Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, with half the normal number of chromosomes. It involves two cell divisions, Meiosis I and Meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells from one original diploid cell. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and may exchange genetic material through crossing-over, introducing genetic variation into the gametes.
ntry points of glucogenicamino acids after transamination
are indicated by arrows extended from circles
the key gluconeogenicenzymes are enclosed in double
bordered boxes. oated fashion. They are interdependent; each forms a strand in the web of life. Parasitology is
the science that deals with organisms living in the human body (the host) and the medical significance of
this host-parasite relationship.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARASITE AND HOST
A parasite is a living organism, which takes its nourishment and other needs from ahost; the host is an
organism which supports the parasite. The hosts vary depending on whether they harbor the various
stages in parasitic development
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARASITES
Ectoparasite – a parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host, e.g. lice, ticks, mites etc.
Endoparasites parasites that live inside the body of their host, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica.
Obligate Parasite- This parasite is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life
cycle, e.g. Plasmodium spp.
Facultative parasite – an organism that exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and
hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life but is capable of adapting to it if paced on
a host. E.g. Naegleria fowleri
Accidental parasite – when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives. E.g. Hymenolepis diminuta
(rat tapeworm).
Erratic parasite - is one that wanders in to an organ in which it is not usually found. E.g. Entamoeba
histolytica in the liver or lung of humans.
Most of the parasites which live in/on the body of the host do not cause disease (non-pathogenic
parasites). In Medical parasitology we focus on most of the disease causing (pathogenic) parasites.
However, understanding parasites which do not ordinariy produce disease in heathy
(immunocompetent) individuals but do cause illness in individuals with impaired defense mechanism
(opportunistic parasites) is becoming of paramount importance because of the increasing prevaence of
HIV/AIDS in our country.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF HOSTS
Definitive host – a host that harbors a parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a
sexual method of reproduction.
Intermediate host - harbors the arval stages of the parasite or an asexual cycle of development takes
pace. In some cases, larval development is completed in two different intermediate hosts, referred to
as first and second intermediate hosts.
Paratenic host – a host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host,
usually the definitive host, i.e. it is not necessary for the completion of the parasites life cycle.
Reservoir host – a host that makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is
usually not affected by the infection.
Natural host a host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite.
Accidental host – a host that is under normal circumstances not infected with th
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
ntry points of glucogenicamino acids after transamination
are indicated by arrows extended from circles
the key gluconeogenicenzymes are enclosed in double
bordered boxes. oated fashion. They are interdependent; each forms a strand in the web of life. Parasitology is
the science that deals with organisms living in the human body (the host) and the medical significance of
this host-parasite relationship.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PARASITE AND HOST
A parasite is a living organism, which takes its nourishment and other needs from ahost; the host is an
organism which supports the parasite. The hosts vary depending on whether they harbor the various
stages in parasitic development
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PARASITES
Ectoparasite – a parasitic organism that lives on the outer surface of its host, e.g. lice, ticks, mites etc.
Endoparasites parasites that live inside the body of their host, e.g. Entamoeba histolytica.
Obligate Parasite- This parasite is completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life
cycle, e.g. Plasmodium spp.
Facultative parasite – an organism that exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes of living and
hence does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life but is capable of adapting to it if paced on
a host. E.g. Naegleria fowleri
Accidental parasite – when a parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives. E.g. Hymenolepis diminuta
(rat tapeworm).
Erratic parasite - is one that wanders in to an organ in which it is not usually found. E.g. Entamoeba
histolytica in the liver or lung of humans.
Most of the parasites which live in/on the body of the host do not cause disease (non-pathogenic
parasites). In Medical parasitology we focus on most of the disease causing (pathogenic) parasites.
However, understanding parasites which do not ordinariy produce disease in heathy
(immunocompetent) individuals but do cause illness in individuals with impaired defense mechanism
(opportunistic parasites) is becoming of paramount importance because of the increasing prevaence of
HIV/AIDS in our country.
DIFFERENT KINDS OF HOSTS
Definitive host – a host that harbors a parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes a
sexual method of reproduction.
Intermediate host - harbors the arval stages of the parasite or an asexual cycle of development takes
pace. In some cases, larval development is completed in two different intermediate hosts, referred to
as first and second intermediate hosts.
Paratenic host – a host that serves as a temporary refuge and vehicle for reaching an obligatory host,
usually the definitive host, i.e. it is not necessary for the completion of the parasites life cycle.
Reservoir host – a host that makes the parasite available for the transmission to another host and is
usually not affected by the infection.
Natural host a host that is naturally infected with certain species of parasite.
Accidental host – a host that is under normal circumstances not infected with th
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1. MEIOSIS
The form of cell division by which
gametes, with half the number of
chromosomes, are produced.
2. • Meiosis in males is called spermatogenesis
and produces sperms.
• Meiosis in females is called oogenesis and
produces ova.
•Two divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II).
Meiosis
3. 2n
n
n
1 cell division:
2 daughter cells
2 cell divisions:
4 cells product
of meiosis
2n
2n
2n
n
n n
n
n=chromosome number
Somatic cells
Cells in sexual cycle
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
4. • Why must Meiosis take place
to produce sperm and egg?
