The document discusses software design and development meta languages, specifically focusing on Backus-Naur Form (BNF), Extended Backus-Naur Form (EBNF), and railroad diagrams. It defines these metalanguages and explains their usage in describing programming language syntax through various examples. The document includes visual representations and interpretations of how these languages work, highlighting components such as terminal and non-terminal symbols.

1. Software Design and Development
Meta Languages in SDD

2. Contents
Course Specifications
1. BNF
2. EBNF
3. Railroad diagram
4. examples
NSW BOS Course Specifications

3. BNF
Contents
Abbreviation for Backus-Naur form.
BNF is a metalanguage used to define the syntax of a programming language.
It uses the following symbols:

4. BNF
Contents examples
This translates into English as:
•A postal address consists of a name-part, followed by a street-address part, followed by a zip-code part.
•A name-part consists of either: a personal-part followed by a last name followed by an optional "jr-part" (Jr., Sr., or dynastic number) and end-of-line, or a personal part
followed by a name part (this rule illustrates the use of recursion in BNFs, covering the case of people who use multiple first and middle names and/or initials).
•A personal-part consists of either a first name or an initial followed by a dot.
•A street address consists of a house number, followed by a street name, followed by an optional apartment specifier, followed by an end-of-line.
•A zip-part consists of a town-name, followed by a comma, followed by a state code, followed by a ZIP-code followed by an end-of-line.
Note that many things (such as the format of a first-name, apartment specifier, ZIP-code, and Roman numeral) are left unspecified here.
If necessary, they may be described using additional BNF rules.

5. EBNF
Contents
Abbreviation for extended Backus-Naur form.
EBNF is a metalanguage used to define the syntax of a programming language.
In this extended form the following symbols are used:
Interpretation:
An identifier is defined to be a Letter followed by one or more
Letters or Digits.
Letter is a non-terminal symbol and is defined elsewhere, and
Digit is another non-terminal symbol defined elsewhere.

6. EBNF
Contents example

7. Railroad diagram
Contents
This is an alternative, graphical method used to
define the syntax of a programming language.
• Rectangles are used to enclose non-terminal symbols
(that is, symbols that will be further defined).
• Circles or rounded rectangles are used to enclose terminal symbols.
These elements are linked by paths to show all legal combinations.
1. By starting at the left-hand side of the diagram and
2. tracing any path in a forward direction
3. to reach the right-hand side of the diagram,
4. a syntactically correct construct will be covered.
(‘Railroad’ in this context means a branch in the diagram is legal if it is treated as a set of
points in a railroad layout and a train can take the branch in a forward direction only).

8. Railroad diagram
Contents
example

9. BNF, EBNF, Railroad Diagram
example
Contents
One possible set of syntax diagrams
for this grammar is: