C++ was developed from C by adding features like non-object-oriented extensions from C, object-oriented extensions, and generic programming extensions. C++ is a superset of C, with minor exceptions. Key C++ features include declarations and definitions, namespaces to avoid name collisions, constants declared with const, and new input/output methods using objects like cout and cin instead of library functions. New casts like static_cast and const_cast were also introduced to replace old C-style casts.
Detecting Occurrences of Refactoring with Heuristic SearchShinpei Hayashi
This document describes a technique for detecting refactorings between two versions of a program using heuristic search. Refactorings are detected by generating intermediate program states through applying refactorings, and finding a path from the original to modified program that minimizes differences. Structural differences are used to identify likely refactorings. Candidate refactorings are evaluated and applied to generate new states, with the search terminating when the state matches the modified program. A supporting tool was developed and a case study found the technique could correctly detect an actual series of refactorings between program versions.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to model real-world entities. Key concepts of OOP include abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as an extension of C with object-oriented capabilities. It supports both procedural and object-oriented programming. C++ has become one of the most popular and widely used general-purpose programming languages.
Sentence-to-Code Traceability Recovery with Domain OntologiesShinpei Hayashi
The document describes a technique for recovering traceability between natural language sentences and source code using domain ontologies. An automated tool was implemented and evaluated on a case study using the JDraw software. Results showed the technique worked well, recovering traceability between 7 sentences and code with higher accuracy than without using the ontology. The ontology helped improve recall and detect traceability in cases where word similarity alone did not work well. Future work is needed to evaluate on larger cases and domains.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, and methods. It defines abstraction as extracting only relevant information and encapsulation as packaging components together. It also explains how to implement encapsulation using access specifiers, define methods by specifying elements like return types and parameters, and call methods by passing relevant arguments.
This document discusses object-oriented programming constructors in 3 or less sentences:
Constructors initialize class objects and are called automatically when an object is created; they can have parameters or default values and there can be multiple constructors that differ in parameters; constructors initialize data members and are used to assign initial values or open connections when an object is instantiated.
The document describes the "Cake Pattern" which is an alternative to dependency injection in Swift. It uses protocols, extensions and constraints to compose services in a modular way. Key aspects include defining services with protocols, implementing them with extensions, creating component protocols that wire services together, and applying constraints to determine behaviors based on types composed together. The Cake Pattern provides a standardized way to structure applications around loosely coupled, independently-developed components and services.
Generating Assertion Code from OCL: A Transformational Approach Based on Simi...Shinpei Hayashi
This document presents an approach for generating assertion code from the Object Constraint Language (OCL) using model transformations. The approach constructs a hierarchy of programming languages based on their structural similarities. This allows rules for translating OCL to be reused across multiple implementation languages, saving approximately 50% of the effort compared to creating individual translators. An evaluation implemented the approach in Maude and demonstrated its ability to generate code for Java, Python, Haskell and O'Haskell from a single OCL specification.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including overloading unary and binary operators, identifying relationships between classes like inheritance and composition, and using classes and inheritance. It provides examples and demonstrations of these concepts.
Detecting Occurrences of Refactoring with Heuristic SearchShinpei Hayashi
This document describes a technique for detecting refactorings between two versions of a program using heuristic search. Refactorings are detected by generating intermediate program states through applying refactorings, and finding a path from the original to modified program that minimizes differences. Structural differences are used to identify likely refactorings. Candidate refactorings are evaluated and applied to generate new states, with the search terminating when the state matches the modified program. A supporting tool was developed and a case study found the technique could correctly detect an actual series of refactorings between program versions.
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses "objects" to model real-world entities. Key concepts of OOP include abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as an extension of C with object-oriented capabilities. It supports both procedural and object-oriented programming. C++ has become one of the most popular and widely used general-purpose programming languages.
