Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam Fillings in Response to Different Physical Stressors
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Approximately 50% of dental amalgam is elemental mercury by weight. Accumulating body of evidence now shows that not only static magnetic fields (SMF) but both ionizing and non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations can increase the rate of mercury release from dental amalgam fillings. Iranian scientists firstly addressed this issue in 2008 but more than 10 years later, it became viral worldwide after BBC released a report on this issue.
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Mercury Released from Dental Amalgam Fillings in Response to Different Physical Stressors
- 1. Different physical stressors cause mercury to be released from dental amalgam fillings September 12, 2022 Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 2. “The International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT) is raising awareness of a systematic review indicating a wide variety of common activities significantly accelerates the release of mercury from amalgam dental fillings. The results of the study—published in the Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering—found that exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) such as those generated by MRI, electromagnetic fields (EMF) such as those produced by wi-fi and mobile phones; ionising electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation such as lasers and light cure devices can all significantly increase the release of mercury from amalgam restorations and/or cause microleakage”. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 3. The results of the study, "How Do Different Physical Stressors' Affect the Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam Fillings and Microleakage? A Systematic Review" found that exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) such as those generated by MRI, electromagnetic fields (EMF) such as those produced by Wi-Fi and mobile phones; ionizing electromagnetic radiations such as X-rays and non- Ionizing electromagnetic radiation such as lasers and light cure devices can all significantly increase the release of mercury from amalgam restorations and/or cause microleakage. The study authors conclude that "specific groups such as children, fertile women, elderly and hypersensitive individuals may be at risk". These concerns mirror the Food and Drug Administrations 2020 amalgam warnings to avoid dental amalgam in these high-risk populations. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 4. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 5. December 2022 Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 6. • “Our data are consistent with much of the previous literature, which has variably demonstrated mercury release at field strengths of 0.23 – 3T [[6], [7], [8],13,16,17], and a single study which demonstrated significant release at 7T [8]. • Previous studies have demonstrated increased mercury release following exposure to electromagnetic radiation at various frequencies (x-ray [13], microwave [13], radio [14]) and thus, our findings replicate these earlier studies; however, the effect of RF power was modest in the present study with this factor accounting for 4.3% of the variance in the ANOVA model”. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 7. [6] S.M. Mortazavi, E. Daiee, A. Yazdi, K. Khiabani, A. Kavousi, R. Vazirinejad, B. Behnejad, M. Ghasemi, M.B. Mood, Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use, Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 11 (8) (2008), pp. 1142-1146 [7] S.M. Mortazavi, M. Neghab, S.M. Anoosheh, N. Bahaeddini, G. Mortazavi, P. Neghab, A. Rajaeifard, High- field MRI and mercury release from dental amalgam fillings, Int. J. Occup. Environ. Med., 5 (2) (2014), pp. 101- 105 [8] S. Yilmaz, M.Z. Adisen, Ex Vivo Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam after 7.0-T and 1.5-T MRI, Radiology, 288 (3) (2018), pp. 799-803 [9] E.R. Gizewski, C. Monninghoff, M. Forsting, Perspectives of ultra-high-field MRI in neuroradiology, Clin. Neuroradiol., 25 (Suppl 2) (2015), pp. 267-273 [10]United Nations Environment Programme, Minamata convention on Mercury: text and Annexes, United Nations, Kenya, 2017. [11] F.J.T. Burke, P.S.K. Lucarotti, The ultimate guide to restoration longevity in England and Wales. Part 2: amalgam restorations - time to next intervention and to extraction of the restored tooth, Br. Dent. J., 224 (10) (2018), pp. 789-800 [12] Information Centre for Health and Social Care, Adult Dental Health Survey, 2009, UK Data Service (2012) [13] S. Kursun, B. Öztas, H. Atas, M. Tastekin, Effects of X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging on mercury release from dental amalgam into artificial saliva, Oral. Radiol., 30 (2) (2014), pp. 142-146 [14] M. Paknahad, S.M. Mortazavi, S. Shahidi, G. Mortazavi, M. Haghani, Effect of radiofrequency radiation from Wi-Fi devices on mercury release from amalgam restorations, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 14 (2016), p. 12 Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 8. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 9. •“Other areas of potential research have emerged in recent years including the role of genetics in identifying patients who may be more susceptible to mercury toxicity,210,211 as well as the potential impact of electromagnetic fields including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners in elevating mercury toxicity levels for those with amalgam fillings.97,162,290,291”. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 10. Ao longo das últimas décadas, estudos têm revelado substâncias químicas utilizadas na prática odontológica com potencial carcinogênico, ou seja, são capazes de lesionar o DNA através de deleções ou inserções de nucleotídeos, condicionando o surgimento e proliferação de células cancerosas (CONSOLARO; FRANCISCHONE; CONSOLARO, 2011). Dentre esses agentes químicos estão: monômeros presentes em resinas (AROSSI, 2013); formaldeído usado em pulpotomias, materiais de base de dentadura acrílica e medicamentos endodônticos (THOMAS et al., 2006); elementos metálicos como níquel, cobalto e cromo (MENEZES; FREITAS; GONÇALVES, 2009); mercúrio usado em amálgamas dentais (MORTAZAVI; MORTAZAVI; PAKNAHAD, 2016); agentes clareadores dentais como peróxido de hidrogênio, peróxido de carbamida e tantos outros (CONSOLARO; FRANCISCHONE; CONSOLARO, 2011). Google Translation: Over the last few decades, studies have revealed chemical substances used in dental practice with carcinogenic potential, that is, they are capable of injuring the DNA through nucleotide deletions or insertions, conditioning the emergence and proliferation of cancer cells (CONSOLARO; FRANCISCHONE; CONSOLARO, 2011). Among these chemical agents are: monomers present in resins (AROSSI, 2013); formaldehyde used in pulpotomies, acrylic denture base materials and endodontic drugs (THOMAS et al., 2006); metallic elements such as nickel, cobalt and chromium (MENEZES; FREITAS; GONÇALVES, 2009); mercury used in dental amalgams (MORTAZAVI; MORTAZAVI; PAKNAHAD, 2016); tooth whitening agents such as peroxide of hydrogen, carbamide peroxide and many others (CONSOLARO; FRANCISCHONE; CONSOLARO, 2011). Chapter 10: GENETICS IN THE OMIC ERA: ANALYSIS OF IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR THE TRAINING OF THE DENTIST OF THE FUTURE, Pages 124 – 157. DOI: 10.37885/210504592 Published in: 06/03/2021 Book Title: DENTISTRY AND COMPREHENSIVE CARE: ASPECTS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND HEALTH SERVICES Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 11. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) They studied the effect of ultra-high-strength MRI - the latest in scanning technology being introduced to several research hospitals in the UK.
