The document discusses meditation as a mind-body practice that originated in Eastern religious traditions but is now commonly used for health and well-being outside of religious contexts. It provides an overview of why people meditate (for conditions like stress, anxiety, depression), how to meditate (focusing on breathing or a mantra), and the benefits (improved attention, brain function, mood regulation). Different types of meditation are described including mindfulness meditation and Transcendental Meditation.

1. Meditation*
Robert Beshara
*Adapted from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine’s article on meditation: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/meditation/
overview.htm

2. What is meditation?
• Meditation is a mind-body practice. The term
meditation refers to a group of techniques,
such as mantra meditation, relaxation
response, mindfulness meditation, and Zen
Buddhist meditation. Most meditative
techniques started in Eastern religious or
spiritual traditions. These techniques have
been used by many different cultures
throughout the world for thousands of years.
Today, many people use meditation outside
of its traditional religious or cultural settings,
for health and well-being.

3. Why meditate?
• A 2007 national Government survey that asked
about CAM [Complimentary and Alternative
Medicine] use in a sample of 23,393 U.S. adults
found that 9.4 percent of respondents
(representing more than 20 million people) had
used meditation in the past 12 months—compared
with 7.6 percent of respondents (representing
more than 15 million people) in a similar survey
conducted in 2002. The 2007 survey also asked
about CAM use in a sample of 9,417 children;
1 percent (representing 725,000 children) had used
meditation in the past 12 months.

4. People use meditation for various health
problems, such as:
• Anxiety
• Pain
• Depression
• Stress
• Insomnia
• Physical or emotional symptoms that may be
associated with chronic illnesses (such as heart
disease, HIV/AIDS, and cancer) and their treatment.
• Meditation is also used for overall wellness (e.g.
improving attention related abilities such as alerting,
focusing, and prioritizing).

5. When to meditate?**
• Four good times of day to meditate: first thing in the morning,
whenever you’re stressed, on your lunch hour, and at the end of
your workday. Worst time to meditate: right before bedtime.
Meditation is about falling more fully awake and not falling
asleep, so there should be at least a 1-hour gap between
meditation and sleep.
• It is important to practice regularly because it’s like working
out: the more you do it, the more you’ll get out from it.
• The general guideline is to practice twice a day for 20 minutes
during each session, but that may be hard for a lot of people
to do, but some meditation is more beneficial than no
meditation at all.
**http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/minding-the-body/201203/four-good-times-day-meditate-and-one-avoid

6. Where to meditate?
• A quiet location would be ideal, with as
few distractions as possible, especially if
you are a beginner. But ultimately, one
should be able to meditate anywhere and
all the time. That’s when meditation
transcends being a state of mind into
being a way of living & experiencing the
world.

7. Who can meditate?
• Almost everyone can & should meditate,
with the exception of people who have
certain psychiatric problems. Also,
individuals with existing mental or
physical health conditions should speak
with their health care providers prior to
starting a meditative practice and make
their meditation instructor aware of their
condition.

8. How to meditate?
• Be in a comfortable posture, whether sitting, lying
down, standing, walking, or in other positions.
• Focus attention, whether on a mantra (a
specifically chosen word or set of words), an
object, the sensations of the breath, or the
dominant content of consciousness.
• Have an open attitude… letting distractions come
and go naturally without judging them. In that
way, as a meditator, you are an observer of
thoughts and emotions without identifying with
them.

9. Two examples of meditation practices that
are well-researched:
• Mindfulness meditation is an essential component of Buddhism. In
one common form of mindfulness meditation, the meditator is
taught to bring attention to the sensation of the flow of the breath in
and out of the body. The meditator learns to focus attention on what
is being experienced, without reacting to or judging it. This is seen
as helping the meditator learn to experience thoughts and emotions
in normal daily life with greater balance and acceptance.
• The TM technique is derived from Hindu traditions. It uses a
mantra (a word, sound, or phrase repeated silently) to prevent
distracting thoughts from entering the mind. The goal of TM is to
achieve a state of relaxed awareness.
• But the key thing is that you should experiment with different
meditation techniques until you find the one that works best for you
or the ones that work best for you.

10. How does meditation work?
• By affecting the autonomic (involuntary) nervous
system, which regulates many organs and muscles,
controlling functions such as heartbeat, sweating,
breathing, and digestion. It is thought that some types
of meditation might work by reducing activity in the
sympathetic nervous system (that helps mobilize the
body for action and which produces the “fight-or-
flight response” that we experience when we are
under stress, increasing the heart rate and breathing
rate & restricting the flow of blood) and increasing
activity in the parasympathetic nervous system,
which causes the heart rate and breathing rate to slow
down improving blood flow and the flow of digestive
juices increases.

11. Positive effects of meditation:
• Significant changes in brain functions
• Improvement in the mind’s ability to pay
attention, which is involved in performing
everyday tasks and regulating mood

12. What’s the difference between concentration,
meditation, and contemplation?***
• According to Sri Chinmoy: “We concentrate
because we want to reach the Goal. We
meditate because we want to live in the heart
of the Goal. We contemplate because we
want to become the Goal.”
***http://www.srichinmoy.org/spirituality/concentration_meditation_contemplation/contemplation/meditation_vs_contemplation/
index.html

13. Famous meditators:****
• Angeline Jolie, David Lynch, Hugh Jackman, Adrien
Brody, Eva Mendes, Howard Stern, Gisele Bundchen,
Adam Yauch, Russel Brand, Russel Simmons, Tiger
Woods, Gwyneth Paltrow, among many others.
****http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jason-wachob/13-things-you-can-learn-a_b_685634.html

14. Shall we meditate?