Registers, cache, main memory, disk storage, and back storage form a memory hierarchy where each level increases in capacity but also increases in access time and cost per bit. The hierarchy follows principles of inclusion, coherance, and locality where higher levels contain subsets of lower levels, updates propagate between levels, and memory accesses cluster in time, space, and sequence.

4. Registers
cache
Main memory
Disk storage
Back storage
Processor
increase in
capacity
increase in cost bit
and access

5. 1.Inclusion Mi=Mi+1
2.Coherance
3.locality

6. Coherence
1. Right back
2. Right through

7. Locality of Reference
1. Temporal
2. Spatial
3. Sequential

8. Any Question…?