- 12. MRI and the Release of Mercury Our first report on the role of exposure to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in enhancing the release of mercury from dental amalgam restoration was published in 2008. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) 2008
- 13. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 14. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 15. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) Recent findings indicate that mercury, even at low doses, may cause toxicity As dental amalgam fillings release low levels of elemental mercury vapor, today, there is a debate over : If these levels are safe and Whether the safety threshold is the same for different subpopulations. Are low levels of mercury safe?
- 16. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 17. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 18. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 19. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 20. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D)
- 21. Ghazal Mortazavi (DDs) and SMJ Mortazavi (Ph.D) Results The mean (±SD) concentration of mercury in the artificial saliva: Wi-Fi exposed teeth samples 0.056 ± .025 mg/L Non-exposed controls 0.026 ± 0.008 mg/L (P =0.009).
Editor's Notes
- Mortazavi and his colleagues firstly addressed the issue of “Mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after magnetic resonance imaging and following mobile phone use” in 2008 but more than 10 years later, it became viral worldwide . This BBC report that was published in 2018, shows how this issue received global attention a decade after the early report of Mortazavi et al..
- We commented on the paper that claimed ultra-high-strength MRI can enhance the release of mercury from dental amalgam restorations as our previous experiments showed even a 0.25 T MRI can enhance the release of mercury from dental amalgam restorations. The BBC report was based on the original paper that is criticized by our team.
- In this study we have considered the effects of stronger magnetic fields (1.5 T) vs. 0.25 T that was used in our previous report. The previous findings were confirmed in this study and this study provided additional support for amplified release of mercury from dental amalgam fillings after MR imaging.
- In our papers we have tried to answer the question whether there are low levels of mercury safe? By reviewing the current data we concluded that mercury, even at low doses, may cause toxicity. However, as dental amalgam fillings release very low levels of elemental mercury vapor, the debate over if these levels are safe and whether the safety threshold is the same for different subpopulations, may continue for several years.
- In our Paper “Increased mercury release from dental amalgam restorations after exposure to electromagnetic fields as a potential hazard for hypersensitive people and pregnant women” that was published in Rev Environ Health in 2015 we stated that based on the findings of our studies as well as those conducted by other researchers, as infants and children are more vulnerable to mercury exposures, and since some individuals are routinely exposed to different sources of electromagnetic fields, we possibly need a paradigm shift in evaluating the health effects of amalgam fillings.
- Accumulating evidence shows that mercury can decrease the levels of neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, noreprenephrine, and acetylcholine in the brain and cause neurological problems. In this paper we have discussed our Hypothesis about the role of Increased Release of Mercury from Dental Amalgam Fillings after Maternal Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in explaining the High Rates of Autism in the Offspring.
- There are some evidence indicating that perinatal exposure to mercury is significantly associated with an increased risk of developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Further studies are needed to have a better understanding of the possible link between the increased mercury level after exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring.
- We have also introduced the “Triple M” Effect, a Mechanism that Explains the Increased Dental Amalgam Microleakage after Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation. Based on this theory, as shown in this figure, there are saliva-filled tiny spaces between amalgam and the tooth. Exposure of the oral cavity to RF-EMFs increases the energy of these small amounts of saliva. Due to the small mass of saliva in these tiny spaces, a small amount of energy will be required for heating. Moreover, reflection of the radiofrequency radiation on the inner walls of the tiny spaces causes interference which in turn produces some "hot spots" in these spaces. Finally, formation of gas bubbles in response to increased temperature and very rapid expansion of these bubbles will accelerate the microleakage of amalgam.
- We have also conducted the first study that evaluated the effect of exposure to Wi-Fi signals on mercury release from amalgam restorations. This study showed that exposure of amalgam restorations to radiofrequency radiation emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices can increase mercury release from amalgam restorations.
- Our study showed that while the mean concentration of mercury in the artificial saliva of the Wi-Fi exposed teeth samples was 0.056 ± .025 mg/L, in the non-exposed controls the mean concentration of mercury was only 0.026 ± 0.008 mg/L. This difference was statistically significant.