Meiosis creates cells that are
destined to become gametes (or
reproductive cells), this reduction in
chromosome number is critical —
without it, the union of two gametes
during fertilization would result in
offspring with twice the normal
number of chromosomes.
5. Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I
and Meiosis II. Each follows similar stages
as mitosis (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase). Before meiosis,
the reproductive cell is in the interphase
stage whereby DNA replicates to produce
chromosomes having two sister
chromatids. Then, the cell will undergo
second growth phase called interkinesis.
This stage happens between Meiosis I and
II, however, DNA does not replicate in this
stage.
6. Meiosis involves two divisions, Meiosis I
and Meiosis II. Each follows similar stages
as mitosis (prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase). Before meiosis,
the reproductive cell is in the interphase
stage whereby DNA replicates to produce
chromosomes having two sister
chromatids. Then, the cell will undergo
second growth phase called interkinesis.
This stage happens between Meiosis I and
II, however, DNA does not replicate in this
stage.
7. The first meiotic division, also known as
Meiosis I, is a reduction division phase
(diploid - haploid). There are two daughter
cells produced after Meiosis 1, each daughter
cell is carrying haploid number of
chromosomes. This consists of four stages,
namely, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I,
and telophase I.
MEIOSIS I
8. • Prophase I
• The longest phase.
This phase can be
divided into 5 stages;
a) Leptotene
b) Zygotene
c) Pachytene
d) Diplotene
e) Diakinesis
10. • Substage 1: Leptotene
Each chromosome is made up of sister
chromatids. These are long threadlike
structures which result from the
replication of DNA during the
Synthesis or S phase of the cell cycle.
11. • Substage 2: Zygotene
The homologous chromosomes
start to pair off through the process
known as synapsis. Pairs of
chromosomes that are similar in
size and shape are called
homologous chromosomes or
tetrads.
14. • Substage 3: Pachytene
The repeated coiling of chromosomes occurs resulting
to its contraction and thickening making the
homologous pair of chromosomes to be very close to
each other. At this stage, the process called crossing
over happens. Here, the exchange of segments between
the sister chromatids of the homologous chromosomes
occurs. The exchanging process form a cross-linkage
called a chiasma. After crossing over, the sister
chromatids of each chromosome may not be identical
with each other based on the genetic material they
contain. Crossing-over is a complicated process that
results to genetic variability.
17. • Substage 4: Diplotene
The two homologous
chromosomes forming a tetrad
begin to repel one another and
move apart. They are held only by
the chiasma.
18. • Substage 5: Diakinesis
• This is the last stage of meiosis prophase 1.
Diakinesis stage is characterized by chiasmata
terminalization. After diakinesis, the dividing cell
enters metaphase.
• At this stage, bivalents or homologous pair
chromosomes distribute them evenly in the
nucleus. The nuclear membrane breaks down and
the nucleolus disappears. Chiasma moves towards
the end, which is called terminalization.
Chromatids remain attached only at the terminal
chiasmata and enter the metaphase stage.
20. • Metaphase 1
Stage
Spindle fibers from the
centrosomes of each pole
connect to bivalents or
tetrads through the
kinetochores. Homologous
chromosomes line up at the
equatorial plane. There is
double alignment of the
chromosomes.
21. • Anaphase 1
Stage
• Spindle fibers begin to
contract and separate
the bivalent or tetrads.
• Homologous
chromosomes separate
and migrate to each pole
of the cell.
22. • Telophase 1
Stage
• Chromosomes decondense.
• Nuclear membranes reform.
• Cytokinesis or the
cytoplasmic division occurs
and two haploid (N)
daughter cells with
chromosomes with two
sister chromatids are
formed.
23. MEIOSIS II
The second meiotic division forms
four daughter cells, each carrying
haploid number of chromosomes.
This consists of the following stages,
namely, prophase II, metaphase II,
Anaphase II, and telophase II.
24. • Prophase II
Stage
• Chromosomes (chromatids)
condense to form
metaphase chromosomes.
• Nuclear membrane
dissolves and nucleolus
disappears.
• Centrosomes move towards
each pole of the cell.
25. • Metaphase II
Stage
• Spindle fibers attach to
chromatids at the
kinetochores.
• Chromosomes line up at
the equatorial plane.
(Single alignment of
chromosomes).
26. • Anaphase II
Stage
• Spindle fibers shortened
and separated the sister
chromatids.
• Chromatids that are now
called chromosomes
move towards each pole
of the cell.
27. • Telophase II
Stage
• Single-stranded
chromosomes decondense.
• Nuclear membrane and
nucleolus reforms.
• Cytoplasm divides
(cytokinesis).
• Four haploid (n) daughter
cells are formed.
30. Mitosis vs Meiosis
Mitosis Meiosis
Results in 2 Diploid Cells
(2N)
4 Haploid Cells
(N)
Cells are Genetically
Identical
Genetically
Different
Occurs in Somatic (Body)
Cells
Sex Cells
31. Final result
Meiosis :
Four genetically different haploid cells
from one diploid parent cell
Mitosis :
two genetically identical diploid cells
from one diploid parent cell