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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
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ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
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• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
2. Introduction
Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring metal and exists in three forms:
elemental (metallic), inorganic, and organic. The form of mercury greatly
influences mercury’s distribution within the body and its health effects.
Mercury is a heavy, silvery-white liquid metal known as quick silver. And its
the only common metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures.
A fair conductor of electricity, and poor conductor of heat if compared with
other metals.
3. Mercury is a heavy silvery liquid metal with atomic number 80 a standard
atomic weight of 200.59. The amount of mercury in dental amalgam may be
specified as alloy – mercury ratio=1:1.
The name comes from Greek name, hydrargyrum, which means "hydr-"
water and "argyros" silver to reflect its shiny surface, it has a silvery tinge
and it, as a liquid, flows quickly .
It alloys easily with many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, these alloys
are called amalgams.
Introduction
4. Mercury in the environment
Mercury is a compound that can be found naturally in the environment as metal form,
mercury salts or as organic mercury compounds. Found mainly in cinnabar ore (HgS).
Also present as an impurity in many other minerals, in particular
the non-ferrous metals, and in fossil fuels, coal.
Easily vaporize in room temperature into an odorless, colorless
vapor that can easily inhaled.
5. Elemental mercury
is a shiny, silver-white liquid (quicksilver) primarily obtained from the refining of
mercuric sulfide in cinnabar ore. Elemental mercury is used in dental amalgams.
Elemental mercury easily vaporizes at room temperature to an invisible, odorless
toxic gas referred to as elemental mercury vapor. Usually used in school science lab.
6. Inorganic mercury
Inorganic mercury
compounds, or mercury salts, are formed when mercury combines with
other elements such as chlorine (e.g., mercuric chloride), sulfur, or oxygen.
Its exist in two oxidative states— mercurous (+1) and oxide mercuric (+2).
Mercury salts are highly toxic and corrosive. White in color except cinnabar
(Red). Enters body through mouth and skin from disinfectant and
fungicide. Usually used in school science lab.
7. Organic mercury
compounds are formed when inorganic mercury is methylated or combines
with organic agents. The most important organic form of mercury in terms of
human exposure is methylmercury, is formed by anaerobic methylation of
inorganic mercury by microorganisms in sediments. The primary source of
human exposure to mercury is through the consumption of fish and shellfish
containing methylmercury.
8. Other forms of organic mercury
may be found in outdated fungicides, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Most of
these uses have been discontinued, however, small amounts of these compounds
may still be found in some medicines.
12. γ
1 forms first and then γ
2.
Alloy is mixed with mercury in the ratio of 1:1.
Mercury is insufficient to completely consume the alloy particles.
γ
1 - Dominant phase – 54-56%.
Unreacted γ
- 27- 35%.
γ
2 - 11-13%
13.
14.
15.
16. Risks
Easily crosses blood brain barrier and can enter breast milk.
Potent neurotoxin.
Neurological effects - tremors , mood swings, irritability, excessive shyness.
Very high exposure can cause kidney effects, respiratory failure and death.
Birth defects.
Impairment of vision, speech, walking.
18. In 1845, American Society of Dental Surgeons condemned the use of all filling
material other than gold as toxic, thereby igniting. The society went further and
requested members to sign a pledge refusing to use amalgam.
In mid 1920's a German dentist, Professor A. Stock. He claimed to have evidence
showing that mercury could be absorbed from dental amalgam, which leads to
serious health problems. He also expressed concerns over health of dentists,
stating that nearly all dentists had excess mercury in their urine.
19. Remarkably, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has separately approved
the mercury and the alloy powder for dental use; but the amalgam mixture has
never been approved as a dental device.
In 1980 primarily through the seminars and writings of Dr. Huggins. He was
convinced that mercury released from dental amalgam was responsible for
human diseases affecting the cardiovascular system and nervous system.
Also stated that patients claimed recoveries from multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease
and other diseases as a result of removing their dental amalgam fillings.
20. Due to the health effects of mercury exposure, industrial and commercial uses are
regulated in many countries. The World Health Organization (WHO), Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA), and National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) all treat mercury as an occupational hazard, and have established
specific occupational exposure limits. Environmental releases and disposal of mercury
are regulated in the U.S. primarily by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
21. Amounts of Mercury released
Trituration
Placement of restorations
Dry Polishing
Wet Polishing
: 1-2 μ
g
: 6-8 μ
g
: 44μg
: 2.4 μ
g
Removal of restorations using water spray and high volume suction : 1.5 - 2μg
Additional evacuation for 1 minute to remove amalgam dust : 1.5 – 2 μ
g
22. Mercury management
Spills of triturated materials are collected with vacuum aspirator.
Vapor releases must be cleared by airflow system of room.
During intra oral placement and condensation procedure rubber dam can be
used to isolate patient and high vacuum evacuation is used.
23. Storages location should be near a vent that exhaust air out of the building.
Before use : Store in a plastic container with threaded cover
Scrap amalgam, from condensation is stored under water , glycine or spent x
ray fixer and tightly capped jar.
Mercury management
24. ADA Recommendations for dental mercury
hygiene.
Train all personnel regarding mercury handling and hazards.
Make them aware of the potential sources of mercury vapor in the clinic.
Work in well ventilated spaces with an exhaust.
Replace air conditioning filters periodically.
Monitor the dental clinic atmosphere for mercury vapor.
25. Design work area properly. Floor covering should be nonabsorbent, seamless
and easy to clean.
Use precapsulated alloys.
Use amalgamator with completely enclosed arm.
Avoid skin contact with mercury or freshly prepared amalgam.
Re-cap single use capsules after use if possible.
ADA Recommendations for dental mercury
hygiene.
26. Use high volume evacuation while finishing or removing amalgam.
Salvage and store all scrap amalgam.
