in these slides! I have tried to cover things in simplistic manner!

2. MEMORY AND
INTELLIGENCE

3. GROUP MEMBERS
• HAMZA JAWED
• MUBEEN ARIF
• MUHAMMAD HUSSNAIN
• ANSAR NISAR

4. MEMOR
Y

5. WHAT IS MEMORY ???
THERE ARE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS OF MEMORY:
1. A PERSON’S POWER OF REMEMBER THINGS.
2. MEMORY IS A LEARNING THAT PERSISTED OVER TIME.
3. MEMORY IS A PROCESS OF ENCODING , STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF
INFORMATION

6. TYPES OF MEMORY
• SENSORY MEMORY • SHORT TERM
MEMORY
• LONG TERM
MEMORY

7. TYPES OF MEMORY
• SENSORY MEMORY:
SENSORY MEMORY IS THE EARLIEST STAGE OF THE MEMORY.
SENSORY MEMORY HOLDS THE SENSORY INFORMATION FOR A
VERY BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME.
HALF SECOND FOR VISUAL INFORMATION
3 – 4 SECONDS FOR AUDITORY INFORMATION

8. TYPES OF MEMORY
Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Haptic Memory
Examples:

9. TYPES OF MEMORY
• SHORT TERM MEMORY:
SHORT TERM MEMORY, ALSO KNOWN AS ACTIVE MEMORY, IS THE
INFORMATION WE ARE CURRENTLY AWARE OF.
SHORT TERM MEMORY REMAIN FOR 20 – 30 SECONDS.
Sensory
Memory Pay Attention
Short Term
Memory

10. TYPES OF MEMORY
• EXAMPLES:

11. TYPES OF MEMORY
• LONG TERM MEMORY:
CONTINUING STORAGE OF INFORMATION.
MOSTLY UNAWARE OF LONG TERM MEMORY.
LONG TERM MEMORY CALL IS REFERRED AS PRECONSCIOUS
AND UNCONSCIOUS.

12. TYPES OF MEMORY
Implicit MemoryExplicit Memory

13. TYPES OF MEMORY
• EXPLICIT MEMORY:
THE CONSCIOUS , INTENTIONAL RECOLLECTION OF PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES
AND INFORMATION.
ALSO KNOWN AS DECLARATIVE MEMORY.
THESE MEMORIES ARE FORMED THROUGH EFFORTFUL PROCESSING.
Episodic Memories
Specific life Events
Semantic
Memories
Facts , Words ,
Concept

14. TYPES OF MEMORY
• IMPLICIT MEMORY:
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES AID IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A
TASK WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF THESE PREVIOUS
EXPERIENCES.Procedural Memories
Ride a bike
Conditional Memories
The real reason of Pavlov’s dog
salivation

15. PROCESS OF MEMORY
• THE PROCESS OF MEMORY DEPENDS UPON THREE STEPS:
1: ENCODING
2: STORAGE
3: RETRIEVAL

16. PROCESS OF MEMORY
Stimul
us
Sensory
Memory
Duration: 2
Sec
Long Term
Memory
Capacity:
Unlimited
Duration:
Unlimited
Attention Rehearsal
Forgetting Forgetting Forgetting
Short
Term
Memory
Capacity: 7+/-
2
Duration: 20
sec
Retrieval
Input
Encoded
Maintenance
Rehearsal
MEMORY

17. HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR MEMORY ???
MNEMONICS ( A MEMORY AIDS ):
THE STRATEGIES USED FOR IMPROVING THE MEMORY.

18. MNEMONICS
• CHUNKING:

19. MNEMONICS
• DEEP PROCESSING INSTEAD OF SHALLOW PROCESSING:

20. MNEMONICS
• VISUALIZATION:
• GREEN
• ROPE
• KNOB
• TEMPER
• HARD

21. MNEMONICS
• SPACING EFFECT:

22. MNEMONICS
• HIGH HIERATICAL ORGANIZATION:

23. MNEMONICS
• PERSONAL
CONNECTION:

24. INTELLIGENCE

25. INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ?
INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND COMPLEX IDEAS, TO ADOPT EFFECTIVELY
TO THE ENVIRONMENT, TO LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE, TO ENGAGE TO VARIOUS FORMS
OF REASONING, TO OVERCOME OBSTACLES BY TAKING THOUGHT.
-ACCORDING TO AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION
IN 1995.

26. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE HOLD THAT INTELLIGENCE CAN BE MEASURED BY
INTELLIGENCE TESTS.
 BUT SOME RESEARCHERS ARE DISSATISFIED WITH THAT NOTION AND ARGUE
THAT INTELLIGENCE TEST IS NOT ENOUGH TO DEFINE INTELLIGENCE

27. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. HOWARD GARDNER’S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES
• INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE FEELINGS AND INTENTIONS OF OTHERS.
• INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND ONE’S OWN FEELINGS AND MOTIVATIONS
• LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULATE LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS ONESELF
RHETORICALLY OR POETICALLY.

28. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
• LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO DETECT PATTERNS, REASON PERSUASIVELY AND THINK
LOGICALLY.
• E. MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE :-
CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE AND COMPOSE MUSICAL PITCHES, TONES
AND RHYTHMS.
• NATURALIST INTELLIGENCE :-
ENABLES HUMAN BEING TO RECOGNIZE, CATEGORIZE AND DRAW UPON
CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
• SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO MANIPULATE AND CREATE MENTAL IMAGES IN ORDER TO
SOLVE PROBLEMS
• BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE :-
ABILITY TO USE ONE’S MENTAL ABILITIES TO COORDINATE ONE’S OWN
BODILY MOVEMENT.

29. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE
2. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE BY ROBET STERNBERG’S
INTELLIGENCE HAS THREE FUNDAMENTAL
ASPECTS, THE ANALYTIC, CREATIVE AND PRACTICAL
(GOOD AT PROBLEM SOLVING) HE SUGGESTED THAT
THERE MUST BE A BALANCE OF THE THREE MENTIONED
ASPECTS.

30. THURSTONE’S MULTIFACTOR THEORY
3. THURSTONE’S MULTIFACTOR THEORY
THIS THEORY WAS FORMULATED BY AN AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGIST LOUIS L. THURTONE. HE STRESSED THAT
INDIVIDUAL HAVE AT LEAST SEVEN PRIMARY MENTAL
ABILITIES NAMELY: VERBAL ABILITY, NUMBER, SPATIAL,
MEMORY, REASONING AND WORD FLUENCY.

31. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF
INTELLIGENCE
• ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE
AND EVALUATE INTELLIGENCE IS BY MEANS OF INTELLIGENCE
TEST.
• STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE (SBIS) :-
THIS TEST WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE MENTAL
ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.

32. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF
INTELLIGENCE
THE FORMULA FOR INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT IS
WHEREAS :
IQ = INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
MA = MENTAL AGE
CA = CHRONOLOGICAL OR ACTUAL AGE
FORMULA IQ=MA/CA X 100

33. STANFORD - BINET CLASSIFICATION OF
INTELLIGENCE
140 ABOVE--------------------VERY SUPERIOR
120-140-----------------------SUPERIOR
110-120-----------------------HIGH AVERAGE
90 – 110-----------------------NORMAL OR AVERAGE
80-90 ---------------------------BELOW AVERAGE
70-80 ---------------------------BORDERLINE
50-70 ---------------------------MORON
25-50 ---------------------------IMBECILE
25 BELOW----------------------IDIOT

34. WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE
(WAIS)
THIS TEST WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
OF ADULT.
WECHSLER CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE
128 AND OVER--------------VERY SUPERIOR
120-127---------------------SUPERIOR
111-119---------------------BRIGHT NORMAL
91-110-----------------------AVERAGE
80-90-------------------------DULL NORMAL
66-79-------------------------BORDERLINE
65 AND BELOW---------------DEFECTIVE

35. MENTALLY RETARDED
ACCORDING TO THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF
MENTAL DISORDERS( DSM-IV),THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A
MENTALLY RETARDED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
 BELOW 70 IQ
 DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
 DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR BECAME
APPARENT BEFORE THE AGE OF 18
ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR REFERS TO THE SKILLS NEEDED TO IVE INDEPENDENTLY THAT
ARE
MINIMALLY ACCEPTABLE LEVEL FOR ONE’S AGE.

36. THREE LEVELS OF MENTALLY RETARDED
• MORON :-
EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 12 YEARS AND
AN IQ LEVEL OF 50-70
• IMBECILE :-
TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 7 YEARS AND
AN IQ LEVEL OF 25-50
• IDIOT :-
CUSTODIAL MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 3 YEAR OLD AND
AN IQ LEVEL OF BELOW 25

37. THE MENTALLY GIFTED
• IN 1972, MARLAD DESCRIBES GIFTED STUDENTS AS THOSE WHO
GIVE EVIDENCE OF HIGH ACHIEVEMENT CAPABILITY IN AREAS
SUCH AS INTELLECTUAL, CREATIVE, ARTISTIC OR LEADERSHIP
CAPACITY, OR IN SPECIFIC ACADEMIC FIELDS.
• SPECIFICALLY, THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY GIFTED ARE
AS FOLLOWS
1. 130 IQ AND ABOVE;
2. USUALLY TALENTED OR GIFTED; AND,
3. ACADEMICALLY SUPERIOR

38. Computer based Intellegence?

39. THE HISTORY OF AI
AFTER WWII, A NUMBER OF PEOPLE INDEPENDENTLY STARTED TO WORK ON
INTELLIGENT MACHINES. THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN ALAN TURING MAY HAVE
BEEN THE FIRST. HE GAVE A LECTURE ON IT IN 1947. HE ALSO MAY HAVE BEEN
THE FIRST TO DECIDE THAT AI WAS BEST RESEARCHED BY PROGRAMMING
COMPUTERS RATHER THAN BY BUILDING MACHINES. BY THE LATE 1950S, THERE
WERE MANY RESEARCHERS ON AI, AND MOST OF THEM WERE BASING THEIR WORK
ON PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS.

40. IN THE NEWS
 ‘EUGENE’ BECOMES FIRST COMPUTER TO PASS THE TURING TEST ' -
THESTAR.COM
 THAT COMPUTER ACTUALLY GOT AN F ON THE TURING TEST – WIRED.COM
 IBM'S WATSON STARTED TALKING LIKE HUMANS AFTER LEARNING THE URBAN
DICTIONARY - HTTP://WWW.IBTIMES.COM

41. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:
• ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IS THE INTELLIGENCE OF
MACHINES AND ROBOTS AND THE BRANCH OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE THAT AIMS TO CREATE IT
• THE ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEM
• THE ABILITY TO ACT LIKE HUMANS

42. • HOW COMPLICATED IS OUR BRAIN?
• NEURON
• 10 12 NEURONS IN A HUMAN BRAIN
• MANY MORE SYNAPSES (10 14) CONNECTING THESE NEURONS
• CYCLE TIME: 10 -3 SECONDS (1 MILLISECOND)
• HOW COMPLEX CAN WE MAKE
COMPUTERS?
• 108 OR MORE TRANSISTORS PER CPU
• SUPERCOMPUTER: HUNDREDS OF CPUS, 1012 BITS OF RAM
• CYCLE TIMES: ORDER OF 10 - 9 SECONDS
• CONCLUSION
 YES
• LESS INTERCONNECTIONS (WIRES OR SYNAPSES)
• FASTER

43. APPLICATIONS OF AI:
•NATURAL LANGUAGE
UNDERSTANDING
AND SPEECH RECOGNITION
•COMPUTER VISION
•INTELLIGENT ROBOT
•EXPERT SYSTEMS
•PERSONAL ASSISTANTS

44. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
• TO DESIGN AND BUILD SOFTWARE THAT WILL ANALYZE
UNDERSTAND AND GENERATE LANGUAGES THAT HUMAN
USE NATURALLY.

45. SPEECH RECOGNITION
• PROCESS OF CONVERTING SOUND SIGNAL CAPTURED BY
MICROPHONE OR MOBILE/TELEPHONE TO A SET OF
WORDS.
• 70-100 WORDS / MIN WITH ACCURACY OF 90%

46. COMPUTER VISION
• ABILITY OF A MACHINE TO EXTRACT INFORMATION
FROM AN IMAGE THAT IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE A TASK
 IMAGE ACQUISITION
 IMAGE PROCESSING
 IMAGE ANALYSIS
 IMAGE UNDERSTANDING

47. INTELLIGENT ROBOT
• TEND TO MIMIC HUMAN
SENSING AND DECISION
MAKING ABILITIES SO
THAT THEY CAN ADOPT
THEMSELVES TO CERTAIN
CONDITIONS AND
MODIFY THEIR ACTIONS.

48. EXPERT SYSTEMS
• A PIECE OF SOFTWARE WHICH USES
DATABASES OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE TO OFFER
ADVICE OR MAKE DECISIONS IN SUCH AREAS
AS MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS.
• THESE ARE SOFTWARES USED FOR DECISION
MAKING

49. PERSONNAL ASSISTANTS
 CORTANA
 SIRI
 GOOGLE NOW

50. MY POINT OF VIEW
I THINK AI WOULD BE GOOD FOR US. IT WILL ALLOW THE AI TO DO
OUR BAD JOBS AND OTHER HARMFUL THINGS THAT AFFECT THE
HUMAN BODY. FOR EXAMPLE LIKE MINING FOR DIAMONDS OR COAL.

51. MEMORY
MANIPULATION
IN
WEB & INTERNET

52. TO COME UNDER THE LIMELIGHT OF
“SHORT TERM”
MEMORY OF TARGETED USER SHIP.
ALSO CALLED GOOGLE EFFECT.

53. PRIMING TECHNIQUE
• TO HIGHLIGHT SOME PART IN SUCH A WAY THAT USER’S
SUBCONSCIOUS MIND PONDERS OVER IT.

54. PRIMING AS A WAY TO HIGHLIGHT YOUR
MESSAGE

55. PRIMING GONE WRONG

56. WEBSITE RE-DESIGN
• DISRUPTS MEMORY PROCESSING OF USERS
• CAN BE SUICIDAL IF GONE WRONG
• HAS TO DO IN BITS

57. THE “WISH LIST” PHENOMENON
• PEOPLE USED TO FORGET IN LATER VISITS WHAT THEY HAVE
LIKED IN PREVIOUS VISIT
• THAN AMAZON.COM INTRODUCED “WISH LIST” FEATURE
• SALES INCREASED BY 42%

59. SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER
• SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER IS A MENTAL ILLNESS THAT IS RELATED TO
THE GENERALIZED SOCIAL ANXIETY, WHICH ACQUIRES WHEN THE SOCIAL
MEDIA INTERFERES WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF A HUMAN BEING .
• INDIVIDUALS WHO CAN RELATE THEMSELVES TO THE SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY
DISORDER FEAR THAT INTERACTING WITH
PEOPLE WILL GIVE RISE TO THE FEELINGS LIKE EVALUATION, JUDGMENTS,
INFERIORITY AND SELF CONSCIOUSNESS.
• IT OFTEN LEADS TO THE FEELINGS LIKE DEPRESSION, INADEQUACY AND
EMBARRASSMENT. AFTER DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM, SOCIAL ANXIETY
DISORDER IS CONSIDERED AS THE THIRD LEADING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER
IN W ORLD.

60. SYMPTOMS
• BEING IN A GROUP OF FRIENDS AND INTERRUPTING THE CONVERSATION JUST TO SPEAK ABOUT THE
LATEST COMMENT ON THEIR FACEBOOK UPDATE.
• STAY AWAY FROM SOCIAL SITUATIONS WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS JUST TO KEEP UP WITH THE NEWS
ON TWITTER.
• CHECKING THE SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND TWITTER AMIDST AN IMPORTANT CHORE
TO SEE IF SOMEONE HAS LEFT A COMMENT OR NOT.
• ADDING STRANGERS HAPHAZARDLY TO YOUR TWITTER AND FACEBOOK ACCOUNTS.
• SPENDING A LONG TIME LIKE 8 OR MORE HOURS A DAY, ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES.
• FEELING A KIND OF ATTACHMENT TO THE PHONE AND COMPUTER LIKE NOTHING ELSE IS MORE
IMPORTANT THAN
THOSE ARE.
• TEND TO GET ANXIOUS WHEN COMMENTS OR PICTURES ARE NOT TAGGED OR POSTED IN THE RIGHT
MANNER.
• CONSTANTLY CHECKING THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS ON YOUR TWITTER ACCOUNT.

61. HOW TO OVERCOME??
1.ADMITTANCE OF HAVING A PROBLEM AND STAYING AWAY FROM DENIALS.
2. SPECULATE THE AMOUNT OF TIME YOU ARE SPENDING ON SOCIAL SITES. USE A TIMER AND RESTRICT THE
USE OF
THE INTERNET FOR LONG HOURS.
3. TURN OFF ALL SOCIAL NOTIFICATIONS.
4. FORM A SCHEDULE FOR CHECKING THE FACEBOOK STATUS AND STICK TO IT AT ALL TIMES.
5. ASK OTHERS OR LEARN THROUGH YOUR BEHAVIOR IF YOU ARE RUNNING AWAY FROM A PROBLEM ON
FACEBOOK OR OTHER SITES. LEARN TO DEAL WITH THE SITUATION RATHER THAN RUNNING AWAY.
6. TAKE A BREAK FOR A MONTH FROM FACEBOOK AND SEE HOW YOU FEEL DURING THE COURSE. TRY TO COPE
UP WITH YOUR OFFLINE ACTIVITIES AT WORK, SCHOOL OR HOME AS WELL. YOU MAY BE SURPRISED WITH SOME
REWARDING RESULTS.
7. MAKE A LIST OF ALL THE THINGS THAT YOU WOULD LOVE DOING OTHER THAN SPENDING SOME TIME ON
SOCIAL MEDIA SITE LIKE FACEBOOK. START PLANNING AND STICK TO THE PLAN FOR CARRYING OUT THESE
ACTIVITIES.

62. Any Question ?