Sentence-to-Code Traceability Recovery with Domain OntologiesShinpei Hayashi
The document describes a technique for recovering traceability between natural language sentences and source code using domain ontologies. An automated tool was implemented and evaluated on a case study using the JDraw software. Results showed the technique worked well, recovering traceability between 7 sentences and code with higher accuracy than without using the ontology. The ontology helped improve recall and detect traceability in cases where word similarity alone did not work well. Future work is needed to evaluate on larger cases and domains.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like abstraction, encapsulation, and methods. It defines abstraction as extracting only relevant information and encapsulation as packaging components together. It also explains how to implement encapsulation using access specifiers, define methods by specifying elements like return types and parameters, and call methods by passing relevant arguments.
This document discusses object-oriented programming constructors in 3 or less sentences:
Constructors initialize class objects and are called automatically when an object is created; they can have parameters or default values and there can be multiple constructors that differ in parameters; constructors initialize data members and are used to assign initial values or open connections when an object is instantiated.
The document describes the "Cake Pattern" which is an alternative to dependency injection in Swift. It uses protocols, extensions and constraints to compose services in a modular way. Key aspects include defining services with protocols, implementing them with extensions, creating component protocols that wire services together, and applying constraints to determine behaviors based on types composed together. The Cake Pattern provides a standardized way to structure applications around loosely coupled, independently-developed components and services.
Generating Assertion Code from OCL: A Transformational Approach Based on Simi...Shinpei Hayashi
This document presents an approach for generating assertion code from the Object Constraint Language (OCL) using model transformations. The approach constructs a hierarchy of programming languages based on their structural similarities. This allows rules for translating OCL to be reused across multiple implementation languages, saving approximately 50% of the effort compared to creating individual translators. An evaluation implemented the approach in Maude and demonstrated its ability to generate code for Java, Python, Haskell and O'Haskell from a single OCL specification.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including overloading unary and binary operators, identifying relationships between classes like inheritance and composition, and using classes and inheritance. It provides examples and demonstrations of these concepts.
1. Data encapsulation refers to wrapping up data and functions together in a class. Data hiding keeps data private to prevent accidental changes and only accessible by member functions.
2. Private members are only accessible by member functions of the class, while public members are accessible by member functions of the class and derived classes, as well as by objects of the class.
3. An example class illustrates that a private member cannot be accessed directly by a derived class, while a public member function of the base class can be called by the derived class.
This document discusses modularity and composition of language specifications. It describes how language extensions can be added to a "host" language in a modular way through tools like ableP. The key points are:
1) ableP allows users to choose extensions independently and composes them with the Promela host language to create a custom translator.
2) Developing extensible language frameworks requires addressing composable syntax and semantics through techniques like context-aware scanning and modular attribute grammar analyses.
3) Modular analyses like determinism and completeness checking ensure the composed language specification is well-defined and will result in a working translator. This allows extensions to be developed independently and composed automatically.
How To Code in C# The Complete Course. From data types to object orientation. Includes code samples and exercises.
Topics
Getting Started with C#
C# Language Fundamentals
Branching
Operators
Object-Orientated Programming
Classes and Objects
Inside Methods
Debugging
Inheritance and Polymorphism
Operator Overloading
Structs
Interfaces
Arrays
Collection Interfaces and Types
Strings
Throwing and Catching Exceptions
Delegates and EventsGenerics
New Language Features
Classboxes, nested methods, and real private methodsShugo Maeda
This document discusses refinements, a new Ruby feature that allows extending and modifying classes in a lexically scoped way. It begins with an introduction and then covers topics like classboxes, refinements syntax using Module#refine and Kernel#using, precedence rules, and applications like extending built-in classes. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate refinements. The document concludes by discussing considerations for refinements and a potential patch.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including describing memory allocation for value and reference types, using structures, enumerations, arrays, collections, and ArrayList. It provides examples of declaring and initializing these items as well as manipulating array elements and properties/methods of collections.
The document discusses object-oriented programming using C# and covers several topics:
1) Handling exceptions by using try, catch, and finally blocks to handle errors.
2) Implementing user-defined exceptions by deriving from the ApplicationException class.
3) Implementing threads to allow concurrent execution, with the main thread created automatically and additional child threads created using the Thread class.
The C preprocessor provides directives that modify the source code before compilation. It defines symbols, includes header files, and allows conditional compilation. Directives like #define create constants and macros, #include inserts other files, and #ifdef/#ifndef only compile code if a symbol is defined/undefined. This allows flexible modification of the code based on conditions.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including delegates, events, and attributes. It explains that delegates allow methods to be passed as arguments and invoked, and that there are single-cast and multicast delegates. Events use the publisher-subscriber model where a publisher raises an event and subscribers handle the event. Attributes provide metadata for classes, methods and other code elements.
The document discusses different loop structures in C++ including the for loop, do-while loop, and while loop. It provides examples of how to write each type of loop and explains the differences between them. The for loop has initialization, test, and update expressions that control the loop iterations. The do-while loop first executes the body and then evaluates the test expression, so it always runs at least once. Both for and while loops check the test expression before executing the body.
Ekeko Technology Showdown at SoTeSoLa 2012Coen De Roover
This document describes Ekeko, an applicative logic meta-programming library for Clojure's core.logic that allows specifying code characteristics and querying code bases declaratively. Ekeko provides relations that can represent syntactic, structural, control flow and data flow properties of code derived from the Eclipse JDT and SOOT analyses. For example, it contains a relation to find expressions that may alias at runtime. Ekeko allows incrementally building up logic queries to identify code idioms. Queries are composed of goals that core.logic searches over to return substitutions. This provides a way to programmatically query and transform code bases using logic programming.
This document provides a quick reference for common C++ constructs such as data types, variables, operators, functions, classes and namespaces. It covers basic syntax for declarations, definitions, expressions, statements, comments and preprocessor directives. Constants, literals, storage classes, operators and their precedence are defined. Functions can be declared, defined and called, with parameters, return types and overloading explained.
The document discusses different types of statements in C# including selection statements like if and switch that allow conditional execution, iteration statements like while and for that allow repetitive execution, and jump statements like break and continue that change the flow of control. It provides examples of how to use if, else if, switch, and break statements to implement conditional logic and ensure no fall through between switch cases. The document also covers exception handling statements for raising and catching exceptions.
A Logic Meta-Programming Foundation for Example-Driven Pattern Detection in O...Coen De Roover
Presentation at the Postdoctoral symposium of the 2011 International Conference on Software Maintenance, accompanying the paper
http://soft.vub.ac.be/Publications/2011/vub-soft-tr-11-11.pdf
This document discusses constructors, destructors, and how to invoke member functions in C++. It explains that constructors initialize member variables when objects are created, destructors clear memory when objects are destroyed, and member functions can be defined inside or outside the class using a scope resolution operator. The document also compares calling functions by value versus by reference using aliases or pointers.
The document discusses object-oriented programming using C#. It covers using static variables and functions, components of the .NET framework including the common language runtime and class library, and using the Visual Studio IDE to create and run projects. Specifically, it will teach how to use static variables and functions, identify .NET framework components, and use the Visual Studio IDE.
Presentation derived from the "What's new in Python 2.5" document on http://www.python.org/ including much reformatting for presenting and presenter notes.
Please download the Keynote original - that way the presentation notes aren't burned into the slides.
This presentation comes with many additional notes (pdf): http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/2-c-sharp-introductionbasicsparti-38639098
- A Tour through other .Net Programming Languages
- C# Syntax Cornerstones
The document discusses various C preprocessor directives and storage classes in C.
1. It defines storage class specifier and mentions the different types of storage classes - auto, extern, static, and register. It distinguishes between auto and register storage classes.
2. It explains what extern storage class means and provides an example. It identifies the storage class of a variable defined within a code block.
3. It discusses various preprocessor directives like #define, #undef, #if, #else, #include and explains their usage with examples.
The document discusses pointers and objects in object-oriented programming. It explains that pointers can point to objects, and that the new operator allocates memory for an object and invokes its constructor. It also describes using the delete operator to release the memory of an object. Additionally, it covers using pointers to objects to create linked lists of objects, and discusses different approaches like adding a pointer to the class, deriving a new class, or using a separate node class.
The document discusses object-oriented programming and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. It describes three types of UML diagrams: class diagrams, which show the structure of classes and relationships between them; communication diagrams, which illustrate object interactions; and sequence diagrams, which show the sequence and timing of messages between objects. It provides examples of different UML concepts like associations, aggregations, generalizations, conditional messages, and iteration.
1. Data encapsulation refers to wrapping up data and functions together in a class. Data hiding keeps data private to prevent accidental changes and only accessible by member functions.
2. Private members are only accessible by member functions of the class, while public members are accessible by member functions of the class and derived classes, as well as by objects of the class.
3. An example class illustrates that a private member cannot be accessed directly by a derived class, while a public member function of the base class can be called by the derived class.
This document discusses modularity and composition of language specifications. It describes how language extensions can be added to a "host" language in a modular way through tools like ableP. The key points are:
1) ableP allows users to choose extensions independently and composes them with the Promela host language to create a custom translator.
2) Developing extensible language frameworks requires addressing composable syntax and semantics through techniques like context-aware scanning and modular attribute grammar analyses.
3) Modular analyses like determinism and completeness checking ensure the composed language specification is well-defined and will result in a working translator. This allows extensions to be developed independently and composed automatically.
How To Code in C# The Complete Course. From data types to object orientation. Includes code samples and exercises.
Topics
Getting Started with C#
C# Language Fundamentals
Branching
Operators
Object-Orientated Programming
Classes and Objects
Inside Methods
Debugging
Inheritance and Polymorphism
Operator Overloading
Structs
Interfaces
Arrays
Collection Interfaces and Types
Strings
Throwing and Catching Exceptions
Delegates and EventsGenerics
New Language Features
Classboxes, nested methods, and real private methodsShugo Maeda
This document discusses refinements, a new Ruby feature that allows extending and modifying classes in a lexically scoped way. It begins with an introduction and then covers topics like classboxes, refinements syntax using Module#refine and Kernel#using, precedence rules, and applications like extending built-in classes. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate refinements. The document concludes by discussing considerations for refinements and a potential patch.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including describing memory allocation for value and reference types, using structures, enumerations, arrays, collections, and ArrayList. It provides examples of declaring and initializing these items as well as manipulating array elements and properties/methods of collections.
The document discusses object-oriented programming using C# and covers several topics:
1) Handling exceptions by using try, catch, and finally blocks to handle errors.
2) Implementing user-defined exceptions by deriving from the ApplicationException class.
3) Implementing threads to allow concurrent execution, with the main thread created automatically and additional child threads created using the Thread class.
The C preprocessor provides directives that modify the source code before compilation. It defines symbols, includes header files, and allows conditional compilation. Directives like #define create constants and macros, #include inserts other files, and #ifdef/#ifndef only compile code if a symbol is defined/undefined. This allows flexible modification of the code based on conditions.
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in C#, including delegates, events, and attributes. It explains that delegates allow methods to be passed as arguments and invoked, and that there are single-cast and multicast delegates. Events use the publisher-subscriber model where a publisher raises an event and subscribers handle the event. Attributes provide metadata for classes, methods and other code elements.
The document discusses different loop structures in C++ including the for loop, do-while loop, and while loop. It provides examples of how to write each type of loop and explains the differences between them. The for loop has initialization, test, and update expressions that control the loop iterations. The do-while loop first executes the body and then evaluates the test expression, so it always runs at least once. Both for and while loops check the test expression before executing the body.
Ekeko Technology Showdown at SoTeSoLa 2012Coen De Roover
This document describes Ekeko, an applicative logic meta-programming library for Clojure's core.logic that allows specifying code characteristics and querying code bases declaratively. Ekeko provides relations that can represent syntactic, structural, control flow and data flow properties of code derived from the Eclipse JDT and SOOT analyses. For example, it contains a relation to find expressions that may alias at runtime. Ekeko allows incrementally building up logic queries to identify code idioms. Queries are composed of goals that core.logic searches over to return substitutions. This provides a way to programmatically query and transform code bases using logic programming.
This document provides a quick reference for common C++ constructs such as data types, variables, operators, functions, classes and namespaces. It covers basic syntax for declarations, definitions, expressions, statements, comments and preprocessor directives. Constants, literals, storage classes, operators and their precedence are defined. Functions can be declared, defined and called, with parameters, return types and overloading explained.
The document discusses different types of statements in C# including selection statements like if and switch that allow conditional execution, iteration statements like while and for that allow repetitive execution, and jump statements like break and continue that change the flow of control. It provides examples of how to use if, else if, switch, and break statements to implement conditional logic and ensure no fall through between switch cases. The document also covers exception handling statements for raising and catching exceptions.
A Logic Meta-Programming Foundation for Example-Driven Pattern Detection in O...Coen De Roover
Presentation at the Postdoctoral symposium of the 2011 International Conference on Software Maintenance, accompanying the paper
http://soft.vub.ac.be/Publications/2011/vub-soft-tr-11-11.pdf
This document discusses constructors, destructors, and how to invoke member functions in C++. It explains that constructors initialize member variables when objects are created, destructors clear memory when objects are destroyed, and member functions can be defined inside or outside the class using a scope resolution operator. The document also compares calling functions by value versus by reference using aliases or pointers.
The document discusses object-oriented programming using C#. It covers using static variables and functions, components of the .NET framework including the common language runtime and class library, and using the Visual Studio IDE to create and run projects. Specifically, it will teach how to use static variables and functions, identify .NET framework components, and use the Visual Studio IDE.
Presentation derived from the "What's new in Python 2.5" document on http://www.python.org/ including much reformatting for presenting and presenter notes.
Please download the Keynote original - that way the presentation notes aren't burned into the slides.
This presentation comes with many additional notes (pdf): http://de.slideshare.net/nicolayludwig/2-c-sharp-introductionbasicsparti-38639098
- A Tour through other .Net Programming Languages
- C# Syntax Cornerstones
The document discusses various C preprocessor directives and storage classes in C.
1. It defines storage class specifier and mentions the different types of storage classes - auto, extern, static, and register. It distinguishes between auto and register storage classes.
2. It explains what extern storage class means and provides an example. It identifies the storage class of a variable defined within a code block.
3. It discusses various preprocessor directives like #define, #undef, #if, #else, #include and explains their usage with examples.
The document discusses pointers and objects in object-oriented programming. It explains that pointers can point to objects, and that the new operator allocates memory for an object and invokes its constructor. It also describes using the delete operator to release the memory of an object. Additionally, it covers using pointers to objects to create linked lists of objects, and discusses different approaches like adding a pointer to the class, deriving a new class, or using a separate node class.
The document discusses object-oriented programming and Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. It describes three types of UML diagrams: class diagrams, which show the structure of classes and relationships between them; communication diagrams, which illustrate object interactions; and sequence diagrams, which show the sequence and timing of messages between objects. It provides examples of different UML concepts like associations, aggregations, generalizations, conditional messages, and iteration.
Exceptions provide an object-oriented way to handle runtime errors in C++. When an error occurs, the function throws an exception which is caught in a catch block. The try block encloses code that might throw exceptions. Exceptions allow checking for errors without returning special values and work for errors occurring in constructors. Classes can define their own exception objects to throw on errors.
Object oriented programming involves modeling real-world objects as classes that encapsulate both data and functions. A class defines common properties and behaviors of objects without creating the objects themselves. Objects are instances of classes and have attributes that represent their state and member functions that define their responsibilities or behaviors. For example, a Point class could model points on a plane with x and y coordinate attributes and functions to move, print, and check if a point is at the origin. The main function then creates Point objects and calls their member functions.
Operator overloading allows functions to be called when operators are used on user-defined types. It overloads built-in operators like + and - to work on custom classes. This makes code involving classes easier to read and write but does not add new capabilities - everything done with operators can be done with functions. There are limitations to operator overloading like not being able to change precedence or number of arguments. Overloading is useful when it improves readability, such as overloading + for a complex number class. The assignment operator (=) can also be overloaded but the compiler provides a default that does member-wise copying, which is sufficient for simple classes like a complex number class.
The document discusses object-oriented programming and its advantages over procedural programming. It introduces key concepts of OOP like encapsulation, data hiding, and modeling real-world objects. Object-oriented programming aims to make software easier to develop and maintain by closely modeling the problem domain. This approach can reduce costs and errors while improving readability, reusability and flexibility of code. The document uses examples to illustrate object-oriented concepts and how they are implemented in C++.
Inheritance allows reuse of properties and behaviors of an existing class when creating new classes. The existing class is called the base/parent class, while the new class is the derived/child class. The child class inherits all properties and behaviors of the parent class and can define additional properties and behaviors of its own. There are different types of inheritance like single, multilevel, multiple and hierarchical inheritance which define how properties and behaviors are inherited between parent and child classes.
Inheritance allows classes to inherit attributes and behaviors from other classes. This allows for code reuse and the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes. A derived class inherits all public and protected members of the base class and can access them directly or override them with its own implementations. Access levels determine which members are accessible from derived classes, base class objects, and outside the class. Inheritance facilitates code reuse through specialization, where derived classes can extend or modify the behavior of base classes.
This document provides an overview of C++, beginning with introductions to object-oriented programming and the two versions of C++. It describes key C++ concepts like classes, constructors, destructors, function overloading, and namespaces. It also covers arrays of objects, pointers to objects, the this pointer, and static class members. The document is intended to familiarize readers with fundamental C++ concepts in preparation for more advanced topics.
This document provides an overview of C++, beginning with introductions to object-oriented programming and the two versions of C++. It describes key C++ concepts like classes, constructors, destructors, function overloading, and namespaces. It also covers arrays of objects, pointers to objects, the this pointer, and static class members. The document is intended to familiarize readers with fundamental C++ concepts in preparation for more advanced topics.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in C++, including:
1) C++ adds object-oriented programming capabilities to C while maintaining C's power and flexibility. It was created in 1979 to provide object-oriented programming features to C.
2) Object-oriented programming encourages breaking problems into constituent parts called objects that contain related instructions and data. The three main traits of OOP are encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance.
3) C++ supports both traditional and modern styles, with newer headers placed in the std namespace. Keywords like class, public, and virtual allow defining classes and controlling access to members. Functions can be overloaded if their signatures differ.
The document describes the structure of a C++ program. It is divided into several key sections: documentation, link, namespaces, global definitions, main program, and subprograms. The main program section contains the main function which is called when the program executes. Subprogram sections contain user-defined functions. The document also discusses preprocessing directives, macros, file inclusion and other elements that make up the overall structure of a C++ program.
C is a structural programming language that does not support classes, objects, or inheritance, while C++ is an object-oriented language that extends C by adding support for classes, objects, inheritance, and other object-oriented features like function overloading and overriding. Dennis Ritchie developed C in the 1970s at Bell Labs, while Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ in the early 1980s at Bell Labs as a superset of C that could run nearly all C code but also supported object-oriented programming. C++ provides additional functionality over C like namespaces, exceptions, and input/output streams.
The document compares C# 3.5 and C# 4.0, highlighting key differences in support for dynamic programming, keywords like dynamic, creation of dynamic variables, optional parameters, named parameters, indexed COM properties, and generics with co/contra-variance. It also compares C# and VB.NET in areas like variable declaration, object creation, return types, overloading, default properties, inheritance, operators, and comparisons. Finally, it contrasts C# and C++ in their levels of abstraction, memory management, switch statements, flow control, class members, exceptions, and function pointers.