Dispose amalgam scrap and mercury contaminated items as per applicable
regulations.
Clean up spilled mercury using trap bottles, tape or freshly mixed amalgam.
Do not use household vacuum cleaner.
Remove professional clothing before leaving the workplace.
ADA Recommendations for dental mercury
hygiene.
27. Management of mercury spills
In case of an accidental mercury spill (regardless of size),
Never use a vacuum cleaner to clean up the mercury.
Never use household cleaning products to clean up the spill, particularly
those containing ammonia or chlorine.
Never allow mercury to go down the drain.
Never use a broom or a paintbrush to clean up the mercury.
Never allow people whose shoes may be contaminated with mercury to walk
around.
28. Mercury spillage kit
Spill kits are essential for the management of mercury spills and breakages.
Procedure:
Put on the Personal Protective Equipment which is provided in the kit.
Using the scoop collect the amalgam or mercury waste.
If it is mercury droplets use the syringe to pick up as many globules, then place
the full syringe in the waste container (provided in the kit).
Open the container which contains calcium hydroxide and sulphur.
Tip out onto the spillage area, close the center of the spillage.
Using the scoop mix the powders with the spilt amalgam or mercury (which you
could not pick up).
The powder may start to go grey as the mercury is absorbed.
29. Brush the contaminated powder into the scoop and place in the waste
container.
Close the lid on the waste container or sealable bag.
Dispose of the Personal Protective Equipment in the waste container .
Label the waste container or bag with ‘hazardous waste sign.
Contact the licensed waste carrier company you use to remove the hazardous
waste.
Cleanup of large mercury spills requires experienced environmental personnel.
Mercury spillage kit
33. Effects of Mercury toxicity on the body
The toxic effects of mercury depend on its chemical form and the route of
exposure.
Allergy, Contact dermatitis represent the most likely physiologic side effect to
dental amalgam, an alternative material (e.g. Composite or ceramic) must be used.
Release of mercury induced an acute reaction which resulted in erythematous
lesions, severe burning and itchy sensation and difficulty in breathing
34.
35.
36. Inhalation of mercury vapors causes:
Chemical pneumonia, Pulmonary oedema, Gingivostomatitis, Increased salivation.
CNS symptoms like: Ataxia, Restriction of field of vision, Delerium, Polyneuropathy.
Symptomatic patients who have experienced acute high-dose elemental mercury
inhalation exposure should receive supportive care and be monitored for development
of acute pneumonitis and pulmonary edema in a hospital setting.
Mercury can be inhaled and absorbed through the skin and mucousmembranes,
so containers of mercury should be securely sealed to avoid spills and
evaporation.
37. Ingestion of Mercury
The signs and symptoms start immediately after swallowing the mercury:
Hot burning pain in mouth, stomach and abdomen.
Stools are blood stained , urine is suppressed and scanty,contain blood and
albumin is accompanied by necrosis of renal tubules and damage to the
glomeruli.
38. Hoarseness of voice.
Difficulty in breathing
Acrid metallic taste in mouth.
Feeling of constriction or choking of throat.
Pulse is quick small and irregular.
Thrombocytopenia and bone marrow depression.
Ingestion of Mercury
39. Chronic Mercury Poisoning/ Hydrargyrism
Workers may get poisoned due to vapors or dust.
When small doses are taken for prolonged time or used as ointment for long
period.
The signs and symptoms of chronic mercury start at a blood level 100 mg/ml.
Patient is symptomatic at daily urinary excretion more than 300 mg/ml
40. Hydrargyrism/ Signs and symptoms
Excessive salivation with swollen and painful salivary glands.
Foul smelling breathing, inflamed and ulcerated gums with brownish blue line
and loosening of teeth.
Mercura lentis: A brownish reflex from the anterior lens capsule
of both the eyes is seen when observed in slit lamp in person
exposed to mercury vapors for some years. It is bilateral and has
no effect on the visual acuity.
41. Oral cavity problems
Inflammation of the mouth.
Loss of bone around teeth.
Ulcerated gums and other areas in the mouth.
Darkening of gums.
Taste of metal.
Bleeding gums.
42. Acrodynia (Pink disease)
There is generalized rashes over the body.
Results from chronic exposure to mercury in any forms.
Erythematous, eczematous (watery and weeping) popular type of skin lesion.
Mostly in the hands and feet accompanied with thickening of skin.
43. Hunter-Russell syndrome
The term Hunter-Russell syndrome derives from a study of mercury poisoning among
workers in a seed packing factory in England in the late 1930s who breathed methyl
mercury that was being used as a seed disinfectant and preservative.
Syndrome is characterized by paresthesia, visual field constriction, ataxia, impaired
hearing, and speech impairment.
44. Erethism
(Mad hatter disease, or mad hatter syndrome)
In 19th century, inorganic mercury in the form of mercuric nitrate was commonly
used in the production of hats.
It caused a slow release of volatile free mercury.
Erethism commonly characterized by behavioral changes such as irritability, low
self-confidence, depression, apathy, shyness and timidity.
In some extreme cases delirium personality changes and memory loss occur.
45. Laboratory Tests
Urine test:Aurinary mercury concentration of less than four micrograms per liter
(μg/L) would be considered within the background range.
46.
47. Blood test
Blood level greater than 10 mcg/L indicates an unusual level of exposure for
someone who does not regularly work with mercury.
Amount present will decrease by half about every 3 days as the mercury
moves into organs such as the brain and kidneys. Therefore, blood testing
must be done within days of suspected exposure
48.
49. Amount of exposure
Length of exposure
Length of mercury accumulation in body
Amount of accumulated mercury
Overall health of the patient ( for detoxification)
Toxic effect of Mercury depend on: