The 6 x 794 MW Medupi power plant in South Africa is the largest fossil power plant ever ordered by Eskom and will be the first new baseload plant built in the country in 20 years. Alstom was awarded contracts to provide the turbine islands for both Medupi and the identical follow-on Kusile plant. Each plant will have 6 units with supercritical boilers, steam turbines, generators and other equipment to generate nearly 4800 MW total. The plants are needed to help meet South Africa's growing electricity demand and relieve power shortages.
The document discusses exporting solar power from North Africa to Europe. It proposes that at COP21, European governments should open their markets to solar power imports from North Africa and facilitate cross-border transmission to help meet emissions targets. Concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal storage is highlighted as a way to provide a reliable, baseload renewable source that can replace fossil fuels. The costs of CSP are falling and it is argued that CSP with storage is currently cheaper than solar PV with battery storage and can generate power around the clock.
This document proposes replacing the Northern and Playford B coal power plants in Port Augusta, South Australia with renewable energy. Six solar thermal power towers and 90 wind turbines would generate secure, affordable electricity while creating over 1,300 jobs. This would eliminate health issues from coal emissions and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5 million tons annually. However, replacing the plants with gas could lead to higher volatile prices and fewer jobs as gas production increases. Renewables provide a better option for energy security, stable prices, employment and environmental benefits for Port Augusta.
The document discusses various alternative energy resources including non-conventional fossil fuels like synthetic fuels from coal, heavy oils, tar sands, oil shale, and gas hydrates. It also discusses carbon-free and renewable fuels including biofuels, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, geothermal power, wind power, tidal power, and ocean thermal energy conversion. Images and captions provide examples of different energy technologies and projects around the world.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
The document discusses advancements in coal power plant technology for the 21st century. It provides background on Jeffrey Phillips and the topics he will cover, including coal plant basics, a history of coal power, and two types of modern coal plants - ones with carbon capture and storage. It explains that newer plants operate at higher pressures and temperatures, improving efficiency and reducing emissions compared to older subcritical plants from the 20th century. The goal is developing materials that can enable even more advanced ultra-supercritical plants operating above 1400°F to further lower emissions.
Intervenant: Maciej chorowski
thèmes: Polish Power Generation system, Optimal „Energy Mix” for Poland
Présentation lors d’une table ronde sur les perspectives de plusieurs pays à la convention SFEN du 4 avril 2013. Retrouvez la vidéo de la conférence à la fin de la présentation ou sur youtube.
http://youtu.be/cYHsgsRGTGM
This document provides an overview of a master's thesis analyzing exergy and economic analyses of a concentrated solar power tower plant in Egypt. The thesis examines:
- CSP tower technology and the potential for high-efficiency thermodynamic cycles like supercritical CO2 to improve efficiency.
- Design and simulation of a 125MWe Rankine cycle plant and 10MWe supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle plant for Egypt.
- Exergy analyses finding the supercritical CO2 cycle achieves 71% exergetic efficiency with most destruction in the pre-cooler and turbines.
- Economic analysis finding the levelized cost of electricity of $0.11/kWhe for the Rankine cycle and $
RWE Power is working with partners on the ADELE project to develop adiabatic compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology for electricity supply. The goal is to increase the efficiency of CAES to around 70% by capturing heat from air compression and storing it to reheat the air during discharge. Six partners from industry and research aim to develop the technology to the point of an industrial-scale demonstration plant by 2016. General Electric is focusing on optimizing the overall system and developing the compressor and turbine, which face significant technical challenges from the high pressures and temperatures involved in the CAES process.
The document discusses exporting solar power from North Africa to Europe. It proposes that at COP21, European governments should open their markets to solar power imports from North Africa and facilitate cross-border transmission to help meet emissions targets. Concentrated solar power (CSP) with thermal storage is highlighted as a way to provide a reliable, baseload renewable source that can replace fossil fuels. The costs of CSP are falling and it is argued that CSP with storage is currently cheaper than solar PV with battery storage and can generate power around the clock.
This document proposes replacing the Northern and Playford B coal power plants in Port Augusta, South Australia with renewable energy. Six solar thermal power towers and 90 wind turbines would generate secure, affordable electricity while creating over 1,300 jobs. This would eliminate health issues from coal emissions and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5 million tons annually. However, replacing the plants with gas could lead to higher volatile prices and fewer jobs as gas production increases. Renewables provide a better option for energy security, stable prices, employment and environmental benefits for Port Augusta.
The document discusses various alternative energy resources including non-conventional fossil fuels like synthetic fuels from coal, heavy oils, tar sands, oil shale, and gas hydrates. It also discusses carbon-free and renewable fuels including biofuels, hydropower, nuclear power, solar power, geothermal power, wind power, tidal power, and ocean thermal energy conversion. Images and captions provide examples of different energy technologies and projects around the world.
Measures to reduce the energy consumption have been suggested in a separate document. After the adoption of the ones that
the management thinks appropriate, the moment will be for the centre to think of a more economic and environmental friendly manner to generate its own energy.
The document discusses advancements in coal power plant technology for the 21st century. It provides background on Jeffrey Phillips and the topics he will cover, including coal plant basics, a history of coal power, and two types of modern coal plants - ones with carbon capture and storage. It explains that newer plants operate at higher pressures and temperatures, improving efficiency and reducing emissions compared to older subcritical plants from the 20th century. The goal is developing materials that can enable even more advanced ultra-supercritical plants operating above 1400°F to further lower emissions.
Intervenant: Maciej chorowski
thèmes: Polish Power Generation system, Optimal „Energy Mix” for Poland
Présentation lors d’une table ronde sur les perspectives de plusieurs pays à la convention SFEN du 4 avril 2013. Retrouvez la vidéo de la conférence à la fin de la présentation ou sur youtube.
http://youtu.be/cYHsgsRGTGM
This document provides an overview of a master's thesis analyzing exergy and economic analyses of a concentrated solar power tower plant in Egypt. The thesis examines:
- CSP tower technology and the potential for high-efficiency thermodynamic cycles like supercritical CO2 to improve efficiency.
- Design and simulation of a 125MWe Rankine cycle plant and 10MWe supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle plant for Egypt.
- Exergy analyses finding the supercritical CO2 cycle achieves 71% exergetic efficiency with most destruction in the pre-cooler and turbines.
- Economic analysis finding the levelized cost of electricity of $0.11/kWhe for the Rankine cycle and $
RWE Power is working with partners on the ADELE project to develop adiabatic compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology for electricity supply. The goal is to increase the efficiency of CAES to around 70% by capturing heat from air compression and storing it to reheat the air during discharge. Six partners from industry and research aim to develop the technology to the point of an industrial-scale demonstration plant by 2016. General Electric is focusing on optimizing the overall system and developing the compressor and turbine, which face significant technical challenges from the high pressures and temperatures involved in the CAES process.
