Coursework Activity

1. META DATA & JSTOR
A Ph.D. Coursework Presentation (2021-22)
SURBHI SHARMA
M.Sc., M.Ed.
Educator
Meta Data & JSTOR Presentation © 2022 by Surbhi Sharma is licensed under CC BY 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

2. METADATA
2

3. ● Data: The word data stands for -
○ facts or information used usually to calculate,
analyze, or plan something.
○ factual information (such as measurements or
statistics) used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation. (merriam-webster.com)
● Meta: The prefix meta means epistemologically
“about” and stands for –
○ concerning or providing information about
members of its own category. (merriam-webster.com
)
3
META + DATA
Keywords

4. 4
What is Metadata?
• Data that provides information and describes other data, i.e. “data about
data” but does not show the actual content of the data.
• In Zen and the Art of Metadata Maintenance, John W. Warren describes
meta data as –
“ both a universe and DNA”

5. 5
Contd.
Metadata in DBMS (data management system) has the following definitions:
• Metadata is the value that leads us to the actual data;
• The Metadata is an acronym for the detailed data;
• Metadata is the index of a library in the data warehouse;
• Metadata is a description or schema of the actual data
What is Metadata?
Source: https://www.thecrazyprogrammer.com/2019/12/metadata-in-dbms.html

6. 6
❖ The term "metadata" was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley, in his
book "Extension of Programming Language Concepts" where it is
clear that he uses the term in the ISO 11179 "traditional" sense,
which is "structural metadata" i.e. "data about the containers of
data"; rather than the alternative sense "content about individual
instances of data content" or meta content, the type of data usually
found in library catalogues.
❖ On the other hand, Jack E. Myers, founder of Metadata
Information Partners (now The Metadata Co.), claims to have
coined the term in 1969. Myers filed a trademark for the
unhyphenated word "metadata" in 1986.
❖ In an academic paper published in 1967, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology professors David Griffel and Stuart McIntosh
described metadata as "a record … of the data records" that result
when bibliographic data about a topic is gathered from discrete
sources.
History of Metadata
Metadata was traditionally used in card catalogs
in libraries.

7. 7
TYPES OF
METADATA
Descriptive metadata
Structural metadata
Administrative metadata
Descriptive metadata
Structural metadata
Administrative
metadata

8. 8
Types Of Metadata Information Provided
Descriptive Metadata Title, author, abstract, extent, keywords
Structural Metadata It describes the types, versions, relationships and other
characteristics of digital materials i.e. unique identifiers, page
numbers, special features (table of contents, indexes)
Administrative Metadata It provides information to help manage a resource, like resource
type, permissions, and when and how it was created.
⮚ Technical metadata: file formats, scanning dates, file
compression format, image resolution.
⮚ Rights metadata: Ownership, copyright, license
information.(Business metadata)
⮚ Preservation metadata: Archival information. (Operational
metadata)

9. Metadata
Standards &
Creation
9

10. 10
❑ Schema
A metadata schema is a list of elements or defined data points that are used to capture information
about a resource. Some of these data points might include –
o a title,
o an identifier,
o a creator name, or
o a date, etc.
❑ Standards
Standards are the tools that tell us how to populate each of the data elements within a
schema. Standards are created by international or internationally recognized bodies such as IFLA,
ISO, W3C, NISO. There are three types of standards:
o Content standards
o Data value standards
o Data structure standards

11. 11
Source:
BOSTON COLLEGE
https://slidetodoc.co
m/data-management-
documentation-and-
metadata-for-enginee
ring-and/

12. 12
Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/97882991885042610/

13. 13
Encoding allows metadata to be processed by a computer program. Some
important encoding schemas include:
• HTML (Hyper-Text Markup Language)
• XML (Extensible Markup Language)
• RDF (Resource Description Framework)
• MARC (Machine Readable Cataloguing)
• SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language)
METADATA ENCODING
SCHEMES

14. 14
METADATA SCHEMES
Many different metadata schemes are being developed in a variety of user environment & disciplines.
Some most common schemes are-
▪ Dublin Core – It is managed by Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI). The original 13 Dublin core elements were
later increased to 15. Title, Creator, Subject, Description, Publisher, Contributor, Date, Type, Format, Identifier, Source,
Language, Relation, Coverage and Rights.
▪ The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) – It is defined as SGML DTD (Document type definition).
▪ Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard (METS) is an XML schema for creating XML documents.
▪ Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) is expressed using XML schema language.
▪ The Encoded Archival Description (EAD) is to search & display online. Like TEI, EAD is defined as an SGML DTD.
▪ Learning Object Metadata (LOM) is used for use & re-use of technology supported material.
▪ E-commerce and ONIX (Online Information Exchange)
▪ Visual Objects - CDWA and VRA describes visual objects like painting & sculpture.
▪ MPEG Multimedia metadata describes moving pictures, audiovisual objects, still pictures, graphics, 3D model, music,
speech, video etc.

