MEDICAL_TERMS_ALL_LECTURES_POWERPOINT_2022_Dr_KHAMAISEH_Autosaved.pdf

Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
CHAPTER
Fifth Edition
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fifth Edition
Bonnie F. Fremgen • Suzanne S. Frucht
Introduction to Medical
Terminology
1

Medical Terminology at a Glance
• Studying medical terminology is like
learning a new language
• Basic rules for building terms will help
you both build and translate many
different words
• You must be able to put words together
or build words from their parts
 Like piecing together a puzzle

Understanding Medical Terms
• It is impossible to memorize all of the
thousands of medical terms
• You can distinguish the meaning of
many different words by analyzing the
word parts
 Word roots
 Combining forms
 Prefixes
 Suffixes

Figure 1.1
Nurse completing a patient report. Healthcare workers use medical terminology in order
to accurately and efficiently communicate patient information to each other.

Basic Word Parts
• Word root is the fundamental meaning
of the term
• Prefixes and suffixes modify the word
root
• Combining vowels connect other
word parts
• Always exceptions to rules

Medical Terms Are Built from Word
Parts
Word Part
• Word root
• Prefix
• Suffix
• Combining
form
Example (Meaning)
• cardiogram (record of the heart)
• pericardium (around the heart)
• carditis (inflammation of the
heart)
• cardiomyopathy (heart muscle
disease)

Word Root
• Foundation of the term
• General meaning of word
• Often gives body system or part
 cardi = heart
• Or may be an action
 cis = to cut

Word Root
• Medical terms may have more than one
root
 osteoarthritis
• Medical terms may be built without a
word root
 hyper- = prefix meaning excessive
 -trophy = suffix meaning development
 hypertrophy = excessive development

Combining Vowels
• Make it possible to pronounce long
terms
• Usually an “o”
• Combine two word parts:
 Between two word roots
 Between word root and suffix

Combining Vowel Rules
• Between word root and suffix
• If the suffix begins with a vowel
 Do not use a combining vowel
 Arthritis, not arthroitis
• If the suffix begins with a consonant
 Use a combining vowel
 Arthroscope, not arthrscope

Combining Vowel Rules
• Combining vowel is typically kept
between two word roots
• Even if the second word root begins
with a vowel
 gastroenteritis, not gastrenteritis

Combining Form
• Typically used to write word roots
• Also use the word root/combining
vowel format
• Examples:
 cardi/o
 arthr/o
 gastr/o

Common Combining Forms
• aden/o – gland
• carcin/o – cancer
• cardi/o – heart
• chem/o – chemical
• cis/o – to cut
• dermat/o – skin
• enter/o – small intestine
• gastr/o – stomach

• gynec/o – female
• hemat/o – blood
• hydr/o – water
• immun/o – immunity
• laryng/o – voice box
• nephr/o – kidney
• neur/o – nerve
• ophthalm/o – eye

• ot/o – ear
• path/o – disease
• pulmon/o – lung
• rhin/o – nose

Prefix
• Added to the front of a term
• Adds meaning such as:
 location of organ sub- = below
 number of parts mono- = one
 time (frequency) post- = after

Prefix
• Not all medical terms have a prefix
• When written by itself, followed by a
hyphen
 intra-
 hyper-
 multi-

Common Prefixes
• a- without, away from
• an- without
• ante- before, in front of
• anti- against
• auto- self
• brady- slow
• contra- against
• de- without

Common Prefixes
• dys- painful, difficult, abnormal
• endo- within, inner
• epi- upon, over
• eso- inward
• eu- normal, good
• ex- external, outward
• exo- outward
• extra- outside of

Common Prefixes
• hetero- different
• homo- same
• hydro- water
• hyper- over, above
• hypo- under, below
• in- not, inward
• inter- among, between
• intra- within, inside

Common Prefixes
• macro-
• micro-
• myo-
• neo-
• pan-
• para-
• per-
• peri-
large
small
to shut
new
all
beside, near, abnormal, two
like parts of a pair
through
around

Common Prefixes
• post- after
• pre- before, in front of
• pro- before
• pseudo- false
• retro- backward, behind
• sub- below, under
• supra- above
• tachy- fast

Common Prefixes
• trans- through, across
• ultra- beyond, excess
• un- not

Number Prefixes
• bi- two
• hemi- half
• mono- one
• multi- many
• nulli- none
• poly- many
• primi- first
• quadri- four
• semi- partial, half
• tetra- four
• tri- three

Suffix
• Attached to the end of a term
• Adds meaning such as:
 condition -algia = pain
 disease -itis = inflammation
 procedure -ectomy = surgical removal

Suffix
• All medical terms must have a suffix
 Only mandatory word part
• When written by itself, precede with a
hyphen
 -logy
 -sclerosis
 -cyte

Common Suffixes
• -algia pain
• -cele hernia, protrusion
• -cyte cell
• -dynia pain
• -ectasis dilatation
• -gen that which produces
• -genesis produces, generates
• -genic producing, produced by

Common Suffixes
• -ia state, condition
• -iasis abnormal condition
• -iatry medical treatment
• -ism state of
• -itis inflammation
• -logist one who studies
• -logy study of
• -lysis destruction

Common Suffixes
• -lytic destruction
• -malacia abnormal softening
• -megaly enlargement, large
• -oid resembling
• -oma tumor, mass
• -osis abnormal condition
• -pathy disease
• -phobia fear

Common Suffixes
• -plasia development, growth
• -plasm formation, development
• -ptosis drooping
• -rrhage excessive, abnormal flow
• -rrhagia abnormal flow condition
• -rrhea discharge, flow
• -rrhexis rupture
• -sclerosis hardening

Common Suffixes
• -stenosis narrowing
• -therapy treatment
• -trophy nourishment, development
• -ule small

Adjective Suffixes
• Suffix may be used to convert a word
root into a complete word
• Translation of these suffixes is
pertaining to
• New word can then be used to modify
another word

Adjective Suffix Example
• To state that a patient has an ulcer in
his or her stomach:
 gastr/o = stomach
 -ic = pertaining to
 gastric = pertaining to the stomach
 gastric ulcer = ulcer found in the
stomach

Adjective Suffixes
• -ac
• -al
• -an
• -ar
• -ary
• -atic
• -nic
• -ory
• -ose
• -ous
• -tic
• -eal
• -iac
• -ic
• -ile
• -ine
• -ior

Surgical Suffixes
• -centesis puncture to withdraw fluid
• -ectomy surgical removal
• -ostomy surgically create an opening
• -otomy cutting into
• -pexy surgical fixation
• -plasty surgical repair
• -rrhaphy suture

Procedural Suffixes
• -gram record or picture
• -graph instrument for recording
• -graphy process of recording
• -meter instrument for measuring
• -metry process of measuring
• -scope instrument for viewing
• -scopy process of visually examining

Word Building
• Putting together several parts to form a
variety of terms to convey the
necessary information
• Begins with knowing the meaning of
the various word parts in order to
select the correct ones
• Always remember the rules regarding
the location of each word part

Word Building
• For example:
 hypo- = below or under
 derm/o = meaning the skin
 -ic = meaning pertaining to
• Combine to form the term:
 Hypodermic
 Meaning: pertaining to under the skin

Interpreting Medical Terms
• Term to be translated
 gastroenterology
• Divide the term into its word parts
 gastr / o / enter / o / logy

Interpreting Medical Terms
• Define each word part
 gastr = stomach
 o = combining vowel, no meaning
 enter = small intestine
 o = combining vowel, no meaning
 -logy = study of
• Combine the meanings of the word
parts
 study of the stomach and small
intestine

Pronunciation
• Will differ according to place of birth
and education
• When in doubt, ask for spelling
• New terms in the book are introduced
in boldface type, with phonetic spelling
in parentheses
• Stressed syllable will be in capital
letters:
 pericarditis (per ih car DYE tis)

Spelling
• Only one correct way to spell a term
• Changing one letter can change the
meaning of a word
 abduction (moving away) versus
adduction (moving towards)
 ileum (small intestine) versus ilium (hip
bone)

Same Sounds Spelled Differently
• Sounds like si
 psy psychiatry
 cy cytology
• Sounds like dis
 dys dyspepsia
 dis dislocation

Singular and Plural Endings
• Many medical terms come from Greek
or Latin words
• Rules for forming plurals for these
languages are different from English
 Plural of atrium is atria, not atriums
• Other words will use English rules
 Plural of ventricle is ventricles

General Rules for Plurals
• Word Ends In
 -a
 -ax
 -ex or -ix
 -is
 -ma
 -nx
 -on
 -um
 -us
 -y
• Singular
 vertebra
 thorax
 appendix
 metastasis
 sarcoma
 phalanx
 ganglion
 ovum
 nucleus
 biopsy
• Plural
 vertebrae
 thoraces
 appendices
 metastases
 sarcomata
 phalanges
 ganglia
 ova
 nuclei
 biopsies

Abbreviations
• Commonly used to save time
• Can be confusing
• If you are concerned about confusion,
spell out the term
• Do not use your own personal
abbreviations

Levels of organization
 The human body consists of basic units of life known as
cells.
 Groups of cells similar in appearance, function and origin
join together to form tissues.
 Different tissues then interact with each other to form
organs.
 Finally groups of organs interact to form body systems.
 Thus there are four levels of organization in the human
body:
cells, tissues, organs and systems.
 Let us begin by examining the first level of organization.

Cells
 The cell is the basic unit of life and the bodies of all
plants and animals are built up of cells.
 Your body consists of millions of very small
specialized cells.
 It is interesting to note that all non-infectious
disorders and diseases of the human body are
really due to the abnormal behaviour of cells.
 Body cells are all built on the same basic plan.

 Most cells have the same basic components
as are shown in the figure but they are all
specialized to carry out particular functions
within the body.
 In your studies you will come across many
terms that relate to different types of cell.
 Now we will examine our first word root
which refers to cells:

Root Word
Cyt
 (From a Greek word kytos, meaning cell.)
Combining forms Cyt/o, also used as
the suffix -cyte
 (Remember that combining forms are
made by adding a combining vowel to the
word root.)

 Here we have a word that contains the root cyt:
• Reading from the suffix back, cytology means
the study of cells.
– (Remember when trying to understand medical
words, first split the word into its components, then
think of the meaning of each component and finally
write the meaning beginning with the suffix.)

 Cytology is a very important topic in
medicine as many diseases can be diagnosed
by studying cells.
 Cells removed from patients are sent for
cytological examination to a hospital
cytology laboratory where they are
examined with a microscope.
 (In the word cytological, -ical is a compound
suffix meaning pertaining to or dealing
with.)

1
 Name the components of the word and give their
meanings:
• Reading from the suffix back, the meaning of
cytopathy is:
………………………………………………..

Root Word
 The root -path- can be used at the beginning and in
the middle of a compound word as in the next two
examples.
 Write the meaning of these words:
B. path/o/logy …………………………………………..
C. cyt/o/path/o/logy ………………………………….
 write the meaning of the words below. Remember to
read the meaning from the suffix back to the
beginning of each word:
D. cyto/lysis…………………………
E. cyto/tox/ic ……………………………..
F. cyto/logist …………………………………..

 In the above examples cyt/o was used at the beginning
of words. It can also be used at the end of words in
combination with other roots, its meaning remaining
the same.

 Name the components of the following word and find
its meaning.
• The meaning of erythrocyte is: ………………………
• find the combining forms of melanin and fiber to
build words that name these cells.
• A cell containing melanin……………………..
• A cell that produces fiber …………………..

 Complete the table by looking up the combining forms of
the following roots and build words that refer to cell types.

Root Word
 Blast
 A Greek word meaning bud or germ.
 It is used to denote an immature stage in cell
development or a cell that is forming something
 Combining forms Blast/o, also used as the suffix –
blast
 4- write the meaning of:
 osteo/blast ………………..
 fibro/blast …………………..
 haemo/cyto/blast ………………………..

Tissues
 As cells become specialized, they form groups of
cells known as tissues.
 Definition
 A tissue is a group of cells similar in appearance,
function and origin.
 There are four basic types of tissue:
 epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous tissue;
 these form the second level of organization in the body.

 The study of tissues is known as histology, the
combining form coming from a Greek word histos
meaning web (web of cells).
 Histology is an important branch of biology and
medicine because it is used to identify diseased
tissues.
 The histology and cytology laboratories are usually
sections of the pathology laboratory of a large
hospital.

Root Word
 Hist
 (From a Greek word histos, meaning web. It is
used to mean the tissues of the body.)
 Combining forms Hist/i/o

5
•Find the meaning of:
• histo/chemistry ………………………..
• histo/patho/logy ……………………….
• histo/logist ……………………………
• histo/lysis ……………………………

•Cells and tissues are very small and need to
be examined using an instrument known as
a microscope.
•Find the meaning of:
• micro- …………………..
• micro/scope ………………….
• micro /scopy …………………..
• micro/scop/ist …………………….

CASE HISTORY 1
 The object of this exercise is to understand
words associated with a patient's medical
history.

Diagnosis of an AIDs related infection
• Mr A, a 34-year-old HIV positive patient with symptoms of
AIDs, was admitted to the unit following a chest X-ray that
revealed a left upper lobe mass.
• A CT scan confirmed the presence of a mass within the
peripheral aspect of the left upper lobe, and a small left
pleural effusion.
• CT guided fine needle aspiration of the left upper lobe mass
was performed and the biopsy material sent to the histology
laboratory for analysis by the duty pathologist.
• Cytological examination of direct smears using optical
microscopy revealed a mucoid background, moderate
cellularity, polymorphonuclear leucocytes , and
lymphocytes .
• A significant number of oval yeast-like cells
• No malignant cells were observed.

 A sample of the biopsy material was sent for culture
and sensitivity testing to the microbiology laboratory.
 The report was positive for encapsulated fungal yeast
forms morphologically compatible with pathogenic
cryptococcus species (Cryptococcus neoformans).
 Mr A's diagnosis was cryptococcosis, a condition seen
mainly in AIDs patients and others with compromised
immune systems.

Word Help
 AIDs acquired immune deficiency syndrome
 aspect part of a surface facing a designated
direction
 aspiration withdrawal by suction of a fluid
 biopsy removal and examination of living tissue
 budding performing asexual reproduction by
producing buds that grow into new cells
 cellularity state/condition of being made up of
cells
 compromised lacking the ability to mount an
adequate immune response
 cryptococcus a yeast-like fungus that causes
disease in humans
 cryptococcosis abnormal condition of infection
with cryptococcus
 CT computed tomography, a technique of using
X-rays to image a slice or section through the body
 culture & sensitivity testing growing
microorganisms in the laboratory and testing them
for sensitivity to antibiotics
 effusion a fluid discharge into a part/escape of
fluid into an enclosed space
 encapsulated enclosed on a capsule or sheath
• histiocytes the word means a tissue cell
(actually a large cell found in connective
tissue that helps defend against infection)
• HIV-positive presence of antibodies to the
human immunodeficiency virus in the blood, it
indicates the virus has infected the body
• lobe a division of an organ into smaller
sections, here a lobe of the lung
• malignant dangerous, life threatening
• mass lump/collection of cohering cells
• morphologically referring to the form and
structure of an organism
• mucoid resembling mucus
• peripheral pertaining to the periphery i.e. the
surface of an organ
• pleural pertaining to the pleura/pleural
membranes that surround the lungs
• polymorphonuclear pertaining to or having
nuclei of many shapes

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Chapter 3
General body terminology

Anatomical Position
 Body erect, feet slightly
apart, palms facing
forward, thumbs point
away from body
Figure 1.7a

Body Planes
 Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
 Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the
midline
 Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
 Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the
body into superior and inferior parts
 Oblique section – cuts made diagonally

Body Planes
Figure 1.8

Directional Terms
 Superior and inferior – toward and away from the
head, respectively
 Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back
of the body
 Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a more
medial and lateral structure

Directional Terms
 Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the
origin of the body
 Superficial and deep – toward and away from the
body surface

Directional Terms
Table 1.1

Regional Terms: Anterior View
 Axial – head,
neck, and trunk
 Appendicular –
appendages or
limbs
 Specific
regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a

Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b

Terms of Movement
 Flexion - bending or decreasing the angle
 Extension - straightening or increasing the angle
 Abduction - moving away from the median plane in
the coronal plane
 Adduction - moving toward the median plane in the
coronal plane
 Rotation - turning or revolving a part of the body
around its longitudinal

Terms of Movement
 Opposition - the movement by which the pad of the
1st digit is brought to another digit pad
 Protrusion - a movement anteriorly
 Retrusion - a movement posteriorly
 Elevation - raises or moves a part superiorly
 Depression - lowers or moves a part inferiorly

Terms of Movement
 Eversion - moves the sole of the foot away from the median
plane
 Inversion - moves the sole of the foot toward the median
plane

Body Planes
Figure 1.9a

Body Planes
Figure 1.9b

Body Cavities
 Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions
 Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain
 Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord
 Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),
and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and
abdominopelvic

Body Cavities
 Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities,
the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
 Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
 Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and
surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
 Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

Body Cavities
 The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped
diaphragm
 It is composed of two subdivisions
 Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
 Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains
the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Other Body Cavities
 Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the
digestive organs
 Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
 Orbital – house the eyes
 Middle ear – contain bones (ossicles) that transmit
sound vibrations
 Synovial – joint cavities

Abdominopelvic Regions
 Umbilical
 Epigastric
 Hypogastric
 Right and left iliac or
inguinal
 Right and left lumbar
 Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a

Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b

Abdominopelvic Quadrants
 Right upper
 Left upper
 Right lower
 Left lower
Figure 1.12

Overview
The integumentary system is made up of the skin, hair
and glands.
The integumentary system functions are:
*Provide protective covering.
* produce sweat.
*receive sensory information associated with pain,
pressure, temp and pressure.

Structure of the integumentary
system
The skin is the largest organ of the body and has two
distinct layers:
*Epidermis: the outermost layer of the skin
*Dermis: the middle or inner layer of the skin.
* Hypodermis/Subcutaneous : is closely attached to the
dermis

Hair and Nails:
Hair originates from the hair (1) follicles; which are
located in the dermis of the skin.
(2) Errector pili muscle provides support for hair
follicles.
(3) The hair Root is embedded in the hair follicle.
(4) The hair Shaft is the visible portion of the hair

Fingernails and
toenails
are made up of keratin and
originate in the epidermis
Nail consist of :
(1) Nail plate also called the nail
body .
(2) Lanula: a pale or white half
moon shaped area at the base
of nail plate .
(3) Cuticle: a narrow band of
epidermal skin at the base and
sides of the nail plate.

Integumentary System Word ROOT
definition
WORD ROOT / Combining form
Skin
Cut/ o Cutane/o
skin
Derm/o Dermat/o
sweat
Hidr/o
Horny tissue ; hard
Kerta/o
Black
Melan/o
Fungus
Myc/o
Nail
Onych/o
Thick
Pachy/o
Hair
Pill/o
Wrinkles
Rhytid/o
Sebum
Seb/o
Dry
Xer/o
Hair
Trich/o
Sweat
Sud/o

Suffixes and prefixes Meaning
Suffix
Meaning
Prefix
Surgical removal
-ectomy
On; upon; over
Epi-
Abnormal
condition of
-ia; -iasis; -osis
Beneath
Hypo-
Inflammation
-itis
Within
Intra-
Softening
-malacia
Around
Para-
Study of
-(o)Logy
Through
Per-
Specialist in the
study
- (o) logist
Under
Sub-
Tumor; swelling
-oma
Surgical repair
-plasty
Flow; excessive
discharge.
(r)rhea
Cutting
instrument
-tome

Examples:
(1) subcutaneous
Prefix: sub= under, below.
Suffix: ous = pertaining to
(2) epidermal
Prefix: epi= above, upon.
Suffix: al = pertaining to.
(3) seborrhea
Prefix: none
Suffix: discharge, flow.

Integumentary general medical
terms
Meaning
Term with pronunciation
Fat
Adipose
Study of the skin
Dermatology
Pertaining to the epidermal layer of the
skin
Epidermal
Pertaining to beneath the skin
Hypodermic
Pertaining to within the skin
Intradermal

Integumentary sys disease terms
Definition
Term
Scraping away of the skin
Abrasion
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous
glands and hair follicles
Acne
Condition ch.ch be a lack of skin
pigmentation (white)
albino
Inflammation of the skin
Dermatitis
Excessive sweating
Diaphoresis
Superficial discoloration caused by
blood in the tissue ; a bruise
Ecchyomosis
Abnormal swelling of tissue
Edema
Inflammatory skin disorder ch.ch by
redness, itching, oozing and weeping
Eczema

Fever blister; cold sore
Herpes simplex
Painful skin eruption that follow a
nerve path.
Herpes zoster
Highly contagious superficial skin
infection ch.ch by pustules
Impetigo
redness
erythema
Yellow discoloration of the skin
jaundice
Any damage to tissue caused by trauma
or disease
Lesion
a cut
Laceration
paleness
Pallor
Small, elevated lump in the skin
Papule
Lice infestation associated with skin
and hair.
Pediculosis

Opening lesion of the skin ch.ch by
a breakdown of skin and
underlying tissues
Pressure ulcer
Excessive discharge of the sebum
Seborrhea
Skin eruption of wheals; hives
Urticaria
Dry skin
Xeroderma
skin infection caused by infestation of
the itch mite
scabies
Hair loss
Alopecia
Small, elevated lump in the skin
Papule
Small, flat discoloration of the skin
Macule

Integumentay sys. Procedure and
surgical terms
Removal of living tissue for
microscopic examination
Biopsy
removal of dead tissue
Debridement
Instrument for cutting skin
Dermatome
Surgical repair of the skin, skin
transplant
Dermatoplasty
Removal of excess skin for the
elimination of wrinkles ( face –lift)
Rhytidectomy
Surgical repair of wrinkles
rhytidoplasty

Examples:
Write the Root, Suffix, prefix, combining vowel and
definition for each term:
Dermatologist:
Perfix: none, Root= dermat, C/V =O Suffix = logist
Definition= specialist in the study of the skin.
Dermatology, percutaneous, intradermal, hypodermic,
dermatoplasty, melanoma, dermatitis, seborrhea,

Medical Terminology
A LIVING LANGUAGE
CHAPTER
Fifth Edition
Musculoskeletal System
5

Skeletal System Combining Forms
• ankyl/o – stiff joint
• arthr/o – joint
• articul/o – joint
• burs/o – sac
• carp/o – wrist
• cervic/o – neck
• chondr/o – cartilage
• clavicul/o – clavicle

• coccyg/o – coccyx
• cortic/o – outer portion
• cost/o – rib
• crani/o – skull
• femor/o – femur
• fibul/o – fibula
• humer/o – humerus
• ili/o – ilium

• ischi/o – ischium
• kyph/o – hump
• lamin/o – lamina, part of vertebra
• lord/o – bent backwards
• lumb/o – low back, loin
• mandibul/o – mandible
• maxill/o – maxilla
• medull/o – inner portion

• metacarp/o – metacarpals
• metatars/o – metatarsals
• myel/o – bone marrow
• orth/o – straight
• oste/o – bone
• patell/o – patella
• ped/o – foot, child
• pelv/o – pelvis

• phalang/o – phalanges
• pod/o – foot
• prosthet/o – addition
• pub/o – pubis
• radi/o – radius, ray
• sacr/o – sacrum
• scapul/o – scapula

• scoli/o – crooked, bent
• spin/o – spine
• spondyl/o – vertebrae
• stern/o – sternum
• synovi/o – synovial membrane
• vertebr/o – vertebra
• tars/o – ankle
• thorac/o – chest

Skeletal System Suffixes
• –blast immature, embryonic
• –clasia to break surgically
• –desis stabilize, fuse

Lower Extremity
• Leg
• Consists of:
 Femur – thigh bone
 Patella – knee cap
 Tibia – shin bone
 Fibula – lower leg bone
 Tarsals – ankle bones
 Metatarsals – foot bones
 Phalanges – toe bones

Additional Suffixes
• -ac pertaining to
• -al pertaining to
• -algia pain
• -ar pertaining to
• -ary pertaining to
• -centesis puncture to withdraw fluid
• -eal pertaining to
• -ectomy surgical removal

Additional Suffixes
• -genic producing
• -gram record
• -iatry medical treatment
• -ic pertaining to
• -logy study
• -malacia softening

Additional Suffixes
• -metry process of measuring
• -oma tumor
• -ory pertaining to
• -osis abnormal condition
• -ous pertaining to
• -pathy disease

Anatomical Terms
articular pertaining to a joint
carpal pertaining to the carpus (wrist)
cervical pertaining to the neck
clavicular pertaining to the clavicle (collar bone)
coccygeal pertaining to the coccyx (tail bone)
cortical pertaining to the outer portion
costal pertaining to the ribs
cranial pertaining to the skull
femoral pertaining to to the femur

Anatomical Terms
fibular pertaining to the fibula
humeral pertaining to the humerus
iliac pertaining to the ilium
intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae
intracranial pertaining to inside the skull
ischial pertaining to the ischium
lumbar pertaining to the low back
mandibular pertaining to the mandible (lower jaw)
maxillary pertaining to the maxilla (upper jaw)

Anatomical Terms
medullary pertaining to the inner portion
metacarpal pertaining to the metacarpus (hand)
metatarsal pertaining to the metatarsus (foot)
patellar pertaining to the patella (knee cap)
pelvic pertaining to the pelvis
phalangeal pertaining to phalanges (fingers/toes)
pubic pertaining to the pubis
radial pertaining to the radius
sacral pertaining to the sacrum

Anatomical Terms
scapular
pertaining to the scapula (shoulder
blade)
sternal pertaining to the sternum (breast bone)
synovial pertaining to the synovial membrane
tarsal pertaining to the tarsus (ankle)
thoracic pertaining to thorax (chest)
tibial pertaining to the tibia
ulnar pertaining to the ulna

Building Anatomical Terms
• Intervertebral
Pertaining to between the vertebrae
• Thoracic
 Pertaining to the thorax (chest)
inter- + -al
+ vertebr/o
thorac/o + -ic

• Scapular
Pertaining to the scapula (shoulder blade)
• Phalangeal
 Pertaining to the phalanges (fingers or toes)
scapul/o + -ar
phalang/o + -eal

Building Signs & Symptoms Terms
• Arthralgia
Joint pain
• Chondromalacia
 Softening of the cartilage
arthr/o + -algia
chondr/o + -malacia

• Osteomyelitis
 Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
• Synovitis
 Inflammation of a synovial membrane
oste/o + -itis
+ myel/o
synov/o + -itis

Figure 4.18
Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis.

Building Pathology Terms
• Osteoarthritis
 Inflammation of bones and joints
• Osteoporosis
 Porous bones
• Kyphosis
kyph/o + -osis
 Abnormal condition of having a hump
oste/o + -itis
+ arthr/o
oste/o + -porosis

Diagnostic Imaging
arthrogram X-ray record of a joint
arthrography
visualizing joint by X-ray after
injecting contrast medium into joint
myelography
Study of spinal column after injecting
opaque contrast medium; useful for
identifying herniated nucleus pulposus
radiography
uses X-rays to study internal structure
of body; especially useful for
visualizing bones and joints

Endoscopic Procedures
arthroscope Instrument used to view inside a joint
arthroscopy
Examining interior of joint with an
arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of
joint interior appears on monitor during
procedure

Building Diagnostic Terms
• Arthrogram
 X-ray record of a joint
• Myelography
 Process of making X-ray record of spinal cord
arthr/o + -gram
myel/o+ -graphy

• Arthroscope
 Instrument to view inside a joint
• Arthroscopy
 Process of viewing inside a joint
arthr/o + -scope
arthr/o + -scopy

Medical Treatments
arthrocentesis
insertion of needle into joint cavity to
remove fluid
orthotic
brace or splint used to prevent or
correct deformities
prosthesis
artificial device to substitute for a
missing or damaged body part

Surgical Procedures
amputation
removal of a limb for reasons like
tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury
arthroclasia forcibly break loose a fused joint
arthrodesis stabilize joint by fusing bones together
arthroscopic
surgery
performing surgery while using an
arthroscope to view inside joint
arthrotomy cutting into a joint
bone graft
bone from another source used to
replace boney defect in another location

Surgical Procedures
bunionectomy removal of bursa at base of great toe
bursectomy removal of a bursa
chondrectomy removal of cartilage
chondroplasty repair of cartilage
craniotomy cutting into the skull
laminectomy
removal of posterior arch of vertebra
to remove compression of a spinal
nerve
osteoclasia intentional breaking of a bone

Surgical Procedures
osteotome instrument used to cut bone
osteotomy cutting into a bone
percutaneous
diskectomy
tube is inserted into intervertebral
disk to suck out ruptured disk;
may also be done with a laser
spinal fusion
surgical immobilization of adjacent
vertebrae
synovectomy removal of a synovial membrane

Building Therapeutic Terms
• Arthrocentesis
 To puncture a joint to remove fluid
• Bursectomy
 The surgical removal of a bursa
arthr/o + -centesis
burs/o + -ectomy

• Craniotomy
To surgically cut into the skull
• Osteoclasia
To break a bone
crani/o + -otomy
oste/o + -clasia

Combining Forms Match Up
1. burs/o
2. carp/o
3. cervic/o
4. chondr/o
5. cost/o
a. wrist
b. neck
c. white
d. cartilage
e. rib

Muscular System Combining Forms
• duct/o – to bring
• extens/o – to stretch out
• fasci/o – fibrous band
• fibr/o – fibers
• flex/o – to bend
• kinesi/o – movement
• muscul/o – muscle
• my/o – muscle

Muscular System Combining Forms
• myocardi/o – heart muscle
• myos/o – muscle
• plant/o – sole of foot
• rotat/o – to revolve
• ten/o – tendon
• tend/o – tendon
• tendin/o – tendon
• vers/o – to turn

Muscular System Suffixes
• –asthenia weakness
• –ion action, condition
• –kinesia movement
• –tonia tone

Muscular System Prefixes
• ab– away from
• ad– towards
• circum– around
• e- outward, without
• in- inward, without

Cardiac Muscle
• Also called myocardium
• Makes up walls of heart
• Involuntary contraction of heart to pump blood

Building Muscle Action Terms
• Adduction
 The action of bringing toward
• Flexion
 The action of bending
+ duct/o + -ion
ad-
flex/o + -ion

Additional Combining Forms
• bi/o – life
• carp/o – wrist
• electr/o – electricity
• later/o – side

Additional Suffixes
• -al pertaining to
• -algia pain
• -ar pertaining to
• -dynia pain
• -gram record
• -logy study of

Additional Suffixes
• -opsy view of
• -ous pertaining to
• -pathy disease
• -rrhaphy suture
• -rrhexis rupture
• -trophy development

Additional Prefixes
• a- without
• brady- slow
• dys- abnormal, difficult, painful
• epi- over
• hyper- excessive
• hypo- insufficient
• poly- many
• pseudo- false

Anatomical Terms
fascial pertaining to fascia
muscular pertaining to muscles
myocardial pertaining to heart muscle
skeletal pertaining to the skeleton
tendinous pertaining to tendons

• Fascial
 Pertaining to fascia
• Myocardial
 Pertaining to heart muscle
fasci/o + -al
myocardi/o + -al

• Muscular
Pertaining to muscles
• Tendinous
 Pertaining to tendons
muscul/o + -ar
tendin/o + -ous

Signs and Symptoms
adhesion
scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle
movement difficult
atrophy
poor muscle development; result of
muscle disease or lack of use; muscle
wasting
bradykinesia having slow movements
contracture
abnormal shortening of muscle fibers,
tendons, or fascia
dyskinesia having difficult or painful movements

Signs and Symptoms
dystonia having abnormal muscle tone
hyperkinesia
having an excessive amount of
movement
hypertonia having excessive muscle tone
hypertrophy increase in muscle bulk from using it
hypokinesia
having insufficient amount of
movement
hypotonia having insufficient muscle tone

Signs and Symptoms
myalgia muscle pain
myasthenia muscle weakness
myotonia muscle tone
spasm
sudden, involuntary, strong muscle
contraction
tenodynia tendon pain

• Hyperkinesia
 Excessive movement
• Dystonia
 Abnormal tone
hyper- + -kinesis
dys- + -tonia

• Tenodynia
 Tendon pain
• Myasthenia
 Muscle weakness
ten/o + -dynia
my/o + -asthenia

Muscle Pathology
fasciitis Inflammation of fascia
fibromyalgia
widespread aching and pain in
muscles and soft tissue
lateral
epicondylitis
inflammation of elbow muscles;
caused by strong gripping;
tennis elbow
muscular
dystrophy (MD)
inherited disease with
progressive muscle atrophy
myopathy general term for muscle disease

Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or Ligaments
carpal
tunnel
syndrome
(CTS)
repetitive motion disorder;
compression of finger tendons and
median nerve as they pass through
carpal tunnel of the wrist
ganglion
cyst
cyst on tendon sheath; usually on
hand, wrist, or ankle
strain
damage to muscle, tendons, or
ligaments due to overuse or
overstretching
tendinitis inflammation of a tendon

• Fasciitis
Inflammation of fascia
• Fibromyalgia
 Pain in muscle fibers
fasci/o + -itis
fibr/o + -algia
+ my/o

• Myorrhexis
Rupture of muscle
• Polymyositis
 Inflammation of many muscles
my/o + -rrhexis
poly- + -itis
+ myos/o

Muscular System Diagnostic Procedures
deep tendon reflexes
(DTR)
muscle contraction in response to
stretch; used to determine if
muscles are responding properly
electromyogram
hardcopy record produced by
EMG
electromyography
(EMG)
study of strength and quality of
muscle contraction in response to
electrical stimulation
muscle biopsy
removal of muscle tissue for
examination

• Electromyogram
 Record of muscle electricity
• Electromyography
 Process of recording muscle electricity
• Biopsy
 To view life
electr/o + -gram
+ my/o
electr/o + -graphy
+ my/o
bi/o + -opsy

Surgical Procedures
carpal tunnel
release
cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve
pressure caused by carpal tunnel
syndrome
fasciotomy surgically cutting into fascia
myoplasty surgical repair of a muscle
myorrhaphy to suture together a muscle
tendoplasty surgical repair of a tendon
tendotomy to cut into a tendon
tenoplasty surgical repair of a tendon
tenorrhaphy to suture together a tendon

Building Surgical Terms
• Myoplasty
 To surgically repair a muscle
• Myorrhaphy
 To suture a muscle
my/o + -plasty
my/o + -rrhaphy

Building Surgical Terms
• Tenodesis
 To stabilize a tendon
• Tendotomy
 To cut into a tendon
ten/o + -desis
tend/o + -otomy

Muscular System Abbreviations
CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
CPK creatine phosphokinase
DTR deep tendon reflexes
EMG electromyogram
IM intramuscular
MD muscular dystrophy

 Identify ,define, and spell word roots
associated with the muscular system.
 Provide the correct spelling of muscular
system terms given the definition of the
term.
 Analyze the muscular system terms by
defining the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of
these terms
 Identify ,define, and spell disease, disorder,
and procedure terms related to the
muscular system.

 The muscular system consists of muscles,
tendons, fascia, and joints.
 Its structure function together to support
and maintain body posture and to
permit movement.
 The body has more than 600 muscles
and many tendons

Word root/combining form definition
Ankyl/o stiff
Arthr/o joint
Articul/o joint
Bucc/o cheek
Burs/o Sac; bursa
Electr/o electricity
Fasci/o Band of fibrous tissue
Fibr/o fiber
Leiomy/o Smooth muscle
Ligament/o ligament
My/o muscle
Pector/o Chest
Rhabdomy/o Skeletal muscle; striated muscle
Ten/o;tend/o;tendin/o Tendon
Tenosynov/o Tendon sheath

 Muscles are groups of muscles cells
called fibers.
 The body contains three types of
muscles: skeletal(known as striated or
voluntary muscles ), smooth(known as
involuntary muscles, and cardiac
muscles(involuntary)

Muscle/tendon Pronunciation Description
Gluteus maximus GLOO-tee-us MACKS-ih-mus Buttock muscle(you sit
on GM)
Deltoid DELL-toyd Covers the shoulder
joint, common site for
medication
Pectoralis Major Peck-toh-RAY-lis Chest muscle
Rectus abdominis RECK –tus ab-DOM-in-iss Abdominal muscles
called “abs”

 Fascia: fibrous connective tissues which
connect muscle fibers together.
 Tendons: strong fibrous bands of tissue
 Ligaments: connective tissues bands that
attach bones to bones and support the
joints.

 The body has three types of joints:
1.Fibrous joints: non- moving joints(cranial
bones)
2.Cartialaginous joints: limited movement
as pubic symphysis of the pelvis
3. Synovial joints :freely movable
joints(ball and socket joints as hip and
shoulder joints

 They organized into three categories:
1.General medical terms
2.Diseases and conditions
3.Diagnostic procedure, surgery, and
laboratory test terms.

prefix meaning suffix meaning
brady- slow -algia pain
dys- Abnormal; difficult -asthenia Without feeling or
sensation
intra- within -centesis Surgical puncture to
remove fluid
poly- many -ciasia Surgical breaking
-desis Binding,fixation
-dynia Pain
-kinesia Movement
-oma Tumor
-Tonia Muscle tone
-trophy Growth;development

term definition
Ankylosis Immobility of the joints
Ankylosing spondyilitis Inflammation of one or more vertebrae
arthralgia Joint pain
arthritis Inflammation of a joint
arthrochodritis Inflammation of an articular cartilage
atrophy Decrease size of an organ or tissue
bradykinesia Extremly slow movement
dyskinesia Abnormal or difficult movement
dystonia Abnormal muscle tone
dystrophy Abnormal development
fibroma Tumor of connective tissue
Muscular dystrophy(MD) Weakness and degeneration of muscle fiber
myalgia Muscle pain

term definition
Gout Acute arthritis characterized by
inflammation of the first joint of
graet toe
Hypertrophy Increased growth or development
of an organ or tissue not related to
tumor
Myositis Inflammation of muscle tissue
Subluxation Incomplete dislocation of bone
from its joint
Tendinitis,tenditis Inflammation of tendon
Tenodynia Tendon pain
sprain Injury of the ligaments of a joint

Term Definition
Arthrocentesis Surgical puncture of a joint to withdraw fluid
Arthroclasia Therapeutic breaking of a joint or adhesions of a
joint
Arthrodesis Surgical fixation,binding,or immobilization of a
joint
Arthrogram X-ray picture of a joint
Arthrography Process of obtaining a radiograph of the internal
structure of a joint
Arthroplasty Surgical repair of a joint
Arthroscopy Visualization of the internal structures of a joint
using an endscope
Arthrotomy Incision into a joint
Electromyogram Graphic record of muscle contraction
Myoplasty Surgical repair or plastic surgery of muscle tissue
Myorrhaphy Suture of muscle tissue or a muscle wound

associated with the cardiovascular system(CS).
 Label the basic structures of CS
 Provide the correct spelling of cardiovascular
system terms given the definition of the term.
 Analyze the cardiovascular system terms by
defining the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of these
terms
and procedure terms related to cardiovascular
.system

 The cardiovascular system consists of
heart and blood vessels.
 The blood vessels include arteries,
arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries.
 Its structure function together to pump
blood to tissues and cells, to distribute
oxygen and nutrients, and remove
carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System at a Glance
• Functions of Cardiovascular (CV) System
 Distribute blood to all areas of body
 Delivery of needed substances to cells
 Removal of wastes
• Organs of Cardiovascular System
 Heart
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins

Anatomy and Physiology
• Is composed of:
 Heart
 Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Divided into pulmonary circulation
and systemic circulation

Word root/combining form Definition
Aneurysm/o aneurysm
angi/o vessel
Arter/o; arteri/o artery
arteriol/o arteriole
ather/o Fatty, yellowish plaque
cardi/o heart
coron/o Heart; heart vessel ; coronary artery
ech/o sound
electr/o electrical
My/o muscle
phleb/o vein
ven/o vein
ventricul/o Ventricle of the heart

 Heart: is about the size of a fist and is
located in the mediastinum, the space
between the lungs.
 The heart is divided into 4 champers:
The right and left upper champers(atria)
The right and left lower champers(ventricles)

 Circulation is the movement of blood to the right atrium by
way of the1.superior vena cava 2.inferior vena cava.

Anatomical Terms
aortic pertaining to the aorta
arterial pertaining to an artery
arteriole a small artery
atrial pertaining to an atrium
cardiac pertaining to the heart
coronary pertaining to the heart
interatrial pertaining to between the atria

Anatomical Terms
interventricular pertaining to between the ventricles
myocardial pertaining to the heart muscle
valvular pertaining to a valve
vascular pertaining to a blood vessel
venous pertaining to a vein
ventricular pertaining to a ventricle
venule a small vein

root meaning prefix meaning suffix meaning
Ischi/o Deficiency,
blockage
Brady- slow -graphic Instrument to
record
Sphygm/o pulse Poly- many -graphy Process of
recording
Steth/o- chest Tachy- fast -gram Record, picture
Thromb/o clot -megaly enlarged
-pathy disease
-sclerosis hardening
-stenosis narrowing

 Thromboscelorosis
Root: thromb/o meaning clot
Prefix: no prefix
Suffix: scelorosis meaning hardening
Sphygmomanometer
Root: meaning
Prefix: meaning
Suffix: meaning
Angiography
Root: meaning
Prefix: meaning
Suffix: meaning

Term with Pronunciation meaning
Bruits(broo-EEZ) Abnormal blowing sounds or murmurs
Cardiologist(kar-dee-ALL-oh-jist) Physician who specialize in diseases of
the CVS
Cardiology(Kar-dee-ALL-oh-jee) Study of the functions, structures, and
disorders of the heart
Distole (digh-ASS-toh-lee) Period of time when the ventricles relax
Systole(SISS-toh-lee) Period of time during ventricular
contraction
Occulsion (oh-KLOO-shun) Blockage in a vessel, cavity, or passage
of the body

Term Definition
Aneurysm Localized dilatation of an artery
Angina pectoris Sever pain and constriction around the heart; feeling
extreme pressure in the anterior chest.
Angiocarditis Inflammation of the blood vessels of the heart
Angiospasm Abnormal contraction of the blood vessel
Aortic stenosis Abnormal narrowing of the aorta
Arrhythmia Any irregular heart beat
Arterioscelorosis Hardening of the artery
Atheroscelorosis Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to deposits
of fat along arterial walls
Cardiac arrest A sudden and immediate cessation of the heart
pumping action
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the heart
Cardiomyopathy Any disease that affect the structure and function of the
heart and heart muscle

Term Definition
Congestive heart
failure(CHF)
Impaired cardiac pumping
Coronary artery
diseases(CAD)
Any abnormal condition of the arteries
of the heart
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) presence of blood clot in a coronary
artery
Fibrillation Rapid and incomplete contraction of
the atria and ventricles
Hypertension High blood pressure
Hypotension Low blood pressure
Ischemia Decrease blood supply to body part

Term Definition
Myocardial infarction(MI) Death of heart muscle due to lack of O2
Myocarditis Inflammation of the myocardium
Palpitation Abnormal rapid throbbing of the heart
Rheumatic heart disease(RHD) A manifestation of rheumatic fever
characterized by endocarditis results in
damage heart valve s
Myocardial infarction(MI) Death of heart muscle due to lack of O2
Myocarditis Inflammation of the myocardium
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of the a vein in the presence
of blood clot
Varicose veins Enlarged ,twisted and often dilated veins
Vasoconstriction Narrowing of the diameter of blood vessel

Term Definition
Anastomosis Surgical connection of two vessels or other
tubular structures
Angiography X-ray picture of blood vessels
Arteriogram X-ray picture of artery
Cardiac catheterization Passing catheter into a vein or artery into
the heart for the purpose of viewing and x
raying the heart
Cardiopulmonary
resuscitation(CPR)
life support procedure consisting of
artificial respiration
Echocardiogram Graphic record of an ultrasound
visualization of the heart
Electrocardiogram (EKG,ECG) Graphic record of the electrical activity of
the heart
Valvoplasty Surgical repair of heart valve

• Ultrasonography
 Process of recording with high
frequency sound
• Electrocardiogram
 Record of heart’s electricity
ultra- + -graphy
+ son/o
electr/o + -gram
+ cardi/o

• Cardiopulmonary
 Pertaining to the heart and lungs
• Thrombolytic
 Destruction of a clot
cardi/o + -ary
+ pulmon/o
thromb/o + -lytic

Cardiovascular Abbreviations
AFB atrial fibrillation
AMI acute myocardial infarction
AS arteriosclerosis
ASD atrial septal defect
ASHD arteriosclerotic heart disease
AV, A-V atrioventricular
BBB bundle branch block

ICU intensive care unit
HTN hypertension
DVT deep vein thrombosis
CAD coronary artery disease
CHF congestive heart failure
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CCU coronary care unit
CHF congestive heart failure

CP chest pain
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation
CSD congenital septal defect
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
DVT deep vein thrombosis
ECC extracorporeal circulation

Combining Forms Match Up
1. angi/o
2. cardi/o
3. corpor/o
4. embol/o
5. pect/o
a. plug
b. heart
c. body
d. chest
e. vessel

 The respiratory system is made up of the nose,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
 Functions:
1) To provide oxygen to al body cells.
2) To remove the waste product co2 from all body
cell.
3) To assist the body’s defense mechanism against
foreign material
4) To produce sound necessary for speech

Respiratory system word roots
Alveol/o alveolus
Bronch/o; bronch/i bronchus
Bronchiol/o bronchus
Epiglott/o epiglottis
Laryng/o larynx
Nas/o nose
Orth/o straight
Pector/o chest
Pharyng/o pharynx

Phren/o diaphragm
Pleur/o pleura
Pneum/o Lung; air
Pulmon/o lungs
Rhin/o nose
Sinus/o sinus
Spir/o breath
Tonsill/o tonsils
Thorac/o chest
Trache/o trachea

Respiratory system medical terminology
 Organized into 3 main categories:
1) General medical terms;
2) Disease and condition terms
3) Diagnostic procedure, surgery, and
laboratory test term

Roots, prefixes for the respiratory system
root Meaning prefix meaning
Anthrac/o coal Eu- normal
Atel/o incomplete
Coni/o dust
Hem/o blood
Hemat/o blood
Muc/o mucus
Ox/i oxygen
Py/o pus

suffixes for the Respiratory system
suffix meaning
-capnia Carbon dioxide
-ectasis Stretching, dilation
-meter Instrument to measure
-metry measuring
-phonia Sound, voice
-pnea breathing
-ptysis Coughing, spitting up
-rrhea Excessive discharge
-rrhagia hemorrhage
-thorax chest

Respiratory system general medical terms
Term meaning
aspirate To withdraw or suction fluid
nebulizer Mechanic device for delivering a fine
spray or mist into the Resp tract
Oximeter
Ox/o: o2 meter/;
instrument to measure
Instrument for measuring oxygen
saturation
patent open
pulmonologist Specialist in respiratory disease
spirometer Instrument used to measure
breathing
ventilator Mechanical device use to assist with

Respiratory system disease and disorder terms
term definition
Acapnia Absence of carbon dioxide in
blood
adenoiditis Inflammation of the adenoids
Anoxia an: absence ox/i”
o2
Absence or lack of the normal
level of o2 in blood
aphonia Absence of sound or speech
dysphonia Difficult production speech or
vocal sound
apnea Absence or lack of breathing
asphyxia Oxygen deprivation,
suffocation

Term definition
asthma Spasm or swelling of the mucous
membranes of the bronchial
tubes resulting in wheezing and
difficulty in breathing
Atelectasis atel/o=incomplete
-ectasis= dilation
Incomplete expansion usually of
the lung
bronchiectasis Incomplete expansion of the
bronchi
bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi
bronchopneumonia Inflammation of the bronchi and
lungs caused mainly by bacteria
bronchospasm Involuntary spasm of the
bronchi

Term definition
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)
A progressive and irreversible
condition chch by diminished lung
capacity
Rhinitis rhin/o: nose Inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the nose
Cystic fibrosis (CF) A hereditary disorder chch by
excess mucous production in the
respiratory tract
Epistaxis, rhinorrhagia Nose bleed, discharge of blood from
nose
eupnea Normal breathing
Hemoptysis hem/o= blood
ptysis=spitting up
Spitting up blood

Term definition
hemothorax Blood in the chest cavity
hypercapnia Increased or excessive co2 in the
blood
hyperpnea Increased breathing
hypoxemia Decreased o2 in blood
hypoxia Decreased o2 supply to body
tissue
laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx
nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the nose and
pharynx
Orthopnea orth/o=straight Ability to sleep only in the
upright position

Respiratory system disease and disorder
terms
Term definition
pansinusitis Inflammation of all nasal
sinuses
Pleural effusion Escape of fluid into the
pleural space
Pleuritis, pleurisy Inflammation of the
pleural membrane

Respiratory system diagnostic and treatment
terms
adenoidectomy Surgical removal of the
adenoid glands
bronchogram X-ray film of the bronchi
bronchoplasty Surgical repair of the bronchi
bronchoscope Instrument for viewing the
bronchi
bronchoscopy Visualization of the bronchi
with a scope
laryngectomy surgical removal of the larynx
laryngocentesis Surgical puncture into the
larynx to withdraw fluid

term definition
pleurocentesis Surgical puncture into the pleural
space to withdraw fluid
pneumonectomy Surgical removal of a lung
rhinoplasty Surgical repair of the nose
septoplasty Surgical repair of the nasal septum
thoracentesis Surgical puncture into the chest or
thorax to withdraw fluid
tonsillectomy Surgical removal of the tonsils
tracheostomy Creation of a new or artificial
opening into the trachea
Respiratory system diagnostic and treatment
terms

Pulmonary function test definition
Arterial blood gases (ABG) Examination of arterial blood to
determine blood levels of o2,
co2, and other gases
Oximeter meter: measurement Instrument for measuring o2
saturation of blood
Pulmonary function test (PFT) a group of tests designed to
measures respiratory function
and identify abnormalities
spirometer Instrument used to measure
breathing activity or lung
volumes

Abbreviation
abbreviation meaning
ABG Arterial blood gases
ARD Acute respiratory distress
ARF Acute respiratory failure
PFT Pulmonary function test
SOB Shortness of breath
TB tuberculosis
URI Upper respiratory tract
infection
CO2 Carbon dioxide

 Identify ,define, and spell word roots associated with
the digestive system.
 Label the basic structures of digestive system
 Provide the correct spelling of digestive system
terms given the definition of the term.
 Analyze the digestive system terms by defining the
roots, prefixes, and suffixes of these terms
 Identify ,define, and spell disease, disorder, and
procedure terms related to digestive system

 The digestive system, also called the
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, alimentary canal or
the digestive tract, is made up of the :
 Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, and accessory organs
including the liver, gallbladder and pancreas.

1. To digest food
2. To absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
3. Eliminate solid waste products

Abdomin/o abdomen
An/o anus
Appendo/o; appendic/o appendix
Bil/o bile
Bucc/o cheek
Cec/o cecum
Chole/o Bile; gall
Cholangi/o Bile duct
Cholecyst/o gallbladder
Col/o; colon/o colon
Duoden/o duodenum
Enter/o intestine
Esophag/o esophagus

Gastr/o stomach
Gingiv/o gums
Gloss/o; lingu/o tongue
Hepat/o liver
Ile/o ileum
Jejun/o jejunum
Lip/o fat
Lith/o stone
Or/o; stomat/o mouth
Pancreat/o pancreas
Peritone/o peritoneum
Proct/o; rect/o rectum
Sial/o Salivary gland; saliva
Sigmoid/o Sigmoid colon

root meaning prefix meaning suffix meaning
Leuk/o white Endo- within centesis Surgical puncture
Polyp/o polyp Retro- backward -gram Record of
-graphy Process of recording
-lasis Abnormal condition
-(o)stomy Creating a new or
artificial opening
-pepsia digestion
tripsy crushing

Term meaning
abdominal Pertaining to the abdomen
Anal an/o: anus
al: pertaining
Pertaining to the anus
buccal Pertaining to the cheek
Fecal Pertaining to feces
gastric Pertaining to stomach
gastroenterologist Physician who specializes in diseases and
treatments of the digestive system
gastroenterology Study of the diseases and treatments related
to the digestive system

Term meaning
ileocecal Pertaining to the ilium and the cecum
nasogastric Pertaining to the nose and stomach
oral Pertaining to the mouth
pancreatic Pertaining to the pancreas
peritoneal Pertaining to the peritoneum
proctologist Physician who specializes in diseases and
treatments of the anus and rectum
Proctology proct/o: rectum,
anus
A study of the diseases and treatments of
the anus and rectum
sublingual Pertaining to under the tongue

Term Definition
Achalasia
(ak-ah-LAY-zee-ah)
Decrease mobility of the lower two-thirds of the esophagus with
lower esophageal sphincter constriction
Anorexia nervosa Loss of appetite accompanied by an extreme fear of obesity
Aphagia
(ah-FAY-jee-ah)
Loss of the ability to swallow
appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
bulimia Condition chch by alternately Overeating and inducing vomiting
Cholecystities
(Koh-lee-sist-EYE-tis_
Inflammation of the gallbladder
Choledocholithiasis Presence of calculi (stones) in the common bile duct
Cholelithiasis
(Koh-lee-lih-THIGH-
a-sis
Formation or presence of bile stones in the gallbladder

Term Definition
Cirrhosis
(sih-ROH-sis)
Chronic disease of the liver chch by the destruction
of liver cell
Colorectal carcinoma Malignant neoplasm of the colon and rectum
diarrhea Frequent passage of loose, watery stools
Duodenal ulcer Ulceration of the mucous membrane of the
duodenum
dysentery Infection of the intestinal track by bacteria, virus
chh by loose, bloody, mucous like stool
dyspepsia Painful or abnormal digestion
dysphagia Difficulty in swallowing

Term Definition
Eructation producing gas from the stomach and expelling it
through the mouth, burp
flatus Expelling gas from the anus
Gastric ulcer Ulcer of the mucosa of the stomach
Gastrodynia, gastralgia Pain in the stomach
gingivitis Inflammation of the gums or gingiva
hematemesis Vomiting blood
hepatitis Inflammation of the liver
hernia Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through
the wall of a cavity
melena Abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested
blood
nausea Unpleasant sensation usually preceding vomiting
polyp A small growth projecting from the mucous
membrane of organs such as the colon, nose or
uterus

Term Definition
abdominocentesis Surgical puncture into the abdominal cavity to
remove excess fluid, also known as paracentesis
cholangiogram X-ray picture of the bile ducts
cholangiography X-ray examination of the bile ducts
cholecystogram X ray picture of the gallbladder
colonoscopy Endoscopic visualization and examination of the
large intestine from the anus to the ileocecal
junction
Esopagogastroduodenoscopy
(EGD)
Endoscopic visualization and examination of the
esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
Helicobacter pylori antibodies test A blood test to determine the presence of H pylori
antibodies, which indicate infection with the
bacteria

Term Definition
laparoscopy Endoscopic visualization and examination of
the abdominal and pelvic cavity
proctoscopy Endoscopic visualization and examination of
the anus and rectum
sigmoidoscopy Endoscopic visualization and examination of
the sigmoid colon
abdominoplasty Plastic surgery of the abdomen
anoplasty Surgical repair of the anus
appendectomy Surgical removal of the appendix
celiotomy Surgical incision into the abdominal cavity
Cheiloplasty
(KIGH-lo-plass-tee)
Plastic repair of the lip

Term Definition
cheilorrhaphy Suturing the lip
choledocholthotomy Removal of gallstones through an incision into
the common bile duct
choledocholthotripsy Crushing of gallstones in the common bile
duct
colectomy Surgical removal of all or part of the colon or
large intestine
colostomy Creation of a new or artificial opening for the
colon through the abdominal wall to its outside
surface
esophagogastroplasty Surgical repair of the esophagus and stomach
gastrectomy Surgical removal of all or a portion of the
stomach, also known as gastric resection
Gastric lavage Washing out the content of the stomach

Term Definition
gavage Feeding through a stomach tube
glossorrhaphy Suture of a wound of the tongue
herniorrhaphy Surgical repair of a hernia
ileostomy Creation of a new or artificial opening for the
ilium through the abdominal wall to its outside
surface
laparatomy Surgical incision into the abdominal wall
Nasogastric intubation Insertion of a tube through the nose into the
stomach
polypectomy Surgical removal of a polyp
proctocolectomy Surgical removal of the large intestine and
rectum

abbreviation meaning
BE Barium enema
EGD esophagogastrodudeoscopy
GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI gastrointestinal
NG nasogastric
SBF Small bowel follow through
TPN total parenteral nutrition

associated with the urinary system.
 Provide the correct spelling of urinary
system terms given the definition of the
term.
 Analyze the urinary system terms by
defining the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of
these terms
and procedure terms related to the urinary
system.

