non-
metals show electronegative character.
Metals are arranged in an activity or reactivity series based on their reactivity.
More reactive metal replace less reactive metal from their solutions (e.g. Zn(s)
+ CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq). Most of the metals are found in
nature in combined form as minerals. There are also less or least reactive
metals like gold, platinum and silver which are found in nature or in free
states. Metal are obtained from their ores by the process of reduction.
An ore is a mineral from which a metal can be profitably extracted from it.
Metallurgy is the branch of science which deals with extraction of metals
from its ores.
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Some of the non-metals also are found in free sate in nature for example
sulphur and carbon (as coal, graphite, diamond).
Metals mix with metal and non-metals and form alloys of desired properties
like hardness, tensile strength colour etc. Bronze, stainless steel brass and
duralamine are some common examples of alloys.
Chemical properties of metals and non-metal are different. Metal and non-
metal both react with oxygen (air), water and acids.
Metals on combination with oxygen normally form basic oxides like Na2O,
MgO and CaO whereas non-metals normally form acidic oxides like CO2,
SO2, NO2 etc. Some non-metal oxides are neutral like CO, N2O and H2O.
Certain oxides of metals show both the properties acidic as well as basic
e.g. ZnO and Al2O3.
Reactive metals replace hydrogen from dilute solution of acids like (H2SO4,
HCl etc.)
TERMINAL EXERCISES
1. Name two precious metals used in making ornaments and write names of
two important properties of these metals.
2. Name two non-metals which are commonly available and name their two
important properties.
3. Write four physical properties of metals.
4. Write four physical properties of non-metals.
5. How would you differentiate between a metals and a non-metal.
6. Write reaction of metals with the following:
(a) water (b) air or oxygen (c) acids
7. What are three types of oxides of metals?
8. Name four uses of metals.
9. Write four uses of non-metals.
10. Define the following:
(a) Brittleness (b) Sonorous nature.
11. Name two metals which are most malleable and ductile. Also define:
(a) Malleability (b) Ductility
(c) brittleness (d) Tensile nature
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12. Write uses of the following metals:
(a) Pt (b) Au (c) Na
(d) Ag (e) Ni
13. What is corrosion? How will you prevent it?
14. You are provided atomic number of metal X, Y and Z (not real names) in the
following table. Based on electronic configuration predict whether they fall in
the category of metal or non-metal.
Atomic number Metal Metal or non-metal
9 X .............
12 Y .............
16 Z .............
15. Complete and balance the following reactions:
(i) Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ ............... + ...............
(ii) Fe(s) + H2O(steam) ⎯⎯→ ............... + ...............
(iii) Na(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ ............... + ...............
16. Write names and formulas of different oxides of nitrogen.
17. Which one of the following oxides is not acidic?
(a) CO (b) CO2 (c) SO2 (d) SO3
18. Write at least one important use of the following chemicals
(a) H3PO4 (b) H2SO4 (c) NH3 (d) Water gas
19. Identify the non-metal from the following which is used for fungus control
in agriculture:
(a) Phosphorus (b) Sulphur (c) Iodine
20. Whch of the following metals is not used in making cell/battery?
(a) Zn (b) Pb (c) Hg (d) Na
21. Which of the following non-metals is a liquid at room temperature
(a) Bromine (b) Phosphorous (c) Sulphur (d) Iodine
22. Complete the following reactions
(i) Al2O3(s) + ............. ⎯⎯→ 2NaAlO2 + H2O(l)
(Sodium aluminate)
(ii) CaO(s) + ............. ⎯⎯→ Ca(OH)2
(iii) Sn(s) + .............+ H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ Na2SnO3
(Sodium stannate)
23. Define Roasting and Calcination.
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ANSWER TO INTEXT QUESTIONS
27.1
1. Malleability and ductility
2. Gold, silver and platinum
3. Sodium
4. Graphite (an allotropic form of carbon)
5. Gold and aluminium
27.2
1. Iron will be rusted if there is oxygen (air) and water.
2. Metals have tendency to lose electrons and get converted into a positive ion
and therefore are electropositive. Non-metals have tendency to take electron
andgetconvertedintoanegativelychargedionandthereforeareelectronegative.
3. Al2O3 and ZnO are amphoteric in nature and react with acid and base.
4. Sodium zincate is formed
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) ⎯⎯→ Na2ZnO2(aq)
5. Fe2O3.xH2O
27.3
1. Iron will react with copper (II) sulphate and after sometimes a hole will
be formed in the bottom of iron vessel. Reaction will be as following
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
2. When silver nitrate is kept in copper vessel, copper will replace silver as
copper is above silver in the activity series and a hole is expected in the
bottom of copper vessel. Reaction will be as following:
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq) ⎯⎯→ 2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)
3. Since oxide of the element turn read litmus blue therefore that must ba a
basic oxide. This is further supported by dissolution of oxide in HCl. Basic
oxide will be formed by a metal. Therefore element must be a metal
4. (a) Hg (mercury) is metal which is liquid at room temperature
(b) Sodium metal can be cut easily with knife
(c) Silver is best conductor of electricity
(d) Iron is poorest conductor of electricity
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5. When magnesium burns it forms magnesium oxide
2Mg(s) + O2 (g) ⎯⎯→ 2MgO(s)
6. MgO(s) + H2O(l) (hot) ⎯⎯→ 2Mg(OH)2(aq)
7. 2Na(s) + H2O(l) ⎯⎯→ 2NaOH(aq)
8. When the metals are arranged in the decreasing order of their reactivity,
a series is obtained, this series is called activity series. Metals in the upper
position of the series can replace the metal in lower position from their
aqueous solution.
When zinc granules are added to copper sulphate solution, reaction will be
as following.
Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ⎯⎯→ ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn is above copper in activity series therefore it (Zn) will replace copper
from the solution.
9. Naturally occuring homogeneous inorganic substances are called minerals.
But those minerals from which metals can be extracted profitability are
called ores. every ore is a mineral but every mineral cannot be an ore.