This document provides an introduction to C++ and covers 10 topics: 1) Object-oriented programming principles, 2) Classes and objects, 3) Functions, 4) Constructors and destructors, 5) Operator overloading and type conversion, 6) Inheritance, 7) Pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 8) Working with files, 9) Templates, and 10) Exception handling. Each topic is briefly described in 1-2 paragraphs with examples provided for some concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling. The document serves as a high-level overview of key C++ concepts and features.
C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Labs as an enhancement to the C language. It combines procedural and object-oriented programming. A C++ program consists of functions, the basic unit of which is main(). Functions can be library functions or user-defined and are made up of prototypes, definitions, and calls. The program also uses various data types and variables like local and global.
The document provides an overview of the basic construction of C programming language code. It discusses the typical sections included such as documentation, linking, symbolic constants, global declarations, the main function, and user-defined function definitions. Key points include that the main function contains declaration and executable sections, loops like while and for are used to repeat code blocks, and arrays allow declaring multiple variables of the same type in contiguous memory locations.
This PPT File helps IT freshers with the Basic Interview Questions, which will boost there confidence before going to the Interview. For more details and Interview Questions please log in www.rekruitin.com and click on Job Seeker tools. Also register on the and get employed.
By ReKruiTIn.com
This document provides an overview of Objective-C and teaches the basics of the language through examples. It covers Objective-C classes and objects, variables and data types, flow control and loops, methods, and more. The document is split into three parts, with each part building upon the previous concepts and adding new material to learn Objective-C programming.
The document provides an overview of basic C++ concepts including:
- C++ was developed as an extension of the C language and can be coded in an object-oriented or C-style.
- Keywords were added to support object-orientation, exceptions, and other features.
- Pointers in C++ store the address of a variable in memory.
- Blocks allow code sections to have their own local variables with minimized scope.
- Binding refers to converting functions/variables to machine addresses, which can be static/early or dynamic/late.
- Variables are statically scoped in C++ and type checking is done at compile-time rather than run-time.
- Most C++
C++ classes and objects are the central feature that supports object-oriented programming in C++. A class defines a blueprint for a data type, and classes can inherit members from base classes, allowing code reuse. Polymorphism means a function call will cause different code to execute depending on the object type. Abstraction and encapsulation bind data and functions together and hide implementation details. C++ supports exception handling, dynamic memory allocation using new/delete, and file input/output streams.
The document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It also covers procedural programming in C++ and compares it with OOP. Examples are provided to demonstrate creating classes, objects, functions, constructors and destructors. The document contains information on basic C++ programming concepts needed to understand and implement OOP principles in C++ programs.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language, including its history, uses, basic syntax, data types, variables, operators, decision making structures, loops, functions, and other common features. It begins with an introduction to C and discusses setting up the development environment. It then covers the basic structure of C programs and many fundamental aspects of the language like tokens, comments, identifiers, keywords and basic syntax rules.
This document provides an overview of the C++ programming language including its history, common features, and useful resources for learning C++. It discusses data types, classes, functions, pointers, references, operator overloading, templates, and more. Code examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. Useful online tutorials and references are listed for further learning C++.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses C++ as an improvement over C that allows both object-oriented and procedural programming. The keys sections define objects, encapsulation, polymorphism, inheritance and classes. It also discusses defining classes in C++, objects and encapsulation, messages and polymorphism, data abstraction and natural building blocks of OOP. Later sections provide examples of polymorphism in applications and programs.
This document compares the programming languages Java and C#. It discusses that C# was developed with the .NET framework in mind and is intended to be the primary language for .NET development. It outlines some subtle syntactic differences between the languages, like how print statements and inheritance are defined. It also examines some concepts that are modified in C# compared to Java, such as polymorphism and operator overloading. Finally, it presents some new concepts in C# that do not exist in Java, including enums, foreach loops, and properties.
C and C++ are procedural and object-oriented programming languages respectively. C++ was created as an incremental improvement to C by adding object-oriented features while maintaining compatibility with C. Key differences include C++ supporting features like function overloading, polymorphism, encapsulation, and inheritance which are not possible in C. Additionally, C++ emphasizes data abstraction and limits data access compared to the open data model of C where data can be accessed by any function.