 The urinary system is made up of the
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and
urethra.
 Its function are:
1. to filter the blood.
2. To maintain the proper balance of
water, salts and other substances
3. To remove waste and excess fluids from
the body

Cyst/o bladder
Glomerul/o glomerulus
Meat/o Meatus/ opening
Nephr/o kidney
Pyel/o Renal pelvis
Ren/o kidney
Ur/o Urin/ urinary system
Uretr/o ureter
Urethr/o urethra
Vesic/o Urinary bladder
Hemat/o blood
Lith/o stone
Noct/o night
Olig/o Few, diminished

meaning
prefix
without
An-
Abnormal, painful, dificult
Dys-
many
Poly-

Meaning
Suffix
Hernia; protrusion
-cele
record
-gram
Instrument for recording
-graph
Process of recording
-graphy
Surgical fixation
-pexy
Drooping
-ptosis
Creation of a new or artificial
opening
- Ostomy
Insicion into
- Otomy
crushing
- tripsy

Meaning
Term
Pertaining to the meatus
Meatal
Liquid waste products
Urine
Physician who specialized in the
urinary system and male
reproductive system
Urologist
Study of urinary tract
urology

Definition
Term
Absence of urine
Anuria
Inflammation of urinary bladder
Cystitis
Hernia of the urinary bladder
through vaginal wall
Cystocele
An increase of urea in urine
azoturia
Secretion of large amount of urine
Diuresis
Painful or difficult urination
Dysuria
Inflammation of the glomerulus of
the kidney
glomerulonephritis
Involuntary release of urine, bed
wetting
enuresis
Presence of blood in the urine
Hematuria
Presence of glucose in the urine
Glycosuria

Definition
Term
Conginital defect in which the
urinary meatus is on the upper
surface of the penis.
Epispadias
Distention of the renal pelvic
caused by the inability of the urine
to leave the kidney.
Hydrpnephrosis
Conginital defect in which the
urinary meatus is on the under
surface of the penis.
Hypospadias
Loss of urinary bladder control
Incontinence
Presence of stones in kidney
Nephrolithiasis
Kidney tumor
Nephroma
Enlargment of one or both kidney
Nephromegaly
Downward displacement of the
kidney
Nephroptosis

Definition
Terms
Inflammation of the renal pelvic
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the pelvis and
kidney
Pyelonephritis
Presence of pus in the urine
Pyuria
Presence urea and other waste
products in the blood
Uremia
Inflammation of the ureters
Ureteritis
Narrowing of the ureter
Uretrostenosis
Increase blood pressure caused by
kidney disease.
Renal hypertension
Herniation of the ureter into the
urinary bladder
Uretrocele
inflammation of the urethra and
urinary bladder
Urethrocystitis
Inability of empty the urinary
bladder.
Urinary retention
Infection of urinary tract( urethra,
Urinary tract infection (UTI)

Definition
Terms
Blood test to measure the amount
of urea & nitrogen in the blood
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Blood test to measure the amount
of creatinin in the blood
Creatinin clearance test
Visual examination of the interior of
the urinary bladder using a
cystoscope
Cystoscopy
A treatment procedure to filter
blood when the kidneys are
unable to function, blood is
circulated through a machine
Heamodialysis
A treatment procedure to filter
blood when the kidneys are
unable to function, the peritonium
is the filter.
Peritoneal dialysis

Definition
Terms
Insertion of catheter into the
urinary bladder for the purpose of
collecting urine
Urinary catheterization
Incision into the renal pelvis to
remove stone
Pyelolithotomy

Definition
Terms
Surgical removal of bladder
Cystectomy
Incision into the bladder to remove
a stone.
Cystolithotomy
Surgical fixation of the urinary
bladder.
Cystopexy
Surgical repair of the urinary
bladder
Cystoplasty
Surgical creation of artificial
opening between the bladder and
the surface of the body.
Cystostomy
Incision into the urinary meatus to
enlarge the opening
Meatotomy
Surgical removal of a kidney
Nephrectomy
Surgical incision into a kidney to
remove stone
nephrolithotomy
Surgical fixation of a fallen kidney
Nephropexy

Definition
Abbreviation
Blood urea nitrogen
BUN
Intravenous pyelography
IVP
Kidney, ureteres and bladder
KUB
Urine analysis
UA
Urinary tract infection
UTI

Overview
The endocrine sys is made up of the pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands,
thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
Endocrine glands are ductless and release their
hormones directly in the blood stream.

1. Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism.
Adrenal gland hormones help the maintain the body’s
fluid balance.
Testes and ovaries hormone important to the
development of secondary sex characteristics.

Definition
Root
Extremities
Acr/o
Gland
Aden/o
Adrenal glands
Adren/o ;; adrenal/o
male
Andr/o
Calcium
Calc/I
Cortex
Cotic/o
Endocrine
Endocrine/o
Sex glands
Gonad/o
Glucose
Gluc/o
Potassium
Kal/I
Milk
Lact/o

Definition
Root
Sodium
Natr/o
Pancreas
Pancreat/o
Parathyroid glands
Parathyroid/o
Body
Somat/o
Poison
Toxic/o
Thymus gland
Thym/o
Thyroid glands
Thyr/o;; thyroid/o

Meaning
Suffix
Meaning
Prefix
Meaning
Root
Secrets
-crine
Same
eu-
Sour
Acid/o
Surgical
removal
-ectomy
Out,
outward
ex-
Thirst
Dips/o
Blood
condition
-emia
Sharp,
quick
Oxy-
Ketone
bodies
Ket/o
Stimulatin
g effect of
hormone
-tropin
Excessive
Poly-
Eye
Ophthala
m/o

General medical terms
Meaning
Term
Pertaining to the cortex
Cortical
Pertaining to the hormones of the
adrenal cortex
Corticoid
Physician who specialized in the
disease of endocrine system
Endocrinologist
Study and treatment of endocrine
sys disease
Endocrinology
Normal thyroid function
Euthyroid
Chemical substance that affect the
function of a specific organs
Hormone
A narrow structure connecting two
parts
isthmus
The sum of all the chemical
changes that take place in the body
Metabolism

Disease and disorders
Definition
Terms
Excessive acidity of body fluids
Acidosis
Enlargement of the bones of the
extremities and face
Acromegaly
Deficiency in the secretion of adrenal
cortex hormone
Addison’s disease
Inflammation of the adrenal gland
Adrenalitis
Enlargement of the adrenal gland
Adrenomegaly
Congenital condition r/t the lack of
thyroid hormone secretion
Cretinisim
Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex
Cushing’s syndrome
Insufficient insulin secretion
Diabetes mellitus
Abnormal outward protrusion of the eye
ball
Exophthalamia
Excessive size and highet caused by
excessive secretion of growth hormones
Gigantisim

Enlarge thyroid gland caused by
hypertrophy of thyroid cell and
tissue
Goiter
Hyperthyroidism ch.ch by excessive
secretion of thyroid hormones and
exophthalamia
Graves’ disease
Excessive body hair on a female in a
male distribution pattern
Hirsutism

Excessive amount of calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
Excessive amount of glucose in the blood
Hyperglycemia
Excessive amount of potassium in blood
Hyperkalemia
Overactivity of the thyroid gland
Hyperthyrodisim
Decrease amount of calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
Decrease amount of glucose in the blood
Hypoglycemia
Decrease amount of sodium in the blood
Hyponatremia
Decrease activity of the thyroid gland
Hypothyrodisim
Accumulation of keton bodies, increase
acidity of the blood
Ketonacidosis
Sever form of adult hypothyrodisim
Myxedema
Inflammation of the pancrease
Pancreatitis
Excessive thirst
Polydipsia
Toxic condition caused by hyperactivity of
thyroid gland
Thyrotoxcosis

Laboratory, Dx and treatment
Blood test measures the amount of
glucose in the blood
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Blood test measures blood glucose
level over a period of time, (2-3)
hours.
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
Thyroid function test to measure
thyroid activity
Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU)
Blood tests measure the blood
levels of thyroid hormones T3,T4
Thyroid function tests
Nuclear medicine imaging scan to
determine the size, shape and
function of thyroid gland
Thyroid scan

Blood test measures the
concentration of thyroid
stimulating hormone in the blood
Thyroid stimulating hormone test
Surgical removal of one or both of
the adrenal glands
Adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of one or all of
parathyroid glands
Parathyroidectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of the
thyroid
Thyroidectomy

Abbreviations
Adrenocoticotropic hormones
ACTH
Antidiuretic hormones
ADH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
FSH
Growth hormone
GH
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
IDDM
Luteinizing hormone
LH
Melanocyte-stimulating ormone
MSH
Non-insuline dependent diabetes
mellitus
NIDDM
Parathyroid hormones
PTH
Somatotropin hormone
STH
triiodothyronine
T3
Thyroxin
T4
Thyroid stimulating hormone
TSH

Objectives:
the Nervous System.
 Provide the correct spelling of Nervous System terms
given the definition of the term.
 Analyze the Nervous System terms by defining the
roots, prefixes, and suffixes of these terms
procedure terms related to the Nervous System.