15. 15
Source:
https://guides.libr
ary.ucsc.edu/c.ph
p?g=618773&p=4
306386

16. 16
Metadata Creation Tools
Many metadata creation tools are available and sometimes free. The
creation of tools fall under several categories like-
• Templates
• Mark-ups tools
• Extraction tools
• Conversion tools

17. 17
A Good Metadata
The Framework of Guidance for Building Good Digital Collections by NISO, six
principles apply to good metadata are –
i. Good metadata should be appropriate to the materials in the collection.
ii. Supports interoperability.
iii. Uses standard controlled vocabularies to reflect the what, where, when and who
of the content.
iv. It includes a clear statement on the conditions and terms of use for the digital
object.
v. Good metadata should be authoritative and verifiable.
vi. Good metadata supports the long – term management of objects in collections.
Source: http://www.niso.org/sites/default/files/2017-08/framework3.pdf

18. JSTOR
18
https://www.jstor.org/

19. Introductio
n
★ JSTOR means Journal Storage, is a digital library founded by
William G. Bowen in 1995 at New York City.
JSTOR was initiated at 7 different library sites & originally contained 10
economics and history journals.
19
Image Source:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/comm
unity.28088748
Part of
Victorian Trade and Novelty Cards

20. Introducti
on contd.
20
Type of Site Digital Library
Language English (includes content in other languages too)
Owner (at present) Ithaka Harbors, Inc.
Created by Andrew W. Mellon Foundation *
Founder William G. Bowen (*president of foundation in 1995)
URL https://www.jstor.org/
Registration Yes
Launched 1995
Current Status Active
OCLC** number 46609535
Title list https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115007466248-
JSTOR-Title-Lists
**OCLC here stands for Ohio
College Library Centre &
Online computer Library Center

21. 21
2015
Revenue was
$86 million.
1995
William G. Bowen founded
JSTOR by digitizing many
journal titles
2000
William G. Bowen & Kevin Guthrie
expended the number of participating
journals. They made an agreement with the
Royal Society of London to digitize the
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society.
1999
JSTOR started a partnership with
Joint Information Systems
Committee & a mirror website at
University of Manchester was created.
JSTOR database was now available in
20 HEIs in England, Scotland , Wales
and Northern Ireland.
2009
JSTOR merged with the non-
profit US organization Ithaka
Harbors, Inc.
2013
More than 8,000 institutions in
more than 160 countries had
access to JSTOR

22. 22
How JSTOR works?
It provides page images of back issues of the core scholarly journals in the
- humanities,
- social sciences and
- basic sciences,
from the earliest issues to within a few years of current publication.
Users may browse by journal title or discipline, or may search the full-text or citations/
abstracts.
New issues of existing titles are added approximately on a weekly basis.

23. 23
MetaData Encoding Schema - XML & XML DTD
Metadata Schema- Dublin Core
Metadata Standard- The JSTOR XML Gateway is based on
Search and Retrieve URL (SRU) Service.
The SRU service is a Web Services -based protocol for querying the databases
and returning search results and incorporates elements of the Z39.50 protocol
for Information Retrieval. The SRU service uses the Contextual Query Language
(CQL) as the format for submitting search queries.
please visit: http://www.loc.gov/standards/sru/
Metadata of JSTOR
Source: https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115005075327-JSTOR-the-XML-Gateway

24. 24
Source: Title List

25. 25
Homepage of JSTOR

26. 26
Access to JSTOR
❖ JSTOR is mostly accessed via subscription to it but some of information on the site is under
public domain and open access content which is available for free.
❖ It is licensed for the use by academic institutions, public libraries, research institutions,
museums and scholars.
Limitations
❖ The availability of journals on Jstor is controlled by “moving wall” i.e. a fixed period of months
to years during which access to a journal(esp. Latest issue) is not allowed until the subscription is
paid.
➢ The moving wall (delayed open access to) is the time between the current published print of
an issue to the last available issue on a database like JSTOR.

27. References
1. Kranz, G. (2021, July 12). metadata. WhatIs.Com. https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/metadata
2. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/data (20/12/21, 11:02)
3. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meta (20/12/21, 11:03)
4. https://www.dlib.org/dlib/november02/niu/11niu.html
5. metadata. (n.d.) McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E. (2003). Retrieved December
20 2021 from https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/metadata
6. Manghnani, C. (2019, December 4). Metadata in DBMS - Overview and Types. The Crazy Programmer.
https://www.thecrazyprogrammer.com/2019/12/metadata-in-dbms.html
7. Library Guides: Metadata Creation: 2. Tools of Metadata Creation. (n.d.).
Https://Guides.Library.Ucsc.Edu/c.Php?G=618773&p=4306384. Retrieved December 20, 2021, from
https://guides.library.ucsc.edu/c.php?g=618773&p=4306384
8. Understanding metadata. (n.d.). Https://Www.Lter.Uaf.Edu/Metadata_files/UnderstandingMetadata.Pdf.
Retrieved December 20, 2021, from https://www.lter.uaf.edu/metadata_files/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf
27

28. 9. https://blog.gale.com/metadata-what-is-it-good-for-part-1/?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=book
mark&utm_source=copy_link
10. Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 3). Dublin Core. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved
17:05, December 20, 2021, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dublin_Core&oldid=1058480614
11. Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 11). Metadata. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved
17:13, December 20, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metadata&oldid=1059734118
12. B.A.S.I.G.M.E. (2007, June 27). Metadata, Metadata Schemas & Metadata Standards [Slides]. UPSpace.
http://hdl.handle.net/2263/2823
13. Wikipedia contributors. (2021, December 10). JSTOR. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved
09:53, January 2, 2022, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&oldid=1059600706
14. Website Links:
○ https://www.jstor.org/
○ https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115007466248-JSTOR-Title-Lists
○ https://about.jstor.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/JSTOR_Journals_GMG_v.1.0.pdf
○ https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115005075327-JSTOR-the-XML-Gateway
28

29. 29