This document defines medical ethics and discusses its history and principles. It provides the following key points: - Medical ethics is based on moral principles that govern clinical practice and research. It has its roots in the Hippocratic Oath from the 5th century BCE and was further developed by Thomas Percival in 1803. - There are three main bases for medical ethics: virtue ethics based on character, rights-based ethics focusing on individual rights and duties, and principle-based ethics for addressing ethical dilemmas. - Principle-based medical ethics emphasizes five principles: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and veracity. - Radiographers have duties

1. Ya Min Zaw
B.Med.Tech(Final yr)
1.4. 2020

2. Content
*Definition
*Base
*History
*Moral obligation/duties
*Reasons to take medical ethics
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3.  Ethics ; derived from Greek word(ethos-
character/habit),
 Moral principles that govern a person’s behavior.
 A branch of philosophy that defines what is good for
individual or society.
 Professional ethics are considered by members of
profession.
 Medical ethics ; a system of moral principles that apply
to clinical practice and scientific research.
Definition 2

4. Bases of medical ethics
 Virtue-based ethics (based on good-habit , character, faithfulness
caring)
 Rights-based ethics (emphasize on individuals’ right , individuals’
duties )
 Principle-based ethics (for selecting/defending solutions to ethical
dilemmas)
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5. A
Beneficence
(To act in the best interest of
patient ,provide welfare)
Confidentiality
(keeping of patient confidentiality
to built trust and respect)
Justice
(Who get what treatment in the
merit of illness, rescuing from
danger medical conditions)
Non-maleficence
(making sure ; Do no harm,
effective treatment, benefits
outweigh burdens)
Veracity
(Truth telling)
Autonomy
(Patient right to refuse or
choose , consent*psychiatric)
Principle- based medical ethics emphasize on; 4

6. History of code of medical ethics
1980,2001, 2008 (principle changes by CEJA)
1903, 1949, 1957(language, updated, removed superfluous word)
English physician-philosopher Thomas Percival (1803)
Greek physician Hippocrates, 5th century BCE
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8. Duties to patients:
- Perform only the procedures
- Advocate the most appropriate care
- Personal prejudices must not affect the professional relationship.
- Practice the principles of justification, optimization and ALARA.
- Respect and maintain patient privacy and confidentiality at all times.
Duties(moral/legal obligation) of Radiographer 7

9. -Ensure the principle of informed consent.
-Treat with respect and dignity, regardless of race, national or ethnic origin,
color, gender, sexual orientation, religious or political affiliation, age, type of
illness, mental or physical ability.
-Providing information that can be understood.
-Answer patient and family questions fully and honestly within the limits.
-Respect patients’ rights.
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10. -Maintain current knowledge of safety standard .
-Intervene in circumstances unsafe, incompetent, or unethical
practice.
Duties to health professionals
-Respect other health professionals.
-Refrain from making unsubstantiated comments about
colleagues and the institution to patients or other persons
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11. Duties to the environment:
-Limit unnecessary radiation exposure.
-Correct disposal to protect environment.
- Take steps to minimize the potential risks (for
example, radiation exposure, risk of infection)
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12. 
Duties to one-self( code of ethics byASRT)
-Practice professionally.
-Uphold the professional standing.
-Improve professional standards.
-Engage in lifelong learning.
-Aspire to a high level of professional efficacy at all times.
-Maintain personal well-being and never perform
responsibilities when under the influence of substances or
affected by any condition.
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13. -Ensure all oral and written statements are truthful, concise.
-Ensure all professional activities are not a conflict .
- Maintain public trust and confidence.
-Promote a culture of research in the radiographic field .
-Act under the law .
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14. Reasons to take medical ethics
To help resolve disputes between family, patients, physicians, or other parties
To maintain a clear conscience
To not make uninformed
To maintain the respect of your patients
To maintain respectful relationships with other clinicians .
To maintain some efficiency
To reduce burnout
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15. Breach of ethics;
1. Misconduct(compromise
ethical standards)
2. Malpractice(failure to meet
standard care)
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16. “There is no painkiller as effective as
love,
no anti-depressant as soothing as
cheer,
no defibrillator as powerful as
wisdom.”
Abhijit Naskar, Time to Save Medicine
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17. Got ethics 16