Overview:
 The Nervous System includes nerves cells, the brain,
the spinal cord, twelve pairs of cranial nerves ,and
thirty one pairs of spinal nerves.
 The brain and spinal cord are known as the central
nervous system(CNS)
 The cranial and spinal nerves are known as peripheral
nervous system(PNS)
 Its function are:
1. Regulate all activities of the body
2. Control consciousness
3. Detect environmental stimuli
4. Process and store sensory and motor information
5. Transmit sensory and motor impulses

Cells of nervous system(structure of a neuron)
meaning
prefix
without
An-
Abnormal, painful, dificult
Dys-
many
Poly-

Nervous System Word Roots
cephal/o head
cerebell/o cerebellum
Cerebr/o Cerebrum
crani/o Cranium,skull
Dendr/o Branching
Encephal/o Brain
gli/o Neuroglia; nerve cell
Mening/o Meninges
Myel/o Spinal cord(also bone marrow)
neur/o nerve
thec/o sheath
ventricul/o Ventricle

Roots, prefixes ,and suffixes for nervous system
Meaning
Suffix
Meaning
Prefix
Meaning
Root
pain
-algia
hard
-
dura
Spider
Arachn/o
Softening
-malacia
Sound
Echo-
Electricity
Electr/o
Condition
-osis
Beneth;below
Sub-
Blood
Hemat/o
Partial
paralysis
-paresis
Water;fluid
Hydr/o
paralysis
-plegia
Four
Quadr/i
clot
Thromb/o

Nervous system general medical terms
Meaning
Term
Nerves that carry impulses toward the brain
Afferent nerves
Nerves that carry impulses a way from the brain
Efferent nerves
Lower end of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
Pertaining to the cerebrum
Cerebral
Pertaining to the cranium or skull and cerebrum
Craniocerebral
Over or above the dura matter
Epidural
Physician who specializes in nervous system diseases
neurologist
Network of interwoven nerve
Plexus
Below the dura matter
subdural
Small hollow or space within the brain
Ventricle

Nervous sys disease and disorders terms
Definition
Term
Progressive and extremely debilitating deteriotion of
intellectual functioning
Alzheimer's disease
Severe weakening and wasting of various muscle group due
to loss of motor neuron function in the brain stem and
spinal cord
Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis( ALS)
Congenital absence of the brain and in some cases the
spinal cord
Anencephaly
Lacking muscular coordination
ATAXIA
Pain in the head; headache
Cephalagia
Dilatation of cerebral artery
Cerebral aneurysm
Lack of voluntary muscle control and or coordination
caused by lack of o2 to the brain
Cerebral palsy
occlusion or rupture of cerebral blood vessel resulting in
decreased blood flow to the affected area and death of a
specific portion of brain tissue; a stroke
Cerebrovascular
accident(CVA)
softening of brain tissue
encephalomalacia

Nervous sys disease and disorders terms
Definition
Term
recurring episodes of excessive or irregular electrical
activity
Epilepsy
Malignant tumor of neuroglial cells
glioma
Acute inflammation of several nerves of peripheral nervous
system
Guillian –Barre syndrome
Partial paralysis of one side of the body
Hemiparesis
paralysis of one side of the body
Hemiplagia
Abnormal accumulation of CSF around the brain
Hydrocephalus
Inflammation of the meninges of the brain
Meningitis
Severe sharp pain of a nerve
Neuralgia
Inflammation of nerve or nerves
Neuritis
Abnormal softening of the spinal cord
Myelomalacia
Degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS
Multiple scelorosis

TERM MEANING
Neuropathy any disease of the nerves
Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower half of the body including the legs
Parkinson’s disease Chronic progressive nervous disease characterized by
tremor, muscular weakness, and rigidity
Poliomyelitis Infectious viral disease that affects the motor neuron of the
brain and spinal cord ,resulting in muscle paralysis and
wasting
Quadriplegia Paralysis of all four limbs
Seizure Excessive irregular electrical activity of the CNS associated
with epilepsy
syncope Loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood supply to the
brain; fainting
Transient ischemic
attack(TIA)
temporary interference or interruption of the blood supply
to a portion of the brain

Nervous system diagnostic and treatment
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Laboratory analysis of CSF to detect the presence
of bacteria, blood, and malignant cells
Craniotomy Incision into the skull to provide access to the
brain
Echoencephalography Process of recording a picture of the structures of
the brain using sound waves
Electroencephalography Process of recording the electrical activity of the
brain
Lumber puncture (LP) Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space
usually between the third and fourth lumber
vertebrae to withdraw CSF ;also called spinal tap
myelogram X-ray record of the spinal cord and spinal cavity
Neurectomy Surgical excision of a nerve or nerve fibers
Romberg test Technique used to assess and evaluate cerebellar
function and balance

abbreviations
Definition
Abbreviation
central nervous system
CNS
peripheral nervous system
PNS
autonomic nervous system
ANS
cerebral palsy
CP
cerebrospinal fluid
CSF
cerebrovascular accident
CVA
somatic nervous system
SNS
transient ischemic attack
TIA
Intracranial pressure
ICP

Objectives:
the ear.
 Label the basic structures of ear
 Discuss the functions of the ear
 Analyze the eye terms by defining the roots, prefixes,
and suffixes of these terms
procedure terms related to the ear

Overview:
 The visible parts of our ears are located
on either side of the head, are known as
the external ear.
 The internal ear structures, known as the
middle and inner ear.
 These structures function together to:
1. Provide sense of hearing
2. To serve as the sensory organs for
balance and equilibrium

Overview
 Sound waves enter the ear, travel through
the structures of the middle and inner ear,
and are converted to electrical impulses
that are transmitted to the cerebral cortex.
 It is in the cerebral cortex that the impulses
are interpreted as hearing.

Structure of the Ear
 The major structures of the ear are organized as the
external, middle and internal ear.
The external ear includes the:
a) auricle (pinna),
b) External auditory canal: is lined with hair called cilia
and ceruminous glands (produce earwax).
c) Tympanic membrane or eardrum

 The middle ear includes:
a) Three small bones called the ossicles : malleus
(hammer), incus, stapes
b) Austachian tube that connect s the middle ear to
pharynx.
c) Oval window which separates the middle ear from
the inner ear.

 The inner ear, called the labyrinth include the:
1. Vestibule
2. Semicircular canal
3. Cochlea (snail shape)

Word Roots: Ear
Acoust/o hearing
Audi/o Hearing, sound
Cochle/o cochlea
Labyrinth/o Inner ear, labyrinth
Myring/o eardrum
Ot/o ear
Staped/o Stapes, middle ear bone
Tympan/o eardrum

Roots, prefixes ,and suffixes for Ear
Meaning
Suffix
Meaning
Prefix
Meaning
Root
pain
-algia
old
Presby
-
larynx
Laryng/o
hearing
-cusis,
cusia
fungus
Myc/o
Graphic
record
gram
nose
Rhin/o
tumor
-oma
Surgical
repair
plasty
Incision
into
(o)
tomy

Ear general medical terms
Meaning
Term
Pertaining to hearing
acoustic
Individual who specializes in evaluating hearing
potential and loss
audiologist
Study of hearing
audiology
Pertaining to hearing
auditory
Pertaining to cochlea
cochlear
Physician who specializes in the study and treatment of
diseases of the ear
otologist
Physician who specializes in the study and treatment of
diseases of the ear , nose and throat
otorhinolaryngologi
st
Study of the ear, nose and throat
Otorhinolaryngology
ENT
Instrument for visualization of the ear
otoscope

disease and disorder terms of the Ear
Definition
Term
Benign tumor of the acoustic nerve
Acoustic neuroma
Hearing loss caused by impaired
transmission of sound waves through the
middle or external ear
Conductive
deafness
Excessive accumulation of cerumen ,
commonly called earwax
Impacted cerumen
Inflammation or infection of the inner ear
labyrinthitis
Inflammation or infection of the tympanic
membrane
myringitis
Pain in the ear, earache
otalgia
Inflammation of the external ear
Otitis externia
Inflammation of the middle ear
Otitis media

TERM MEANING
otorrhea Discharge or drainage from the ear
otosclerosis Hardening of the ear, especially the stapes
Perforation of
the tympanic
membrane
Rupture or development of holes in the eardrum
presbycusis Impaired hearing related to the aging process
Sensorineural
deafness
Loss of hearing resulting from impaired or damage
auditory nerve cell
Suppurative
otitis media
Middle ear infection characterized by the presence
of purulent (pus) fluid
tinnitus Ringing sensation in the ears
tympanitis Inflammation of the eardrum
vertigo Dizziness, a sense of spinning around

Diagnostic and treatment terms related to
the Ear
audiogram Graphic record of hearing
audiometry Measuring the sense of hearing
myringoplasty Plastic repair of the eardrum
Myringotomy and tube Incision into the eardrum and insertion of
tubes to allow drainage of fluid
otoplasty Surgical or plastic repair of one or both ears
otoscopy Visualization and examination of the
tympanic membrane using an otoscope
stapedectomy Excision of the stapes
tympanotomy Surgical incision of the tympanic membrane

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