This document discusses Wyre Energy's proposal for a compressed air energy storage facility in the Preesall Salt Field in the Fleetwood region using the caverns left over from decades of salt mining. The proposal involves using compressed air stored in the underground caverns to generate electricity during periods of high demand. If fully built out, the facility could include 16 caverns capable of producing over 1528 GWh of energy storage per cavern annually. The total estimated cost is £229 million and the project could become profitable within 10 years of operation. Compressed air energy storage is presented as a viable and necessary technology for energy storage to support increasing renewable energy on the UK grid.
Eskom is the largest producer of electricity in Africa and one of the top seven electricity utilities worldwide. It generates approximately 95% of South Africa's electricity through its 10 operating coal-fired power stations. Eskom relies on coal for 90% of its power generation but plans to invest in renewable energy and more efficient coal technologies. It will spend R300 billion over the next 5 years to build additional capacity and plans to replace old coal plants starting in 2025 with more efficient technologies to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions of 230 million tons.
This feasibility study examines using a vertical axis wind turbine and battery bank system to charge an electric vehicle (Nissan Leaf) at a domestic dwelling in Ireland. The vertical axis turbine, while less efficient than a horizontal axis turbine, is suitable for the site's turbulent winds and has lower construction costs. A 10kW vertical axis turbine could generate enough electricity to charge the Leaf if wind speeds average 9m/s for 7 hours daily. The system would cost around €34,000 but have a 10-11 year payback period through savings on gasoline compared to a Toyota Corolla. As electricity and fuel prices continue rising, the payback period will decrease, making domestic wind power an economically viable option for electric vehicle charging.
C2 - BINARY POWER PLANTS FOR HIGH-ENTHALPY WELL-HEAD GENERATIONIceland Geothermal
Turboden is an Italian company that is a global leader in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for distributed energy generation. ORC systems can generate power from various renewable sources as well as waste heat. Turboden has over 35 years of experience in ORC technology and has installed over 350 ORC plants worldwide with a total capacity of over 500 MW. The company offers ORC solutions for geothermal power generation, with experience in projects exploiting high-enthalpy geothermal wells.
The document discusses the function and process of thermal power plants. Coal is the most common fuel used in thermal power plants. Coal is burned to heat water and create steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The steam is then cooled and recycled to repeat the process. Thermal power plants in Pakistan are located in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. A future non-conventional thermal plant is being built in Thar to use local coal reserves through gasification. Key factors for locating thermal plants include availability of fuel, land for operations and disposal of ash byproduct.
The document provides an overview of various compressed air energy storage (CAES) projects currently underway worldwide. It describes several planned and existing CAES projects of different sizes in locations like Northern Ireland, Iowa, California, Ohio, and New York. Technologies discussed include General Compression's near-isothermal system, Dresser-Rand's equipment for the Texas CAES project, and SustainX's isothermal demonstration plant. The conclusion states that over 40 CAES projects are anticipated in the next 5-10 years, demonstrating growing research interest in the technology.
Compressed air energy storage is a method for storing renewable energy by compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or above ground tanks. The document discusses several existing CAES plants including Huntorf, Germany (1978) and McIntosh, Alabama (1992). It also outlines several proposed CAES projects in locations such as Texas, Ireland, Ohio, and California. CAES provides advantages such as quick start-up times, shifting cheap off-peak energy to expensive peak times, and utilizing excess renewable energy that would otherwise be wasted.
The document discusses the future of Belgium's electrical power industry in the context of the expanding EU electricity market. It finds that nuclear power will not be competitive, thermal power plants cannot be built due to environmental constraints, and renewable energy like solar PV will be outcompeted by sources in Southern Europe. The only potential for growth is onshore wind, but social acceptance and space limitations restrict this to around 10 TWh annually compared to Belgium's 83 TWh consumption. Microgrids powered by sources like rooftop solar PV offer a potential path forward if regulations and technology continue to evolve to support localized power generation.
The document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems and their advantages. It describes how CAES works by compressing air during low demand periods and storing it underground, then using the stored air to power turbines and generate electricity during high demand periods. The key advantages discussed are reducing curtailment costs for renewable energy, lower emissions, quick startup times, vast potential storage locations, and shifting cheap off-peak energy to more expensive peak times. Storing energy in salt caverns provides additional flexibility, cycling ability, and a higher proportion of usable storage space. In conclusion, CAES is an important solution for grid stability and energy storage that has significant economic and environmental benefits if an efficient large-scale technology can be implemented
Cal Marine Ltd. scam - executive summary ?- april 2008FingerPointer
The document provides an executive summary for Cal Marine Ltd. that discusses opportunities in wind and water power.
For wind power, the global market for wind turbines is growing rapidly due to policies and costs. Cal Marine's floating 10MW wind turbines, called Calmtec generators, use a diffuser technology to increase efficiency. The generators can be placed far offshore and manufactured using a unique strong material.
For water, desalination is growing to meet increasing global water demand. The worldwide desalination market has grown to $3.8 billion and is projected to reach $30 billion by 2015. Cal Marine sees an opportunity to address clean water needs with new technologies.
Czech energy policy by Milan Šimoník (30.1.2016)bagmaster
This document discusses Czech energy policy and its focus on nuclear energy compared to Germany's Energiewende policy focusing on renewable energy sources (RES). It notes that the Czech government and energy company CEZ claim the country's RES potential is insufficient and new nuclear plants will be needed to avoid power shortages by 2020. However, the document argues the RES potential has not been fully utilized and presents data showing the RES potential could meet 16-42 TWh of electricity demand by 2040, eliminating the need for new nuclear plants. It advocates for a "realistic green scenario" where the Czech Republic significantly increases RES use instead of relying on nuclear energy as its primary energy strategy as envisioned in the country's energy plans.
The document proposes upgrading an existing 3-turbine, 3 MW wind farm in Romania to a 4 MW wind farm by installing two new 2 MW turbines. Historical wind data from the site shows average annual winds of 7.2 m/s, sufficient for reliable generation. The project budget is estimated at €6.5 million and forecasts annual revenues of €1.2 million, with a return on investment within 10 years. An action plan outlines forming a corporate entity, obtaining permits, and commencing construction in autumn 2014 through 2015.
Cal Marine Power & Water "straw" scam presentationFingerPointer
This document was created to entice investors into a snare - the words Nigerian Scam ring a bell - Investors Beware it screams....scam, fraud all come to mind....
Search for John Cutten Fraudster....
This document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES). It provides an overview of CAES operation and examples, including the McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant. The McIntosh plant stores compressed air in an underground cavern with a volume of 580,000 cubic meters. It has a power output of 110MW for 26 hours. The document also discusses the ADELE Adiabatic Energy Storage Project and advantages of CAES such as reducing costs, quick start-up times, and shifting energy production from off-peak to peak times. It concludes that CAES is an area of ongoing research and development that could help integrate renewable energy sources by providing energy storage.
Crown eco capital management/Renewable Energy: The Vision And A Dose Of Reali...Emilio Deiryme
In recent years, there has been more and more talk of a transition to renewable energy on the grounds of climate change, and an increasing range of public policies designed to move in this direction. Not only do advocates envisage, and suggest to custodians of the public purse, a future of 100% renewable energy, but they suggest that this can be achieved very rapidly, in perhaps a decade or two, if sufficient political will can be summoned. See for instance this 2009 Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables:
The document summarizes the conversion of a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant in Vilvoorde, Belgium into an open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant to serve as a strategic reserve capacity. Due to increasing renewable energy and decreasing prices, the plant was temporarily shut down. A new government plan required mothballed gas plants to participate in a reserve capacity auction. This required fast start times and ramping capabilities like a peaking plant. To meet the requirements, the plant needed to be converted from combined to open cycle operation by adding a bypass stack in 3 months to be ready for the winter of 2014/2015. The conversion allowed the plant to better serve the flexible reserve needs of the grid compared to remaining
This document provides a summary of a seminar on summer vocational training at NTPC thermal power plants. It discusses the key components of a thermal power plant including coal handling, pulverizing, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers, and ash handling. It also describes various equipment like ball mills used in pulverizing coal and control and instrumentation labs that monitor critical parameters. Finally, it lists some major thermal power plants in Rajasthan and references used in preparing the seminar.
The document discusses ocean energy and regional integration in the Pacific Northwest. It notes that the Puget Sound area is pursuing clean energy resources to reduce dependence on oil and emissions. Developing ocean energy will require assessing regional energy resources and optimizing infrastructure investments. Significant energy development is expected along the Northwest coast and with Asian markets. Plans exist to further develop infrastructure to integrate renewable supplies from the Northwest coast and supply Asia with North American energy resources. The Idaho National Laboratory is a regional stakeholder addressing Pacific Northwest energy opportunities through various projects related to electrification, transmission studies, and renewable energy development.
Pakistan relies on both non-renewable and renewable resources for power generation. Non-renewable resources include coal, natural gas, crude oil, and liquefied petroleum gas. Coal is extracted through both surface mining and underground mining, and is used primarily for power generation as well as industries like cement, brick kilns and steel production. Natural gas and crude oil are extracted through drilling and are used for power generation, transportation fuel, and industrial processes. Electricity in Pakistan is generated by public sector utilities like WAPDA and K-Electric, as well as independent power producers. However, generation still falls short of demand, resulting in regular load shedding across the country.
The document discusses several power plant projects around the world where ABB has provided electrical equipment and control systems:
1) In Kuwait, ABB helped complete an 800 MW gas turbine power plant in just 10.5 months, setting a record for fast completion.
2) ABB will provide turbine control systems for power stations under construction in Algeria, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands.
3) ABB received an award for developing advanced control methods and received an order to provide electrical and control equipment for a new 790 MW coal-fired power station in Germany.
Pakistan faces chronic power shortages that hamper its economic growth. It relies heavily on expensive imported furnace oil for power generation, adding to consumer costs and debt. Investment in power generation is constrained by limited resources, leading to widespread load shedding. The country urgently needs to generate affordable base load power. The current supply-demand gap requires immediate addition of base load, shoulder, and peak load generation. A proposed project would establish two 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power units in Jamshoro, Sindh, providing over 20% of current shortfall at fuel costs 20-30% lower than furnace oil or diesel. The project aims to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural electricity needs to support
The document summarizes Dubai Aluminium Company's plans to build a new cogeneration power plant to boost output from its existing power facilities. The new plant, called GTX, will be built by Alstom. It will include a gas turbine and heat recovery steam generator to produce steam. The steam can be used to replace steam from turbines taken offline for maintenance, or can be distributed to existing plants to increase their output. Integrating the new plant required overcoming technical challenges around building a large steam distribution system and upgrading controls to integrate the new plant with existing facilities.
This document discusses Wyre Energy's proposal for a compressed air energy storage facility in the Preesall Salt Field in the Fleetwood region using the caverns left over from decades of salt mining. The proposal involves using compressed air stored in the underground caverns to generate electricity during periods of high demand. If fully built out, the facility could include 16 caverns capable of producing over 1528 GWh of energy storage per cavern annually. The total estimated cost is £229 million and the project could become profitable within 10 years of operation. Compressed air energy storage is presented as a viable and necessary technology for energy storage to support increasing renewable energy on the UK grid.
Eskom is the largest producer of electricity in Africa and one of the top seven electricity utilities worldwide. It generates approximately 95% of South Africa's electricity through its 10 operating coal-fired power stations. Eskom relies on coal for 90% of its power generation but plans to invest in renewable energy and more efficient coal technologies. It will spend R300 billion over the next 5 years to build additional capacity and plans to replace old coal plants starting in 2025 with more efficient technologies to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions of 230 million tons.
This feasibility study examines using a vertical axis wind turbine and battery bank system to charge an electric vehicle (Nissan Leaf) at a domestic dwelling in Ireland. The vertical axis turbine, while less efficient than a horizontal axis turbine, is suitable for the site's turbulent winds and has lower construction costs. A 10kW vertical axis turbine could generate enough electricity to charge the Leaf if wind speeds average 9m/s for 7 hours daily. The system would cost around €34,000 but have a 10-11 year payback period through savings on gasoline compared to a Toyota Corolla. As electricity and fuel prices continue rising, the payback period will decrease, making domestic wind power an economically viable option for electric vehicle charging.
C2 - BINARY POWER PLANTS FOR HIGH-ENTHALPY WELL-HEAD GENERATIONIceland Geothermal
Turboden is an Italian company that is a global leader in organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems for distributed energy generation. ORC systems can generate power from various renewable sources as well as waste heat. Turboden has over 35 years of experience in ORC technology and has installed over 350 ORC plants worldwide with a total capacity of over 500 MW. The company offers ORC solutions for geothermal power generation, with experience in projects exploiting high-enthalpy geothermal wells.
The document discusses the function and process of thermal power plants. Coal is the most common fuel used in thermal power plants. Coal is burned to heat water and create steam, which spins turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The steam is then cooled and recycled to repeat the process. Thermal power plants in Pakistan are located in major cities like Karachi, Lahore, and Quetta. A future non-conventional thermal plant is being built in Thar to use local coal reserves through gasification. Key factors for locating thermal plants include availability of fuel, land for operations and disposal of ash byproduct.
The document provides an overview of various compressed air energy storage (CAES) projects currently underway worldwide. It describes several planned and existing CAES projects of different sizes in locations like Northern Ireland, Iowa, California, Ohio, and New York. Technologies discussed include General Compression's near-isothermal system, Dresser-Rand's equipment for the Texas CAES project, and SustainX's isothermal demonstration plant. The conclusion states that over 40 CAES projects are anticipated in the next 5-10 years, demonstrating growing research interest in the technology.
Compressed air energy storage is a method for storing renewable energy by compressing air and storing it in underground caverns or above ground tanks. The document discusses several existing CAES plants including Huntorf, Germany (1978) and McIntosh, Alabama (1992). It also outlines several proposed CAES projects in locations such as Texas, Ireland, Ohio, and California. CAES provides advantages such as quick start-up times, shifting cheap off-peak energy to expensive peak times, and utilizing excess renewable energy that would otherwise be wasted.
The document discusses the future of Belgium's electrical power industry in the context of the expanding EU electricity market. It finds that nuclear power will not be competitive, thermal power plants cannot be built due to environmental constraints, and renewable energy like solar PV will be outcompeted by sources in Southern Europe. The only potential for growth is onshore wind, but social acceptance and space limitations restrict this to around 10 TWh annually compared to Belgium's 83 TWh consumption. Microgrids powered by sources like rooftop solar PV offer a potential path forward if regulations and technology continue to evolve to support localized power generation.
The document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems and their advantages. It describes how CAES works by compressing air during low demand periods and storing it underground, then using the stored air to power turbines and generate electricity during high demand periods. The key advantages discussed are reducing curtailment costs for renewable energy, lower emissions, quick startup times, vast potential storage locations, and shifting cheap off-peak energy to more expensive peak times. Storing energy in salt caverns provides additional flexibility, cycling ability, and a higher proportion of usable storage space. In conclusion, CAES is an important solution for grid stability and energy storage that has significant economic and environmental benefits if an efficient large-scale technology can be implemented
Cal Marine Ltd. scam - executive summary ?- april 2008FingerPointer
The document provides an executive summary for Cal Marine Ltd. that discusses opportunities in wind and water power.
For wind power, the global market for wind turbines is growing rapidly due to policies and costs. Cal Marine's floating 10MW wind turbines, called Calmtec generators, use a diffuser technology to increase efficiency. The generators can be placed far offshore and manufactured using a unique strong material.
For water, desalination is growing to meet increasing global water demand. The worldwide desalination market has grown to $3.8 billion and is projected to reach $30 billion by 2015. Cal Marine sees an opportunity to address clean water needs with new technologies.
Czech energy policy by Milan Šimoník (30.1.2016)bagmaster
This document discusses Czech energy policy and its focus on nuclear energy compared to Germany's Energiewende policy focusing on renewable energy sources (RES). It notes that the Czech government and energy company CEZ claim the country's RES potential is insufficient and new nuclear plants will be needed to avoid power shortages by 2020. However, the document argues the RES potential has not been fully utilized and presents data showing the RES potential could meet 16-42 TWh of electricity demand by 2040, eliminating the need for new nuclear plants. It advocates for a "realistic green scenario" where the Czech Republic significantly increases RES use instead of relying on nuclear energy as its primary energy strategy as envisioned in the country's energy plans.
The document proposes upgrading an existing 3-turbine, 3 MW wind farm in Romania to a 4 MW wind farm by installing two new 2 MW turbines. Historical wind data from the site shows average annual winds of 7.2 m/s, sufficient for reliable generation. The project budget is estimated at €6.5 million and forecasts annual revenues of €1.2 million, with a return on investment within 10 years. An action plan outlines forming a corporate entity, obtaining permits, and commencing construction in autumn 2014 through 2015.
Cal Marine Power & Water "straw" scam presentationFingerPointer
This document was created to entice investors into a snare - the words Nigerian Scam ring a bell - Investors Beware it screams....scam, fraud all come to mind....
Search for John Cutten Fraudster....
This document discusses compressed air energy storage (CAES). It provides an overview of CAES operation and examples, including the McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant. The McIntosh plant stores compressed air in an underground cavern with a volume of 580,000 cubic meters. It has a power output of 110MW for 26 hours. The document also discusses the ADELE Adiabatic Energy Storage Project and advantages of CAES such as reducing costs, quick start-up times, and shifting energy production from off-peak to peak times. It concludes that CAES is an area of ongoing research and development that could help integrate renewable energy sources by providing energy storage.
Crown eco capital management/Renewable Energy: The Vision And A Dose Of Reali...Emilio Deiryme
In recent years, there has been more and more talk of a transition to renewable energy on the grounds of climate change, and an increasing range of public policies designed to move in this direction. Not only do advocates envisage, and suggest to custodians of the public purse, a future of 100% renewable energy, but they suggest that this can be achieved very rapidly, in perhaps a decade or two, if sufficient political will can be summoned. See for instance this 2009 Plan to Power 100 Percent of the Planet with Renewables:
The document summarizes the conversion of a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant in Vilvoorde, Belgium into an open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) plant to serve as a strategic reserve capacity. Due to increasing renewable energy and decreasing prices, the plant was temporarily shut down. A new government plan required mothballed gas plants to participate in a reserve capacity auction. This required fast start times and ramping capabilities like a peaking plant. To meet the requirements, the plant needed to be converted from combined to open cycle operation by adding a bypass stack in 3 months to be ready for the winter of 2014/2015. The conversion allowed the plant to better serve the flexible reserve needs of the grid compared to remaining
This document provides a summary of a seminar on summer vocational training at NTPC thermal power plants. It discusses the key components of a thermal power plant including coal handling, pulverizing, boilers, turbines, generators, condensers, and ash handling. It also describes various equipment like ball mills used in pulverizing coal and control and instrumentation labs that monitor critical parameters. Finally, it lists some major thermal power plants in Rajasthan and references used in preparing the seminar.
The document discusses ocean energy and regional integration in the Pacific Northwest. It notes that the Puget Sound area is pursuing clean energy resources to reduce dependence on oil and emissions. Developing ocean energy will require assessing regional energy resources and optimizing infrastructure investments. Significant energy development is expected along the Northwest coast and with Asian markets. Plans exist to further develop infrastructure to integrate renewable supplies from the Northwest coast and supply Asia with North American energy resources. The Idaho National Laboratory is a regional stakeholder addressing Pacific Northwest energy opportunities through various projects related to electrification, transmission studies, and renewable energy development.
Pakistan relies on both non-renewable and renewable resources for power generation. Non-renewable resources include coal, natural gas, crude oil, and liquefied petroleum gas. Coal is extracted through both surface mining and underground mining, and is used primarily for power generation as well as industries like cement, brick kilns and steel production. Natural gas and crude oil are extracted through drilling and are used for power generation, transportation fuel, and industrial processes. Electricity in Pakistan is generated by public sector utilities like WAPDA and K-Electric, as well as independent power producers. However, generation still falls short of demand, resulting in regular load shedding across the country.
The document discusses several power plant projects around the world where ABB has provided electrical equipment and control systems:
1) In Kuwait, ABB helped complete an 800 MW gas turbine power plant in just 10.5 months, setting a record for fast completion.
2) ABB will provide turbine control systems for power stations under construction in Algeria, Brazil, the United Arab Emirates, and the Netherlands.
3) ABB received an award for developing advanced control methods and received an order to provide electrical and control equipment for a new 790 MW coal-fired power station in Germany.
Pakistan faces chronic power shortages that hamper its economic growth. It relies heavily on expensive imported furnace oil for power generation, adding to consumer costs and debt. Investment in power generation is constrained by limited resources, leading to widespread load shedding. The country urgently needs to generate affordable base load power. The current supply-demand gap requires immediate addition of base load, shoulder, and peak load generation. A proposed project would establish two 660 MW supercritical coal-fired power units in Jamshoro, Sindh, providing over 20% of current shortfall at fuel costs 20-30% lower than furnace oil or diesel. The project aims to meet domestic, industrial, and agricultural electricity needs to support
The document summarizes Dubai Aluminium Company's plans to build a new cogeneration power plant to boost output from its existing power facilities. The new plant, called GTX, will be built by Alstom. It will include a gas turbine and heat recovery steam generator to produce steam. The steam can be used to replace steam from turbines taken offline for maintenance, or can be distributed to existing plants to increase their output. Integrating the new plant required overcoming technical challenges around building a large steam distribution system and upgrading controls to integrate the new plant with existing facilities.
Bharat aluminium company ltd. (balco) mechanical vocational training report h...haxxo24
Bharat Aluminium Company Limited (BALCO) is proposing to expand its existing aluminium smelter in Korba, India by installing additional production capacity of 325,000 metric tons per year. The required electricity for the expansion will come from a new captive power plant with four 300 MW coal-fired generators, for a total of 1200 MW of new power capacity. Aluminium smelting involves an electrolytic process that converts alumina into aluminium. It is very energy intensive, so aluminium smelters are typically located near large power sources. BALCO's existing smelter uses prebake technology pots with a rated current of 320 kA, which is being increased to 330 kA and eventually 400 kA.
Fecto Cement Limited is planning to install a 15MW coal fired captive power plant to meet the electricity requirements of its cement plant. The power plant will utilize circulating fluidized bed boiler technology with 75 tons per hour circulation capacity. The plant is expected to generate around 108000 MWh of electricity annually to fulfill the power needs of the cement facility and reduce its reliance on the national grid. The installation of the coal power plant will help address Pakistan's growing electricity demand and deficit issues by utilizing the country's domestic coal reserves in an environmentally friendly manner.
Study of generator and switchgear Vizag steel plant reportsushi roy
This document provides an overview of the Visakhapatnam steel plant in India, including its power generation and distribution systems. It describes the plant's major facilities like blast furnaces and coke ovens. The plant has a captive power generation capacity of 270 MW along with connections to the state grid. Power is distributed within the plant at voltages of 220kV, 33kV, 11kV and 6.6kV. A supervisory control and data acquisition system monitors the distribution system.
Geothermal Energy Paper By Syed Tahir HussainIEEEP Karachi
Geothermal energy involves extracting heat from underground sources for electricity generation. Research is ongoing to optimize heat extraction, with some commercial plants already operating. Geothermal power has the benefits of being constantly available, lasting for decades without significant temperature drops, and producing megawatts of electricity to meet energy needs.
This document discusses South Africa's energy supply infrastructure and the role of BRICS countries in addressing inequality in Africa. It provides an overview of South Africa's current energy sources, which are primarily coal and plans to increase capacity through 2030. This includes expanding nuclear power from the current 2 GW to 9.6 GW by 2030. It also summarizes the electricity supply infrastructure in BRICS countries and the SADC region, noting opportunities for cooperation to help address inequality.
Net-Zero CO2 with Nuclear, Hydrogen, & Geothermal Paul H Carr
NET-ZERO CO2 with NUCLEAR, H2, & GEOTHERMAL.
Will these save us by 2050?
The electrolysis of H2O generates Green Hydrogen, H2.
Since 1989, Cold Fusion, the electrolysis of heavy water, fizzled. New fission reactors and Hot Nuclear Fusion could generate green electricity 24/7.
Deep geothermal is poised for a breakout similar to the horizontal drilling that made natural gas cheaper than coal.
A presentation by Dave Lucas, Corporate Specialist (Environmental Management) in Eskom's Climate Change and Sustainability Department, given to US bloggers on December 8, 2008, in Johannesburg.
1. The document proposes an integrated energy system for the Isle of Arran to increase energy resilience and reduce carbon emissions. It includes a 3.45MW biomass plant, 10MW wind farm, and ground source heat pumps for public buildings.
2. The biomass plant will be located in the south of the island near vast wood supplies and use 40,000 tonnes of local timber per year. Systems will control emissions and it will have a carbon payback period of less than 4 months.
3. A wind farm of 4 turbines in the southeast will produce an estimated 25.8GWh annually. Ground source heat pumps will replace oil heating in schools and save on fuel costs, paying back in over
Cottbus first pfbc plant to be fired with brown coalaoopee
The document discusses plans to build a new combined heat and power plant in Cottbus, Germany using pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) technology. The plant will have one ABB P200 module capable of producing 74 MWe and 220 MWth of heat to supply the town's two district heating networks. It will burn local brown coal to replace an older pulverized coal plant. Feasibility studies found PFBC to be the ideal technology for maximizing efficiency while meeting emissions standards and keeping jobs in the area by utilizing the abundant local brown coal resource.
This document summarizes different types of power stations including thermal (steam, internal combustion, nuclear), hydroelectric, solar, wind, and geothermal. It provides details on key components, examples of power plants in Egypt including their location and output, and advantages and disadvantages of each type. New projects underway in Egypt are also outlined, including the large Egypt Megaproject partnership and the Benban solar power park, which upon completion will be one of the world's largest solar generation facilities.
This document provides details about an internship report submitted by Muhammad Azmat Ullah Baig for Lakhra Power Generation Company Limited. It includes information about the power plant such as its location, plant configuration consisting of a boiler, turbine generator and auxiliaries, water supply from Indus River, coal as the main fuel, and electrical systems including the generator, excitation system, and emergency generator system. It also provides specifications of the generation unit, steam turbine, and plant layout.
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This is ppt about the steam power plant.In this ppt,whole concepts of steam power plant is covered.it is very helpful for student as well as business person for the presentation purpose.
This document summarizes an energy and environmental impact study of a cement plant in South Africa. It was found that insulating the preheater system was the most promising energy saving measure, with a payback period of only 7.5 months. Increasing the plant's exergetic efficiency from 39% to 43% through this measure would decrease environmental impacts according to the Eco Indicator method. The study also found that energy saving projects are generally less attractive in South Africa than Europe due to lower fuel prices and higher interest rates in South Africa.
The Moranbah power station was built to provide electricity to Arrow Energy/AGL's coal seam methane operations. It uses 8 gas engines to generate electricity from coal seam methane, with half powering on-site operations and half exported to the grid. The power station operates continuously, and helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions by over 28,000 tons of CO2 annually compared to grid power.
Renewable Energy and conventional power integrationManish Sah
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2. Some key challenges are the variability and unpredictability of renewable energy sources, high costs, and the need to upgrade infrastructure to accommodate two-way power flows from roof-top solar.
3. Solutions proposed include expanding pumped hydro storage, developing smart grid technologies to better share power across regions, and connecting grids with neighboring countries to help balance variable renewable energy supplies.
Mine-mouth power plants can greatly reduce electricity costs in the Philippines. Developing these plants at coal mine sites eliminates long-distance coal transportation. The country aims to promote such facilities and prioritize their electricity in the market. Existing examples include Semirara's 15MW plant, while PNOC-EC has proposed 50-100MW plants. Targeting costs similar to Hongsa Power Plant in Laos could yield household electricity prices close to the average in the US.
1. Medupi and Kusile:
supercritical giants of South Africa
The 6 x 794 MW (gross) Medupi supercritical coal fired power plant is the biggest fossil power plant ever ordered by Eskom of
South Africa, and will be the first baseload power plant to be built in the country in 20 years. Eskom has also awarded contracts
for an identical follow-on plant, known as Kusile.
The turbine island scope for which Alstom is responsible includes the turnkey supply of the turbine island, comprising the steel
structure and equipment inside, and the air-cooled condensers (ACCs), which provide cooling for the plant. In addition to deliver-
ing the turbine-generator and associated auxiliaries systems, Alstom will provide the turbine control and protection systems.
Alstom is responsible for LP turbine bypass valves, the turbine hall cranes, valves, piping and local instrumentation, turbine hall
ventilation and fire protection. Alstom also has electrical scope covering the busbars, generator circuit breaker, generator current
transformers and generator transformer protection.
April2009
Medupi
2. COAL POWER
The 6 x 794 MW (gross) Medupi supercritical coal fired power plant is the biggest fossil power plant ever
ordered by Eskom of South Africa, and will be the first baseload power plant to be built in the country in
20 years.Eskom has also awarded contracts for an identical follow-on plant,known as Kusile.
I
n the face of severe power shortages, in 2007
South Africa’s state-owned utility, Eskom
awardedcontractsfortwoidenticalcoalfired
plants. Known as Medupi and Kusile
(formerly referred to as projects Alpha and
Bravo), each plant will have a generating gross
capacity of nearly 4800 MW.
Medupi, ordered just a few months ahead of
Kusile represents the largest investment in
Eskom’s 84 year history and will be the first
baseload project built in the country in 20 years.
The combined output of the plants represents
about 25% of the country’s current power
generation capacity.
The turbine island contracts for both plants
were awarded to Alstom. Under these contracts,
each worth more than r1 billion, Alstom is
responsible for the supply of the steam turbines,
generators, associated air cooled condensers
(subcontracted to GEA for Medupi and to SPX
for Kusile), related turbine island auxiliary
equipment and feedwater heating plants. Other
major suppliers for both stations include, Hitachi
(boilers), SPX (pulse jet fabric filters, air
preheaters, and pressure parts), and Clyde
Bergemann (on-line boiler cleaning).
Meeting demand
South Africa has experienced above average
GDP growth in recent times (5.4% in 2006 and
5.1% in 2007), translating into electricity
demand growth of about 4%. This resulted in a
dwindling reserve margin, which fell from about
20% to less than 10%. Just prior to the financial
Medupi and Kusile:supercritical
giants of South Africa
Location of
Medupi and Kusile
MEDUPI
KUSILE
Jean-Pierre Fouilloux and
Mark Otto,Alstom,South Africa
ACC columns in the
Lephalale sky
3. COAL POWER
crisis, reserve margin was estimated to be as low
as 5-7%.
The financial crisis has caused a slowdown in
economic growth, which in the fourth quarter of
2008 fell to 0.2%, while consumer price inflation
(CPI) was 13%. GDP growth in 2009 is forecast
to be around 1.2%. The slowdown in growth
combined with actions to curb demand has meant
that while reserve margin remains low, the load
shedding that was taking place a year ago is not
expected this year.
Nevertheless the reserve margin is not
expected to get above the current low level until
2012, when Medupi and Kusile come on line.
Eskom supplies about 90% of all power in the
southern African market. Looking to the future,
the company has developed an integrated
electricity plan to greatly boost the country’s
installed capacity, from the current level of
around 39 GW, with a comprehensive strategy
to reduce the risk of power shortages over the
period 2009-2012. The programme includes:
installation of open cycle gas turbine power
plants for meeting peak demand; a return to
service of power stations; an increase in
generation by improving operating performance;
and the addition of new baseload capacity.
Overall the programme would see the addition
of around 40 GW to the grid by 2025. This would
be sufficient to meet power demands and sustain
an economic growth of
around 6%.
With abundant coal
supplies, new coal-
fired capacity is the
natural choice for
newcapacity.However
other fuel sources are
also being considered
in order to develop a
diversified fuel mix.
Coal-based
generation
Coal has traditionally
dominated the energy
supply sector in South
Africa, from as early as
1880 when coal from
the Vereeniging area
was supplied to the
Kimberly diamond
fields.
SouthAfricaproduces
an average of 224 million tonnes of marketable
coal annually, making it the fifth largest coal
producing country in the world. Some 25% of
production is exported, making South Africa the
third largest coal exporting country. The
remainder of the country’s coal production is
used internally, with 53% used for electricity
generation.
About 77% of the country’s primary energy
needs are provided by coal, a situation that is
unlikely to change significantly over the next
decade. Coal reserves are estimated at 53 billion
tonnes. At the current production rate there are
almost 200 years of coal supply.
Coal for the Medupi project will be supplied
to Eskom by Exxaro, the country’s biggest
supplier of coal. This supply will consist of 14.6
million tonnes of thermal coal per year over the
next 40 years.
Exxaro said it would spend Rand 9 billion
($1.10 billion) on an expansion of its
Grootegeluk mine in the north of South Africa in
order to meet the new demand from Eskom. The
coal for Medupi will be delivered by road from
the expanded mine, which will start production
in the third quarter of 2011 and ramp-up to full
production by 2014.
Much of South Africa’s coal is surface-mined
poor quality coal, with high ash and sulphur
content. The coal will therefore probably need
some washing before being burned in the plant.
New technology, new name
Medupi is located next to the Matimba power
station, 15 km west of Lephalale, in the Limpopo
province of South Africa. The initial investment
decision for the project was made in 2005.
The site was formerly a farm that was bought
from Kumba Coal (Pty) Ltd – now known as
CAD image of
Medupi
Medupi process flow diagram
Hot reheat steam
Main steam
Steam turbine
Air cooled
condenser
(ACC)
Demineralised
water
make-up
CEP
2 x 100%
(1 fired speed +
variable speed)BFP
3 x 50%
Feedwater
tank
Steam
Feedwater
Demineralised water
Cold reheat steam
Reheater
2
Reheater
1
Superheater
3
Superheater
2
Superheater
1
Evaporator
Economizer
ACC
condensate
tank
4. COAL POWER
Exxaro Coal (Pty) Ltd. The site measures 2500 ha and was previously used
for game and cattle grazing.
The power station name was changed from Project Alpha to Medupi,
which denotes “rain that soaks parched lands, giving prosperity”. Before
the 1970s, natural or man-made features in the vicinity were used to name
power stations, such as Salt River in the Western Cape and Umgeni in Natal.
During the 1970s and 80s the naming convention changed to indigenous
words related to the generation of electricity. The convention has been
refined with Eskom contracting independent researchers to examine the
history of the areas in which new projects are planned, and to identify names
that reflect the cultural heritage of the area.
Power island
The power island of each of Medupi’s six units consists of a supercritical
boiler, steam turbine, generator, and balance of plant equipment.
Thesuperheatedsteamisgeneratedat241barandatemperatureof560°C.
Reheat steam conditions are 50.5 bar at a temperature of 570°C. Steam flow
at nominal load is 617 kg/s. At an ambient temperature of 40°C and wind
speed of 9 m/s, this gives a gross power output of 794.8 MW, with expected
net output to the grid of 764 MW.
Under these conditions, the condenser back-pressure is 141 mbar at a
temperature of 23.7°C.
Compared with previous plants built in South Africa in the 1970s, the
efficiency levels of supercritical plants like Medupi are much higher, with
thenewplantsexpectedtohaveanefficiencythatisaround20to25%higher
than the existing plants – reducing CO2 by about 10% per kWh produced
and also resulting in lower water use per unit of power generated.
The turbine island scope for which Alstom is responsible, as well as the
items listed above, also includes the turnkey supply of the turbine hall,
comprising the steel structure and equipment inside, and the turbine
control and protection systems. Alstom is also responsible for the turbine
hall cranes, valve piping and local instrumentation, ventilation and fire
protection.
In addition Alstom has limited electrical scope covering the busbars,
generator circuit breaker, generator current transformers and generator
transformer protection.
In terms of arrangement, Medupi and Kusile’s optimised design has the
steam turbine generator set at low level, with the turbine axis at 10 m and
lateral exhaust LP casings.
Boiler
The once-through, tower type Benson supercritical boilers (editor’s note:
to be described in more detail in a future article) are capable of burning a
wide range of coals with diverse ash characteristics.
Thesteamparametersare:SH,564°C/258bar(25.8MPa);andRH,572°C
/53 bar (5.3 MPa). Steam capacity per boiler: 2288 t/h.
The fuel is bituminous coal.
Each boiler has thirty low NOx burners, with staged combustion.
The 3 x 50% boiler feedwater pumps are configured with a fixed speed
motor (20 MW power rated each) and a variable speed coupling. There is
a condensate feed extraction pump with a 1 x 100% variable frequency drive
plus 1 x 100% fixed speed drive.
Steam turbine
Both Medupi and Kusile will use Alstom’s STF100 steam turbines. Each
turbine consists of an HP section, IP section and LP section.
Views of the Medupi site
5. COAL POWER
HP section
The HP section is of double shell design with an outer and an inner casing. The
inner casing carries the stationary blading. The parting plane of the outer casing is
horizontal at the level of the rotor axis. The outer casing is assembled by means of
hydraulically tightened expansion bolts. The inner casing is mainly assembled by
means of shrink rings. Flange bolts are only used at the inlet section.
The rotor is of the welded type with integral coupling halves.
After passing stop and control valves the steam flows through a prolonged valve
diffuser to the inlet scrolls of the inner casing. These scrolls are designed to
harmonise the steam flow upstream of the first blading row. In addition a first
stationary radial blade-row optimises the steam flow for most efficient expansion.
After expansion through the axial blading, the steam is exhausted via a nozzle at
the bottom of the turbine casing. A balance piston in front of the blading is used
to compensate for the axial thrust caused by the rotor blading.
IP section
The IP casing is also of the double shell design with an outer and an inner casing.
The inner casing carries the stationary blading. The parting plane of the outer and
inner casing is horizontal at the level of the rotor axis. The rotor is also of the welded
design with integral couplings and both casings are assembled by means of
hydraulically tightened expansion bolts.
The steam passes the main valves and is then fed directly into the blading path.
Intermediate pipes connect the valves with the inner casing. After expansion in the
double flow axial blading, the steam is exhausted via two nozzles at the turbine
outer casing upper part. The inlet valve casings are connected to the IP section via
an intermediate pipe on either side of the turbine.
Steam for feedwater heating is extracted at certain points along the blade path.
The extracted steam is gathered in pockets, integrated in the inner casing, and
exhausted to the preheaters by nozzles at the turbine bottom.
LP section
After passing the crossover pipe the steam enters equally into the two LP casings,
with a double-flow configuration. At each LP inlet, an inlet scroll is used to
distribute the steam smoothly to both LP flows. After expansion the steam is
exhaustedhorizontallytotheaircooledcondenser.
Again, the LP casing is of double shell design.
The welded outer casing consists of a split upper
part and a single lower part. The upper part can be
removed for inspection or maintenance without
cutting the connection to the condenser neck.
The lower part is supported directly on the
foundation. The upper and lower casing halves are
bolted at the parting plane at the level of the rotor
axis.
The inner casing is of cast design. If LP
extraction is required, the extraction chambers are
integrated in the inner casing. The casing is split
at the level of the rotor axis and bolted together
using hydraulically pre-stressed bolts.
Generator
The steam turbine is directly linked to a generator,
whichisoftheAlstomGIGATOP2-polehydrogen
and water cooled type.
The generator stator winding is water cooled
while the rotor and stator core are directly
hydrogen cooled. This cooling system ensures a
Images below and left:
details from the
Medupi CAD model
Cutaway of GIGATOP generator
6. COAL POWER
highlevelofefficiencyfromfullloadtopartload.
Its two-plate design also allows it to deliver
reactive power to the grid for stabilisation in the
event of a disturbance.
The generator features a re-tightenable end-
winding that simplifies maintenance and
increases the generator’s availability. It is axially
flexible to allow thermal expansion but is rigid
in the radial and tangential directions so that it
can withstand high electromagnetic forces.
Atriplecircuithydrogensealingsystemisused
instead of a double circuit system, which keeps
the hydrogen at very high purity levels and
reduces the consumption of hydrogen. This
results in sustained efficiency over the long term
and lower operational costs.
Air-cooled condenser
The shortage of water in South Africa dictates
the use of air-cooled condensers (ACC) at
Medupi and Kusile. The ACC condenses exhaust
steam from the steam turbine and returns
condensate to the boiler. The ACCs at Medupi
and Kusile will be the largest in the world, each
occupying an area of more than 72 000 m2
. The
current record is held by the 3600 MW Matimba
power station.
Alstom has sub-contracted the design,
manufacture, supply and erection of the ACCs
for Medupi to GEA Aircooled Systems, based in
Germiston, near Johannesburg (see panel, p22).
GEA will also supply the entire steel structure
including the supporting steel structure and fan
deck, fan rings, the wind walls on the fan deck,
the steam duct, the condensate, air and steam
piping and the electrical controls.
The main components of the ACC include the
air-cooled steam condenser modules, which are
based on GEA’s A-tube design. This design has
already been used at the Matimba and Majuba
projects. The condenser modules consist of
galvanised air-cooled condenser tubes, tube
sheets and the steam and condensate collection
headers.
The other main components include the air
moving system. This comprises fans, gearboxes,
couplings, electric motors, fan support bridges,
as well as all relevant auxiliary components such
ascondensatetanks,drainpumps,steamejectors,
rupture discs, and the bundle cleaning system.
In addition to the ambient temperature, wind
speed and direction will have a big impact on the
performance of the ACC, which has an effect on
the turbine back-pressure and, therefore, power
output of the plant. GEA thus carried out
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies to
predict the airflow distribution around and inside
the ACC, as well as the impact of the air
distribution on its performance.
Repeat order
OnthebackoftheMedupiorder,Eskomawarded
Alstom a second contract, to build the Kusile
power station, a nearly identical project located
at Emalahleni, in the Witbank area. This is in
Mpumalanga province, 140 km east of
Johannesburg and just a few kilometres north of
the site of the existing Kendal power station.
The project will also include additional air
quality control systems. In particular Kusile will
haveSouthAfrica’sfirstfluegasdesulphurisation
(FGD) system (in the tendering process at the
time of writing). FGD is required because the
Kusile plant is in the Greater Witbank where,
according to Eskom, existing atmospheric
pollution is perceived to be a challenge.
The ACC is also of a different design since
Alstom has sub-contracted the design,
manufacture, supply and erection of the ACCs
for Kusile to DB Technologies, an SPX
company. The different ACC will slightly affect
the layout of Kusile relative to Medupi but the
turbine island and overall performance of the
plants will be the same, being only affected by
different site conditions (mainly altitude and air
temperature).
Contracts and milestones
Medupi and Kusile are multi-contract projects,
with Eskom awarding the contract in a number
of packages. This is a typical Eskom approach,
where the company takes on the role of
integrating the packages, effectively taking on
the role of architect engineer.
ForMedupi,Alstomreceivedafirstexpression
of interest in late 2005. It was an open bid where
all the key suppliers were asked to submit a
company profile and describe their capabilities
in supercritical technology. The actual enquiry
for the plant came through in 2006.
While the bid was submitted in 6-8 months,
duetothesizeoftheproject,theadjudicationwas
a lengthy process. With Eskom being a public
sector company, it one of South Africa’s largest
ever public sector projects. This meant it was
subject to extensive external auditing. The
adjudication process lasted for most of 2007. The
Notice to Proceed was finally given on 1 October
2007 and the contract signed in November.
At the time of writing Medupi is in the early
stages of construction, at around month 16 of the
48 month overall schedule for handover of the
first unit.
Unit 6 will be the first to come on line followed
by units 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1, with a 5-month gap
between each unit. The last unit will come on line
in 2013.
Alstom has completed a major portion of the
equipment design and purchased a major portion
of the equipment.
Alstom site mobilisation began in September
2008 and will be significantly ramped up this
year. Site activities are under the control of
Eskom, the first equipment erected by Alstom on
site being the air-cooled condenser.
Construction of the ACC, which involves
largest Potain crane ever deployed in Africa,
started with the building of the 50 m high
columns, on the top of which the platforms, fans,
gearboxes and ACC modules will be installed
(see picture at beginning of the article).
The next main activity at the Medupi site will
be the construction of the steel structure of the
turbine hall. Excavations have been completed
and foundation works for the turbine hall are
ongoing.
The schedule for the Kusile project is the same
as Medupi but about one year later. The start of
the 48 month overall schedule period for Kusile
began in December 2008. Advance engineering
was performed between January and December.
Medupi site at an early
stage of construction
7. COAL POWER
The first unit will be operational at the end of
November 2012, and the sixth unit will be
operational by December 2014.
Fitting into a project schedule that involves a
number of suppliers providing different
packages at different dates, can be a challenge,
requiring the accommodation of several
interfaces during the design and during the
implementation of the works at site. There will
be a significant amount of concurrent activities
around the turbine island and site activities pose
one of the biggest challenges of the project. It
will call for careful control of the interfaces,
timely assessment of the interfaces and good
co-operation between the subcontractors at site.
Although this is not a turnkey project, Alstom
has used its Plant Integrator approach to optimise
the interface between the turbine and the ACC
andattherequestofEskom,Alstomisalsoacting
as technical co-ordinator between the boiler,
control and instrumentation, electrical and
turbine packages, allowing full application of its
Plant Integrator concept to the development of
the water/steam cycle parameters and its
thorough knowledge of the unit load control
philosophy to ensuring smooth future operation
of the power plant.
Power transmission
By the time the first Medupi unit is
commissioned, it is clearly essential that the
necessary transmission infrastructure is in
place, namely the Medupi–Marang and the
Medupi–Dinaledi lines, which will take about
two years to complete.
The Medupi–Marang transmission line will
call for the construction of a 400 kV transmission
line of some 300 km in length from the Medupi
substation near Lephalale to the Marang
substation near Rustenburg (North West
Province) as well as the construction of a 400 kV
transformer bay at the Medupi substation and a
400 kV feeder bay at the Marang substation.
The Medupi–Dinaledi transmission line
requires the construction of two 400 kV
transmission lines of approximately 350 km
between the Medupi substation, the Spitskop
substation near Northam (Limpopo province)
and the Dinaledi substation near Brits (North
West Province) as well as the construction of two
400 kV transformer bays at Medupi substation,
four 400 kV feeder bays and two 400 kV lines at
Spitskop substation, and two 400 kV feeder bays
at Dinaledi substation.
Once completed, the lines will provide
supplementary energy to meet the growing need
in the Brits and Rustenburg areas.
Helping the community
Alstom has set up a fully-fledged regional
execution centre in South Africa capable of
engineering, procurement, construction etc and
support functions such as human resources and
finance. The office has grown since its
establishment in September 2007 and now
employs around 120 people, with about 95% of
staff within the execution centre being locals.
Around 80% of all turbines in operation in
South Africa are Alstom-designed and the
company currently employs over 5000 people to
meet new power project commitments, and
aiming to recruit hundreds more. Alstom and its
contract partners will create more than 300 new
jobs in South Africa for the Medupi project, with
similar numbers on the Kusile project.
At its peak, Eskom estimates that the Medupi
project alone will employ 9000 people on site,
mostofwhomwillbesourcedlocally.Asasupplier
to Eskom, Alstom has a contractual obligation to
be BEE (Black Economic Empowerment)
compliant. Elements of BEE compliance include
black ownership, and the employment and
development of black staff, particularly women.
BEEencouragesprocurementfromblacksuppliers
that are BEE compliant.
Priority will thus be given to previously
disadvantaged groups in all jobs created. Local
skills will be developed through training people
as managers and technicians.
A wide range of mechanical and electrical
skills will be transferred to local industry through
a period of three to four years of training in such
fields as design, building, maintenance and
electrical technology.
Local industry will also benefit from the new
power projects, which are required to have 50%
local content, with a number of major
components to be manufactured in South Africa
(as well as Europe and China).
This high level of local manufacture will
create significant challenges, especially in
conjunction with the ongoing infrastructure
development related to the 2010 World Cup.
Indeed, South Africa is currently experiencing
a period of unprecedently high capital
investment, with consequent strain on the
local supply chains. But so far South Africa’s
indigenous industry is coping and seems up
to the task of delivering the skills and
equipment required to bring these giant
projects in on time. MPS